Higher Nationals
Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)
INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
BTEC Higher National Diploma in Computing
Programme title
Mr.Rajith Karunarathne
Assessor
Unit 02:
Unit(s)
Internal Verifier
Networking
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Assignment title
S.A Hasantha Indrajith Dissanayaka
Student’s name
List which assessment criteria Pass
the Assessor has awarded.
Merit
Distinction
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST
Do the assessment criteria awarded match
those shown in the assignment brief?
Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded
justified by the assessor’s comments on the
student work?
Has the work
accurately?
been
assessed
assessment
decision
Y/N
Y/N
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:
• Constructive?
• Linked to relevant assessment criteria?
• Identifying
opportunities
for
improved performance?
• Agreeing actions?
Does the
amending?
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
need
Y/N
Assessor signature
Date
Internal Verifier signature
Date
Programme Leader signature (if required)
Date
Confirm action completed
Remedial action taken
Give details:
Assessor signature
Date
Internal Verifier
signature
Date
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S.A Hasantha Indrajith Dissanayaka
Networking
Assignment No-01
Programme
Leader
signature (if required)
Date
2
S.A Hasantha Indrajith Dissanayaka
Networking
Assignment No-01
Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
Student Name/ID
S.A Hasantha Indrajith Dissanayaka / E171594
Unit Title
Unit 02:
Assignment Number
1
Assessor
30/08/2022
Date Received
1st submission
Submission Date
Networking
Mr.Rajith Karunarathne
Date Received 2nd
submission
Re-submission Date
Assessor Feedback:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P1
P2
Descripts
M1
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
P3
P4
M2
D1
P6
M3
D2
M4
D3
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
P5
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
Grade:
P7
P8
Assessor Signature:
Date:
Resubmission Feedback:
Grade:
Assessor Signature:
Date:
Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Signature & Date:
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and
grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.
.
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Assignment No-01
Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student
Action Plan
Summative feedback
Feedback: Student to Assessor
Date
Assessor
signature
hasanthapcnew123@gmail.com
30/08/2022
Date
Student
signature
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Assignment No-01
Pearson Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment 01
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Assignment No-01
General Guidelines
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reduced to A REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the course
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Assignment No-01
Student Declaration
I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present
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Student’s Signature:
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30/08/2022
Date:
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Assignment No-01
Higher National Diploma in Computing
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
S.A Hasantha Indrajith Dissanayaka / E171594
Unit Number and Title
Unit 2: Networking
Academic Year
2021/22
Unit Tutor
Assignment Title
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Issue Date
Submission Date
IV Name & Date
Submission format
The submission should be in the form of an individual report written in a concise, formal business style
using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and
subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using Harvard
referencing system. Please also provide an end list of references using the Harvard referencing system.
The recommended word count is 3,000–3,500 words for the report excluding annexures, although
you will not be penalised for exceeding the total word limit.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:
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Assignment No-01
Scenario
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS is a privately owned, well-known Software company located in Colombo. The
Management of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS has purchased a 3-story building in the heart of Matara. They
are planning to make it one of the state-of-the-art companies in Matara with the latest facilities.
It is expected to have nearly 150 employees in Matara branch.
Department
Number of Users
Customer Care
10
Sales and Marketing
20
Finance
25
Legal
5
HR
10
Developers
55
Network Team
5
Server Room
Servers +ISP connections
Foll ow i ng r equir ements ar e g iv en by the Manag ement.

All the departments must be separ ated with uni que subnet and sho uld no t
communicate with each o ther unless ther e is a speci al r equir ement .

19 2.16 8.10. 0/24 is giv en and sho uld be use d fo r all the departments except the
server room . IPs sho uld assign usi ng DHCP .

ERP and CRM Sy stems need to be im plem ented in M atara branch in local serv ers.

N umber of s erv ers requir ed for the Server r oom need to be decided by the
Netwo rk designer and sho uld be assigned with 10.25 4.1. 0/24 subnet. (Uses static
I Ps )

Hig h l ev el of r edundancy is expected in netwo rk design to eliminate single po int
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o f failures and t raffic bottle necks.

Sal es and Mar keti ng Team need to access Netwo rk reso urces usi ng WI FI
co nnectiv ity .

Pr oper methods fo r netw or ki ng monitoring and tr oubl eshooting need to be
established.

All possible netw or k sec ur ity mechanism s sho uld be im plemented.
Assume yo u have been appo inted as the new netwo rk co nsultant o f SYNT AX SOLUTI ONS .
P repare a netwo rk architectural design and im plement it with yo ur suggestio ns and
recommendatio ns to meet the com pany requirements.
(No te: Cl ea rl y state you r a ssump tion s. Y ou a re allow ed to d esign th e n etwo rk a cco rding
to you r a ssump tion s, bu t main requi remen ts sho uld n ot b e viol ated)
Ac tiv ity 01

D iscuss the benefits and co nstraints o f different netwo rk system types that can be
im plemented in the Matara branch and the m ain IEEE Ethernet standards that can
be used in above L AN and WLAN design .

