ROCKS
Are generally composed of an assem
of minerals.
For example, the andesite from Mar
contains quartz, feldspar,
amphibole, and other minerals.
MINERALS
Minerals are the “bricks” of materials
the Earth and all other solid bodies in
the universe.
They are usually defined both by their
chemical composition and by their order
internal structure.
ELEMENTS
Purest form of a matter
ATOMS
Made up
of
ATOMS
ELEMENTS
MINERALS
ROCKS
BARNACLE BILL
YOGI
What makes a mineral
MINERAL?
NATURALLY OCCURING
SOLID
INORGANIC
MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE ELEMEN
DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIO
DEFINITE ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Properties of
Minerals
Crystal form
A crystal is a homoge
whose chemical elemen
organized internal st
In 1850, Auguste Brava
theoretically that ato
organized into only 14
three-dimensional netw
These network types ar
named after him.
Cubic
Three crystallographic
axes meet at 90°
angles.
Cubic
Three crystallographic
axes meet at 90°
angles.
Hexagonal
Prisms have six sides,
with 120º angles. From
one end, the cross
section is hexagonal.
Monoclinic
Prisms look like
tetragonal crystals
cut at an angle. Their
axes do not meet at
90º angles.
Tetragonal
These crystals are
shaped like cubes, but
one of their facets is
longer than the
others.
All three axes meet at
90º angles, but one
axis is longer than
Tetragonal
Triclinic
These crystals have
very odd shapes. They
are not symmetrical
from one end to the
other. None of their
three axes meet at 90º
angles.
Triclinic
Trigonal
This system includes
the most
characteristic
rhombohedrons, as well
as hexagonal prisms
and pyramids. Three
equal axes meet at
120º, with one axis
meeting at 90º to the
Trigonal
Rhombic
Three nonequivalent
crystallographic axes
meet at 90º angles.
Rhombic
Three nonequivalent
crystallographic axes
meet at 90º angles.
Hardness
One mineral is harder
when the former can sc
Harder minerals can sc
minerals.
Hardness
A mineral's degree of
on a scale, ranging fr
was created by German
Friedrich Mohs
Moh’s Hardness Scale
Moh’s Hardness Scale
TALC
Moh’s Hardness Scale
GYPSUM
Moh’s Hardness Scale
CALCITE
Moh’s Hardness Scale
FLOURITE
Moh’s Hardness Scale
APATITE
Moh’s Hardness Scale
ORTHOCLASE
Moh’s Hardness Scale
QUARTZ
Moh’s Hardness Scale
TOPAZ
Moh’s Hardness Scale
CORUNDUM
Moh’s Hardness Scale
DIAMO
Cleavage
long specific planes of
their atomic structure.
Color
ne of the most striking
properties of minerals.
ining the identity of a
or is not always useful.
Color
me minerals never change
e called idiochromatic.
Others whose colors
are called allochromatic
Luster
Luster results from re
refraction of light on
of a mineral.
Streak
ble than a mineral’s
ak (the color of the
eft when the mineral
hard white surface).
Rock-forming
Quartz family
It is the Earth’s
second most common
mineral, behind
There
are two
feldspar,
in forms
the
of quartz,crust.
the
continental
normal α-quartz and
the β-quartz hightemperature, both
chiral. There is an
Quartz fam
or silica is a
mineral
consisting of
carbon and water
particles in a
constant frame of
SiO4 siliconoxygen
Quartz family
CITRINE
AMETHYST
AVENTURINE
Feldspar f
are a collection
of rock-forming
tectosilicate
minerals that
make up by weight
about 41% of the
mainland surface
Feldspar f
are a collection
of rock-forming
tectosilicate
minerals that
make up by weight
about 41% of the
mainland surface
Feldspar f
In both intrusive
and extrusive
igneous rocks,
feldspars
crystallize from
magma as veins
and are also
Feldspar fami
It is regarded as
anorthosite rock
made almost
completely of
calcium
plagioclase
feldspar. In many
kinds of
Feldspar family
ALBITE
ORTHOCLASE
ANORTHITE
NaAlSi3O8
KALSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
Feldspar family
ALBITE
ORTHOCLASE
ANORTHITE
NaAlSi3O8
KALSi3O8
CaAl2Si2O8
Pyroxenes
are a set of
significant
minerals
discovered in many
igneous and
metamorphic rocks
that form rock
Pyroxenes
They share a
prevalent
framework made up
of silica
tetrahedra single
chains. Pyroxenes
crystallizing in
the monoclinic
Augite
mineral under
A
pyroxene that
commonly occurs
in mafic and
intermediate
igneous rocks
such as basalt,
gabbro, andesite,
Augite
Augite has a
chemical
composition of
(Ca,Na) (Mg,
Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6 with
many paths of
Amphiboles
is an significant
cluster of
inosilicate minerals
that form prisms or
needle-like
crystals, consisting
of SiO 4 tetrahedra
Amphiboles
may be green,
black, white,
yellow, blue, or
brown. are
presently
classified by the
Hornblend
a group of darkcolored amphibole
minerals found in
many types of igneous
and metamorphic
rocks. These minerals
vary in chemical
composition but are
Hornblende
A generalized
composition for the
hornblende group
(Ca,Na)23(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Si,Al)8
O22(OH,F)2
Olivine
is a green rock-
It
forming mineral
found mainly in
dark-colored
igneous rocks and
thought to be the
most abundant
Olivine
group that
A
contains only small
quantities of nonoxygen, silicon,
magnesium and iron
components. The
extra components
Garnet
Are a set of
minerals of
silicate that have
been used as
gemstones and
abrasives since the
Calcite
any member of a
family of minerals
that contain the
carbonate ion, CO32, as the basic
structural and
The rock and minera
FORMATIO
COAL AND
PETROLEU
COAL FORMATION
Plant materials, such as
leaves, woods, barks, and
spores, accumulated in marine
or continental basins 285
million years ago. Submerged
in water and protected from
oxygen in the air, this
material slowly became
COAL FORMATION
PETROLEUM FORMATION
in an anaerobic
environment at a depth
of about 1 mile (2 km),
organic sediments that
developed in
environments with little
oxygen turn into rocks
PETROLEUM FORMATION
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