PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
-Communication is the process of exchanging information and generating and transmitting
meanings between two or more people
-Communication process involves a source (encoder), message, channel, and receiver (decoder)
-Communication process is initiated based on a stimulus
-The message is the actual communication product from the source. (Speech, interview,
conversation, chart, gesture, memorandum, or nursing note)
-The channel of communication is the medium the sender has selected to send the message.
-The message can be sent to the receiver through the following channels:
-Auditory—spoken words and cues
-Visual—sight, observation, and perception
-Kinesthetic—touch
-Noise—factors that distort the quality of a message—can interfere with communication at any
point in the process. (Television, pain)
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
-Verbal Communication:
-Is an exchange of information using words, including both spoken and written word
-depends on language, or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share
information effectively
-Nonverbal Communication:
-the transmission of information without the use of words
-includes facial expressions, eye contact, space, time, boundaries, and body movements (touch,
eye contact, facial expressions, posture, gait, gestures, general physical appearance, mode of
dressing and grooming, sounds, and silence)
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
-Electronic Communication
-Social Media
-E-mail and Text Messages
-Telehealth and Telemedicine
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
-Intrapersonal Communication:
-(self talk) is communication within a person
-affects behavior and can enhance or detract from positive interactions
-Interpersonal Communication:
-Occurs between two or more people with a goal to exchange messages
-Group Communication:
-includes small-group and organizational group communication
-Small-Group Communication:
-occurs when nurses interact with two or more people
-Examples include (staff meetings, patient care conferences, teaching sessions, and support
groups)
-Organizational Communication:
-occurs when people and groups within an organization communicate to achieve established
goals
-Group Dynamics:
-involve how individual group members relate to one another during the process of working
toward group goals
FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION
-Factors influencing communication include level of development; sociocultural differences;
roles and responsibilities; space and territoriality; physical, mental, and emotional state; and
environment
HANDOFF COMMUNICATION: SBAR
-provides a consistent method for handoff communication that is clear, structured, and easy to
use
-S: SITUATION
-B:BACKGROUND
-A:ASSESSMENT
-R:RECOMMENDATIONS
-adapted form includes initial identification (I) and the opportunity to ask and respond to
questions or “read back” (R).
RISING LEVEL OF CONCERN COMMUNICATION: CUS
-communication tool recommended for use to assist in effective communication related to
patients after concerns
-CUS stands for: I’m Concerned, I’m Uncomfortable, This is unSafe (this is a safety issue)