D iscuss the im po rtance and impact o f netwo rk to po lo gies and netwo rk proto col
suites while com paring the main network to po lo gies and netwo rk proto co l suites
that are used in netwo rk design using exam ples . Recomm end suitable netwo rk
topolo gies and network proto co l suites fo r above scenario and justify yo ur answer
with v alid po ints.
Ac tiv ity 02

D iscuss the o perating principles o f network dev ices (Ex: Ro uter, Switch, Etc.) and
server ty pes that can be used fo r abov e scenario while explo ring different servers
that
are
available
in
to day’s m arket
with
their specificatio ns . R ecommend
server/ servers fo r the abov e scenario and justify your selectio n with v alid po ints .
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
D iscuss the inter -dependence o f wo rkstatio n hardware with networking so ftware and
prov ide exam ples fo r netwo rking so ftware that can be used in abov e netwo rk design.
Ac tiv ity 03

Prepare a written network design plan to meet the above mentioned
user requirements including a blueprint drawn using a modeling tool.
(Ex: Microsoft Visio, EdrawMax).
Support your answer by providing the VLAN and IP subnetting scheme
for the above scenario and the list of devices, network components
and software used to design the network for above scenario and while
justifying your selections.

Test and evaluate the proposed design to meet the requirements and
analyse user feedback by using a User feedback form.

Install and co nfigure Netwo rk services , devices and applications (Ex: VL AN,D HCP ,
D NS,Pro xy , Web, Etc.) acco rding to the pro posed design to accom plish the user
requirements and design a detailed M aintenance schedule for abov e Netwo rk.
*N ote: - Scr een s hots of C onfig ur ati on scri pts shoul d be pr esented.
Ac tiv ity 04

Im plement a networked system based o n yo ur prepared design with v alid evidence s
and recommend po tential future enhancements fo r the networked system with valid
justificatio ns to yo ur recommendatio ns. Use critical reflectio n to critically evaluat e
the design, plan, co nfiguration, and testing o f yo ur network while justifying with v alid
co nclusio ns.

D evelo p test cases and co nduct verificatio n (Ex: Ping, extended ping, trace ro ute,
telnet, SSH, etc.) to test the abov e Netwo rk and analyse the test results against the
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expected results.
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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria
Achieved
Feedback
LO1 : Examine networking principles and their protocols.
P1
Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types
and standards.
P2
Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements.
M1
Compare common networking principles and how protocols
enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
LO2 : Explain networking devices and operations
P3
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and
server types.
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Assignment No-01
P4
Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with
relevant networking software.
M2
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a
server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and
performance optimization.
LO 1 & LO2
D1 Critically evaluate the topology protocol selected for a given
scenario to demonstrate the efficient utilisation of a networking
system.
LO3 : Design efficient networked systems
P5
Design a networked system to meet a given specification.
P6
Test and evaluate the design to meet the requirements and
analyze user feedback.
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M3
Install and configure network services and applications on your
choice.
D2
Design a maintenance schedule to support the networked
system.
LO4 : Implement and diagnose networked systems
P7
Implement a networked system based on a prepared design.
P8
Document and analyze test results against expected results.
M4
Recommend potential enhancements for the networked
systems.
D3
Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid
conclusions.
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Assignment No-01
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Table of Contents
What is the Network?............................................................................................................... 21
Types of computer network ..................................................................................................... 21
Local Area Network (LAN) ..................................................................................................... 21
Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Network (LAN) ......................................... 22
Advantages of Local Area Network (LAN)......................................................................... 22
Disadvantages of Local Area Network (LAN) .................................................................... 23
Example for Local Area Network (LAN) ............................................................................ 23
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) .................................................................................. 24
Wide Area Network (WAN) .................................................................................................... 26
Advantages and Disadvantages of Wide Area Network (WAN)......................................... 26
Advantages of Wide Area Network (WAN) ........................................................................ 26
Disadvantages of Wide Area Network (WAN) ................................................................... 27
Example for Wide Area Network (WAN) ........................................................................... 27
What is the IEEE Ethernet Standards ...................................................................................... 27
IEEE Standards for Local Area Network (LAN) ................................................................. 28
IEEE Standards for Wide Area Network (WAN) ................................................................ 28
Summary .................................................................................................................................. 28
Network Topology ................................................................................................................... 29
What is the Network Topology ............................................................................................ 29
Types of Network Topologies ................................................................................................ 29
Bus Topology ....................................................................................................................... 29
Star Topology....................................................................................................................... 30
Ring Topology ..................................................................................................................... 31
Mesh Topology .................................................................................................................... 32
Tree Topology...................................................................................................................... 33
What is the Network Protocol? ................................................................................................ 34
Types of Network Protocol ...................................................................................................... 34
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ................................................................................. 34
Internet Protocol (IP) ........................................................................................................... 35
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ........................................................................................... 36
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) .............................................................................. 37
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ................................................................................... 37
What is the Network Device .................................................................................................... 38
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Types of Network Devices....................................................................................................... 38
What is the Server .................................................................................................................... 42
HP ProLiant WS460c G9 Gen9 Server ................................................................................ 44
Dell PowerEdge T340 Tower Server ................................................................................... 45
Lenovo ThinkSystem ST250 V2 Tower Server................................................................... 45
Lenovo ThinkSystem SR650 Rack Server .......................................................................... 47
What is the Network Software ................................................................................................. 49
What is the Network Plane? ..................................................................................................... 52
Customer Feedback .............................................................................................................. 59
Server Installation ................................................................................................................ 64
Active Directory................................................................................................................... 83
DHCP IP .............................................................................................................................. 98
Implementation .................................................................................................................. 119
Create IP Address .............................................................................................................. 121
Add User ............................................................................................................................ 127
Test Network ...................................................................................................................... 136
References .............................................................................................................................. 148
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Table of Figures
Figure 1Local Area Network(LAN) ........................................................................................ 21
Figure 2 Wlan Network............................................................................................................ 24
Figure 3Wide Area Network(WAN)........................................................................................ 26
Figure 4Bus Topology ............................................................................................................. 29
Figure 5Star Topology ............................................................................................................. 30
Figure 6Ring Topology ............................................................................................................ 31
Figure 7Mesh Topology ........................................................................................................... 32
Figure 8Tree Topology ............................................................................................................ 33
Figure 9Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ........................................................................ 34
Figure 10 Internet Protocol (IP) ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 11User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ................................................................................ 36
Figure 12Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ................................................................... 37
Figure 13Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ....................................................................... 37
Figure 14Router ....................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 15Network Switch ........................................................................................................ 39
Figure 16Gateway .................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 17Ethernet Card ............................................................................................................ 41
Figure 18RJ45 Connectors ....................................................................................................... 42
Figure 19 Network Server ........................................................................................................ 43
Figure 20 HP ProLiant WS460c G9 Gen9 Server ................................................................... 44
Figure 21 PowerEdge T340 Tower Server .............................................................................. 45
Figure 22Lenovo ThinkSystem ST250 V2 Tower Server ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 23 Lenovo ThinkSystem SR650 Rack Server .............................................................. 47
Figure 24 Cisco IOS ................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 25 Server OS ................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 26 Solar Winds ............................................................................................................. 51
Figure 27Network Plan ............................................................................................................ 53
Figure 28 Add IP Address ........................................................................................................ 53
Figure 29Add IP Address ......................................................................................................... 54
Figure 30 Network Plan Test ................................................................................................... 55
Figure 31 Network Simulation ................................................................................................. 56
Figure 32 Network Simulation ................................................................................................. 56
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Assignment No-01
Figure 33 Customer Feedback Form ........................................................................................ 59
Figure 34 Customer Feedback Form ........................................................................................ 60
Figure 35 Customer Feedback Form ........................................................................................ 61
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Assignment No-01
What is the Network?
A computer network is defined as the connection with at least two or more computers
with wired connection or wireless. It may be a computer server, printer or fingerprint
scanner
Types of computer network
The computer network can be mainly divided into several parts. They are,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Among them, Local Area Network (LAN) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are mostly used.
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is the most commonly used network. A LAN is a computer network that connects
computers within a limited area, i.e. locally, through a common communication channel. A
LAN covers two or more computers connected through a server. The two important
technologies involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
Figure 1Local Area Network(LAN)
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Assignment No-01
Advantages and Disadvantages of Local Area Network (LAN)
Advantages of Local Area Network (LAN)
Internet Sharing:
This is the technique of distributing the internet between computers where all the computers
in an office, school share one internet connection and the main internet cable is connected to
one server by a network switch. (Pooyesh, 1970 )
Resource Sharing:
All resources are connected to one network, and if a computer needs a resource, it can be
shared with another computer. These resources include printers, scanners, modems, and
hardware drivers. Therefore, there is no need to purchase separate resources for each
computer and this cost can be saved. (Pooyesh, 1970 )
Data Security:
The data storage on the server in the network is very secure and if you want to change or
delete the data, you can do it easily from a server computer and other computers can access
the updated data. On the other hand, you can allow specific users to access data on the
network. (Pooyesh, 1970 )
Sharing applications and software:
Applications and software can be easily shared over a LAN. You may use the licensed
software so that any user can use it on the network. Buying a license for each user can cost
the organization a lot of money, so subscription to the software program is easy and at the
lowest price. (Pooyesh, 1970 )
Simple and relatively inexpensive:
The primary benefit of a local area network is that this is quick and easy to set up and
reasonably priced when contrasted to other alternatives; consequently, if an organization
intends to build a network at a minimal price and with flexibility, a local area network is the
ultimate answer. (Prasanna, 2022)
Fast communication:
LAN-connected systems or devices communicate directly at very high rates of speed, based
on the LAN model and Ethernet cabling installed. The most prevalent enabled speeds are 10
Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1000 Mbps. (Prasanna, 2022)
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Assignment No-01
Disadvantages of Local Area Network (LAN)
Implementation Cost:
Even though LAN saves lots of money in terms of resource sharing, the initial cost involved
in setting up the network is quite high. This is mainly due to the requirement of a special
software that is needed to make a server. In addition to that purchasing of hardware
equipments such as routers, hubs, switches and cables are required for the first time setup.
(Roomi, 2020)
Maintenance:
LAN often faces hardware problems and system failure. Hence, it requires a special
administrator to look after these issues. The administrator needs to be well knowledgeable in
the field of networking and needed at its full time job. (Roomi, 2020)
Area Coverage:
LAN is usually made to cover up a limited distance (up to 10km). Most probably it is operated
in small areas such as in offices, banks and schools. This is because its cabling system cannot
be extended more than a certain range. (Roomi, 2020)
Security:
Since it is rather easy to gain access to programs and other types of data, security concerns
are a big issue in LAN. The sole responsibility to stop unauthorized access is in the hands of
LAN administrators. The LAN administrator has to make sure that the centralized data is
properly secured by implementing correct set of rules and privacy policies on the server.
(Roomi, 2020)
Example for Local Area Network (LAN)
 Home or Office Network
 School, Campus Network
 Library or Laboratory Network
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Assignment No-01
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
WLAN stands for wireless local area network. It is a wireless connection that connects two or
more devices in LAN. WLAN uses access points and routers to make a connection between
devices. Wi-Fi is an example of WLAN where devices are connected wirelessly within a
limited range. WLAN is made within home, office building, computer laboratory, school
building or any college campus. For using Wi-Fi, users need to enter a password for making a
connection to the internet. Wi-Fi connection is made either by using mobile hotspots or by
using a wireless modem or wireless router. (Rehman, n.d.)
Figure 2 Wlan Network
Advantages and Disadvantages of Wide Area Network (WLAN)
Advantages of Wide Area Network (WLAN)
 Wireless LAN helps us to operate many types of network devices.
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Assignment No-01
 Setting up this network is very easy and it can also be setup via cable.
 It is easier to use wireless network than wire network.
 Now the use of wireless LAN has increased everywhere, because it is mostly
everywhere such as home, office and mall etc.
Disadvantages of Wide Area Network (WLAN)
 This network is more vulnerable to hackers because it is easy to hack the LAN, so it
becomes necessary for us to put a difficult password in it.
 Wireless interference can impair its speed and stability.
 We need another network device like (repeater) to enlarge its network area.
 Many devices are found more costly.
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Assignment No-01
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN (Wide Area Network) is another important computer network that which is spread
across a large geographical area. It is a collection of Local Area Network systems. WAN
(Wide Area Network) is created by interconnecting a large number of Local Area Network
systems. WAN includes the technologies to transmit data, image, audio and video information
over long distances and among different LANs and MANs.
Figure 3Wide Area Network(WAN)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Wide Area Network (WAN)
Advantages of Wide Area Network (WAN)
Covering a large geographical area:
WAN covers a large geographical area of 1000 km or more If your office is in different cities
or countries, you can connect your office branches through WAN. An ISP (Internet Service
Provider) can provide you with leased lines that can connect different branch offices together.
(Rehman, 2021)
Software and Resource Sharing:
Like LAN we can share software applications and other resources like hard disk, RAM with
other users on the internet. In web hosting, we share computer resources between many
websites. (Rehman, 2021)
Global Business:
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Assignment No-01
Everyone who has computer skills can do business online and expand their business globally.
There are many businesses like selling goods and buying stocks through internet. Nowadays
this has become a very popular and easy business. For example Daraz, Ali Express, EBay etc.
(Roomi, 2020)
Many apps for messaging:
With IOT and new LAN technologies, messages are transmitted faster. There are many web
applications like Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Skype, etc., through which you can
communicate with friends through text, voice and video chat. (Rehman, 2021)
Disadvantages of Wide Area Network (WAN)
High cost of Installation:
Setting up a WAN for the first time in the office costs more. That may include purchasing
routers, switches, and additional security software. (Rehman, 2021)
Troubleshooting Issues:
WAN covers a very large area and troubleshooting it is a very difficult task. Many WAN
wires go under the sea and sometimes the wires break. It takes a lot of effort to reset those
broken wires. (Rehman, 2021)
Server down and disconnection issue:
ISP faces problems due to electricity supply .Customers often face connectivity issues or slow
Internet speed issues. The solution to this is to purchase a dedicated line from ISP. (Rehman,
2021)
Example for Wide Area Network (WAN)
Internet
What is the IEEE Ethernet Standards
Ethernet is defined in a number of IEEE 802.3 standards. These standards define the physical
and data-link layer specifications for Ethernet. If the most important 802.3 parameters
(Standards, 2022)
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Assignment No-01
10Base-T (IEEE 802.3) – 10 Mbps with category 3 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring, up
to 100 meters long.
100Base-TX (IEEE 802.3u) – known as Fast Ethernet, uses category 5, 5E, or 6 UTP wiring,
up to 100 meters long.
100Base-FX (IEEE 802.3u) – a version of Fast Ethernet that uses multi-mode optical fiber.
Up to 412 meters long.
1000Base-CX (IEEE 802.3z) – uses copper twisted-pair cabling. Up to 25 meters long.
1000Base-T (IEEE 802.3ab) – Gigabit Ethernet that uses Category 5 UTP wiring. Up to 100
meters long.
1000Base-SX (IEEE 802.3z) – 1 Gigabit Ethernet running over multimode fiber-optic cable.
1000Base-LX (IEEE 802.3z) – 1 Gigabit Ethernet running over single-mode fiber.
10GBase-T (802.3.an) – 10 Gbps connections over category 5e, 6, and 7 UTP cables.
IEEE Standards for Local Area Network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that connects only a small local area
network, such as a school, home, office, or small network. Currently, most LANs are based on
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet technology, using devices such as hubs and switching devices, with data
transfer rates of 10, 100, or 1000 Megabits per second (Mbps). (Khalaf, 2015)
IEEE Standards for Wide Area Network (WAN)
The plug-and-play characteristics of Ethernet provide a unique opportunity for service
providers to-offer a variety of innovative and affordable application-centric services, resulting
in a much broader networking culture. Before that can really happen, Ethernet has to
overcome some challenging obstacles and prove efficient support of SLAs, at least similar to
that offered by traditional layer 2 WAN technologies. In this article we describe some of the
most commonly used WAN transport technologies. We compare Ethernet WAN transport to
these traditional WAN technologies. We discuss QoS, CAM, security, and resilience issues.
Pros and cons of Ethernet WAN transport are also enumerated. (Meddeb, 2015)
Summary
Also, Star Topology can be named as the best topology that can be used for this. The main
reason for this In a star network, every host is connected to a central hub. In its simplest
form, one central hub acts as a conduit to transmit messages
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Assignment No-01
Network Topology
What is the Network Topology
A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices
are connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the
network. Both logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.
(network_topologies, 2022)
Types of Network Topologies
Bus Topology
Figure 4Bus Topology
A bus topology is a network where computers and network devices are connected by a single
cable. When it has extractly two end points, then it is called Bus Topology. Bus Topology
transmit data only in one direction. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a bus topology
but entire network shutdown if there is a break down in the main cable.
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Assignment No-01
Star Topology
Figure 5Star Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub or switch through a
cable. This switch is central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node. Every
node has it own dedicated connection to hub. Easy to install a new node but requires more
cable length than bus topology .therefore more expensive than bus topology
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Assignment No-01
Ring Topology
Figure 6Ring Topology
A ring network is similar to a bus network, but it has a circular structure — every node is
connected to the other node on each side, and the first node is connected to the last. A ring
network operates in a half-duplex mode, which means that data in your network travels
sequentially in one direction. A ring network also uses coaxial cables similar to bus network
topology but it is faster than the bus network. Modern days high speed LANs made this
topology is less popular.
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Mesh Topology
Figure 7Mesh Topology
In a mesh network topology, every node is connected to the other node . There are partial mesh
and full mesh networks. A partial mesh has at least two nodes connected to other nodes in the
network. In a full mesh, every station is connected to all other nodes. Mesh networks ensure a
continuous data transfer. If one node fails, other nodes can still transfer your data. Setting up a
mesh network can be expensive. You would need to create multiple connections and purchase
a lot of cable. (Nakivo, 2021)
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Tree Topology
Figure 8Tree Topology
A tree topology is a more complex version of a star network. It allows you to bring together
multiple star networks by connecting their switches. Every switch has a port, and you can
connect several stations to those ports. Then you can connect those switches directly to the
main switch (Nakivo, 2021)
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Networking
Assignment No-01
What is the Network Protocol?
Types of Network Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Figure 9Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP receives messages from an application/server, splits them into packets and forwards them
to network devices - switches, routers, security gateways - where TCP numbers each packet
and reassembles them before delivering them to the application/server recipient. Because it is
connection-oriented, it ensures that a connection is established and maintained between the
sending and receiving application/servers until the exchange is complete.
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Assignment No-01
Internet Protocol (IP)
Figure 10 Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Protocol is a connectionless and unreliable protocol. It does not guarantee the
successful transmission of data. To make it reliable, it must be paired with a reliable protocol
like TCP at the transport layer. Important points here,
1. The length of the datagram is variable.
2. Datagram is divided into two parts, header and data.
3. The length of the header is 20 to 60 bytes.
4. The header contains information for routing and delivery of the packet. (Protocols,
2022)
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Figure 11User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Like IP, UDP is connectionless and unreliable protocol. It doesn’t require making a
connection with the host to exchange data. Since UDP is unreliable protocol, there is no
mechanism for ensuring that data sent is received. UDP transmits the data in form of a
datagram.
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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Figure 12Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an electronic mail
over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Figure 13Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HTTP is a communication protocol. It defines mechanism for communication between web
browser and the web server. It is also called request and response protocol because the
communication between browser and server takes place in request and response pairs.
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Assignment No-01
What is the Network Device
Hardware devices that are used to connect computers, printers, fax machines and other
electronic devices to a network are called network devices. These devices transfer data in a
fast, secure and correct way over same or different networks. Some devices are installed on the
device, like NIC card or RJ45 connector, whereas some are part of the network, like router,
switch, etc. Let us find some of these devices in more details.
Types of Network Devices
Router
Figure 14Router
A router is a network layer hardware device that transmits data from one LAN to another if
both networks support the same set of protocols. So a router is typically connected to at least
two LANs and the internet service provider (ISP). It receives its data in the form of packets,
which are data frames with their destination address added. Router also strengthens the signals
before transmitting them. Therefore that it is also introducing as repeater.
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Switch
Figure 15Network Switch
Switch is a network device that connects other devices to Ethernet networks through twisted
pair cables. It uses packet switching technique to receive, store and forward data packets on
the network. The switch maintains a list of network addresses of all the devices connected to
it. (Anon, 2022)
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Gateway
Figure 16Gateway
Gateway is a network device used to connect two or more dissimilar networks. In networking
parlance, networks that use different protocols are dissimilar networks. A gateway usually is a
computer with multiple NICs connected to different networks. A gateway can also be
configured completely using software. As networks connect to a different network through
gateways, these gateways are usually hosts or end points of the network. (Anon, 2022)
Ethernet Card
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Assignment No-01
Figure 17Ethernet Card
Ethernet card, also known as network interface card (NIC), is a hardware component used by
computers to connect to Ethernet LAN and communicate with other devices on the LAN. The
earliest Ethernet cards were external to the system and needed to be installed manually. In
modern computer systems, it is an internal hardware component. The NIC has RJ45 socket
where network cable is physically plugged in. (Anon, 2022)
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RJ45 Connectors
Figure 18RJ45 Connectors
RJ45 is the acronym for Registered Jack 45. RJ45 connector is an 8-pin jack used by devices
to physically connect to Ethernet based local area networks (LANs). Ethernet is a technology
that defines protocols for establishing a LAN. The cable used for Ethernet LANs are twisted
pair ones and have RJ45 connector pins at both ends. These pins go into the corresponding
socket on devices and connect the device to the network.
What is the Server
A server is a computer, a device or a program that is dedicated to managing network resources.
They are called that because they “server” another computer, device, or program called “client”
to which they provide functionality. There are a number of categories of servers, including
print servers, file servers, network servers and database servers. In theory, whenever computers
share resources with client machines they are considered servers. However, servers are often
referred to as dedicated because they carry out hardly any other tasks apart from their server
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tasks.
Figure 19 Network Server
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HP ProLiant WS460c G9 Gen9 Server
Figure 20 HP ProLiant WS460c G9 Gen9 Server
Price
$3,759.00
Brand
Processor
HP
Intel Xeon processor E5-2600 v3 and E5-2600 v4 product
families
Graphics
Memory Type
Integrated Matrox G200eh video controller
DDR4
Memory Slots
16 DIMM Slots
Maximum Memory
1TB
Network Controller
One (1) 20Gb 2-port FlexFabric FLB, 10Gb 2-port HPE
FlexFabric FLB, or 10Gb 2-port Ethernet FLB
One (1) HPE FlexFabric 10Gb 2-port 536FLB FlexibleLOM
One (1) HPE FlexFabric 10Gb 2-port 560FLB FlexibleLOM
One (1) HPE FlexFabric 20Gb 2-port 630FLB FlexibleLOM
One (1) HPE FlexFabric 20Gb 2-port 650FLB FlexibleLOM
Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows Server 2016 (64-bit) Standard and
DataCenter editions (Citrix XenApp)
Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2 (64-bit) Standard, Enterprise
and DataCenter editions (Citrix XenApp)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 6.5 or later (64-bit only)
VMware Horizon View 6 or later, vSphere 5.5 or later
Citrix XenDesktop 7 or later, XenServer 6.5 or later
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Dell PowerEdge T340 Tower Server
Figure 21 PowerEdge T340 Tower Server
Price
$1555.00
Brand
Dell
Processor
Up to one Intel® Xeon® E-2200 product family processor with up
to 8 cores per processor
Operating System
(Dell Technologies recommends Windows 11 Pro for business)
Canonical® Ubuntu® LTS
Citrix® Hypervisor®
Microsoft® Windows Server® LTSC with Hyper-V (2016 and
2019)
Red Hat® Enterprise Linux
SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server
VMware® ESXi®
Memory Type
DDR4 DIMM
Memory Slots
4 DIMM slots
Maximum Memory
64GB
Power Supplies
495W Platinum (Hot plug redundant)
350W Bronze (Cable)
Hot plug power supplies with full redundancy option
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Dell PowerEdge R240 Server
Figure 22 Dell PowerEdge R240 Server
Price
$1299.00
Brand
Dell
Processor
Intel® Xeon® E-2200 product family, Intel Pentium®, Intel Core
i3®, Intel Celeron®
Operating System
Citrix® XenServer® Microsoft®
Windows Server® with Hyper-V (2016 and 2019) Red Hat®
Enterprise Linux Ubuntu® Server LTS
Memory Type
DDR4 DIMM
Memory Slots
4 DIMM slots
Maximum Memory
64GB
Power Supplies
Single 250W (Bronze) or 450W (Platinum) power supply4
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Lenovo ThinkSystem SR650 Rack Server
Figure 23 Lenovo ThinkSystem SR650 Rack Server
Price
$2,351.00
Processor
1x Intel® Xeon® processor E-2300 or 1x
Intel® Pentium® processor, up to 8 cores at
95W
Memory
Up to 128GB in 4x DIMM slots using 32GB
UDIMMs 3200MHz TruDDR4
Network Interface
2x GbE on-board ports (Broadcom
BCM5720); 1x GbE port dedicated for XCC
management
Power Supplies
Supports a single fixed power supply or a
redundant pair of hot-swap power supplies
OS Support
Microsoft Windows Server 2022, SUSE, Red
Hat, VMware vSphere.. Microsoft Windows
10/11 tested
Form Factor
4U chassis: Height: 430mm (16.9 inches),
width: 175mm (6.9 inches), depth: 566mm
(22.3 inches). Optional conversion to a rackmount chassis
Limited Warranty
1- and 3-year customer replaceable unit and
onsite service, next business day 9x5, optional
service upgrades
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Server Recommendation for Syntax Solutions
According to this scenario, as a network engineer I use the Dell PowerEdge R240 Rack server
for Syntax Solutions Company. This server is most suitable for the company. Because this
server is used for small business. This server has Windows Server 2019 Operating System.
Also this PowerEdge R240 is a low budget server and lot of performance. It is design for
running multitasking applications and web applications.
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What is the Network Software
Network software is a term that represents any software for networking that helps a network
administrators perform a specific operation with ease. The term 'network software' can include
a wide range of software solutions, each of which offering a specific function that together
helps network admins gain complete control over their IT infrastructure. Network software
offers capabilities to monitor network health, measure performance, anticipate potential
outages, take proactive decisions, and to manage and resolve network faults. Network software
also enables you to visualize the network to understand its architecture, and secure your IT
infrastructure from attacks.
Traditional networks were hardware based with software embedded. With the advent of
Software – Defined Networking (SDN), software is separated from the hardware thus making
it more adaptable to the ever-changing nature of the computer network. (software, 2022)
Example for Network Software




Cisco IOS
Sever OS
Active directory
Solar Winds
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS® code is that the world's leading network infrastructure code, delivering seamless
integration of technology innovation, business-critical services, and hardware platform
support. presently operative on several active systems, starting from the little headquarters
router to the core systems of the world's largest service supplier networks, Cisco IOS code is
that the most generally leveraged network infrastructure code within the world. (Anon, 2022)
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Figure 24 Cisco IOS
Sever OS
A server operating system (OS) is a type of operating system that is designed to be installed
and used on a server computer.
It is an advanced version of an operating system, having features and capabilities required
within a client-server architecture or similar enterprise computing environment.
Figure 25 Server OS
Active directory
Active Directory (AD) is a database and set of services that connect users with the network
resources they need to get their work done.The database (or directory) contains critical
information about your environment, including what users and computers there are and who’s
allowed to do what. For example, the database might list 100 user accounts with details like
each person’s job title, phone number and password. It will also record their permissions. The
services control much of the activity that goes on in your IT environment. In particular, they
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make sure each person is who they claim to be (authentication), usually by checking the user
ID and password they enter, and allow them to access only the data they’re allowed to use
(authorization). (Logo, 2022)
Solar Winds
The Solar Winds Orion Platform is a powerful, scalable infrastructure monitoring and
management platform designed to simplify IT administration for on-premises, hybrid, and
software as a service (SaaS) environments in a single pane of glass. There’s no need to struggle
with multiple incompatible point monitoring products, as the Orion Platform consolidates the
full suite of monitoring capabilities into one platform with crossstack integrated functionality.
(solarwinds, 2022)
Figure 26 Solar Winds
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What is the Network Plane?
A plane, in a networking context, is one of three integral components of a telecommunications
architecture. These three elements -- the data plane, the control plane and the management
plane – can be thought of as different areas of operations. Each plane carries a different type of
traffic and is conceptually (and often in reality) an overlay network (a telecommunications
network that runs independently on top of another one, although supported by its
infrastructure).The data plane (sometimes known as the user plane, forwarding plane, carrier
plane or bearer plane) carries the network user traffic. The control plane carries signaling
traffic. Control packets originate from or are destined for a router. The management plane,
which carries administrative traffic, is considered a subset of the control plane. In conventional
networking, all three planes are implemented in the firmware of routers and switches. Softwaredefined networking (SDN) decouples the data and control planes, removes the control plane
from network hardware and implements it in software instead, which enables programmatic
access and, as a result, makes network administration much more flexible. (Contributor, 2022)
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Example for Network Plane
Figure 27Network Plan
Add to IP Address
Figure 28 Add IP Address
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Figure 29Add IP Address
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Network Plan Testing
Figure 30 Network Plan Test
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Simulation of the Network Plan
Figure 31 Network Simulation
Figure 32 Network Simulation
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VLAN Sub netting Schema
Figure 33VLAN Sub netting Schema
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Grant Chart
No
Task
July
August
Weeks
Weeks
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Create Plan
1
Research Requirement
2
Find the cable of the connection
3
Find the Details of the Employee
4
After finding the Employee details
5
how many device need
Verify the Details Again
6
Execute the plan –Designing in the
7
Cisco Packet Tracer
Check of Verification Ping
8
Create a Google Form
9
10
After the analysing correct the Error
11
Execute the Ping
Figure 34 Grant Chart
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Customer Feedback
Figure 35 Customer Feedback Form
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Figure 36 Customer Feedback Form
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Figure 37 Customer Feedback Form
Feedback Analysing
Analysing the general response to the poll as shown in the pie chart above, most people are
very happy with the system and they satisfied with the system.
According to the pie chart above, 56.3% of the total responses have expressed their consent to
the system and 12.5% have expressed their disapproval. Therefore, I recommend that this
network system is a suitable system to build.
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Figure 38User Responses (Author Developed)
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Figure 39 User Responses (Author Developed)
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Server Installation
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Active Directory
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DHCP IP
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Implementation
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Create IP Address
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Add User
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Test Network
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Networking
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Networking
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Test Case
Text Case
Test Case
Expected
No
1
result
Connect to Router and Network
Login PC
Device.
2
3
4
5
Ping Computer PD to
Connect Ping
Developers Client PC
Command
Check Connectivity Between
Connect Ping
Server room and Department
Command
DHCP Server Working
Get IP Address
correctly
from DHCP
Check Routing Working
7
Successful
Successful
Successful
Successful
Ping between
two Network
6
Result
IP Phone Communication
Connection IP
success
Phone
Connection between Switch
Successful
Successful
Ping between Successful
two Network
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Networking
Assignment No-01
How to improve network performance
 Determine that your network is at fault
Is your network actually slow, or do you just have slow computers? Make sure that the sluggish
response time is more than just a localized issue before springing for an infrastructure upgrade.
 Update software and firmware
Advancements in technology and the software that runs on it don’t always keep pace with each
other. You may have new programs running on old machines, or old programs running on new
ones either way, it’s unlikely they’ll work well together.If you’re tied to an old software system
simply because that’s the way it’s always been done, it may be high time you set it aside in
favor of something more compatible with current technology. Otherwise, your fondness for the
software of yore could strand your business in the Stone Age.
 Monitor for bottlenecks
Network monitoring is critical for diagnosing any range of potential bottlenecks or traffic jams
in your network. For instance, system backups typically absorb a large quantity of resources.
Because of this, most networks run their backups at night, when employees are out of the office.
 Check for viruses or system defects
Speaking of viruses, malware is known for slowing down networks and inhibiting workflows.
If you suspect your network slowdown might be the result of malicious network activity, you
should have an emergency IT specialist run a check on the situation right away. Slowdowns
can also be the result of different network components growing old and defective. It’s often
relatively painless to replace these broken components, rather than upgrade the entire network.
 Use VLANs to segment low-priority traffic
VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are an excellent way to partition your network
resources such that the most critical traffic receives the highest priority. Essentially, a VLAN
offers the benefits of a completely separate network, without having to rewire the entire office.
You can group VLANs based on computer use and function, even if they’re in separate parts
of the office.
VLANs can also improve security by segmenting your systems from each other. That way,
even if one part of your network becomes compromised, the VLAN can act as a barrier, keeping
other parts of the network safe
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References
Khalaf, A. A. M., 2015. Performance of LAN under different ethernet wiring standard and
different frame size. [Online]
Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7224875/authors#authors
Meddeb, A., 2015. Why ethernet WAN transport?. [Online]
Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1541705/authors#authors
Nakivo, 2021. Network Topology: You Have to Know This Before Building a Network.
[Online]
Available at: https://nakivo.medium.com/network-topology-you-have-to-know-this-beforebuilding-a-network-b2f56521c3f7
network_topologies, 2022. computer_network_topologies. [Online]
Available at:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/computer_network_
topologies.htm
Pooyesh, P., 1970 . What are the advantages and benefits of LAN network. [Online]
Available at: https://www.parspooyesh.com/en/blogs/item/22-benefits-of-lan-network
Prasanna, 2022. LAN Advantages and Disadvantages | Local Area Network Advantages and
Disadvantages. [Online]
Available at: https://www.aplustopper.com/lan-advantages-and-disadvantages/
Protocols, I., 2022. Internet Protocols. [Online]
Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/internet_protocols.htm
Rehman, J., 2021. Advantages and disadvantages of wide area network (WAN). [Online]
Available at: https://www.itrelease.com/2018/07/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-widearea-network-wan/
Roomi, M., 2020. 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN | Limitations & Benefits of LAN.
[Online]
Available at: https://www.hitechwhizz.com/2020/07/7-advantages-and-disadvantagesdrawbacks-benefits-of-lan.html
Standards, I., 2022. IEEE Standards. [Online]
Available at: https://study-ccna.com/ieee-ethernet-standards/
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