Reading and Writing Skills Unit 1:
Text as a Connected Discourse
Table of Contents
Objectives
2
Lesson 1: Definition and Purposes of a Discourse
3
Warm-up!
3
Learn About It!
4
Check Your Understanding
6
Let’s Step Up!
6
Lesson 2: Types of Discourse
7
Warm-up!
7
Learn About It!
8
Check Your Understanding
11
Let’s Step Up!
11
Lesson 3: Literary Discourse
12
Warm-up!
12
Learn About It!
14
Check Your Understanding
16
Let’s Step Up!
17
Lesson 4: Academic Discourse
18
Warm-up!
18
Learn About It!
19
Check Your Understanding
21
Let’s Step Up!
22
Performance Task
23
Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn?
25
Wrap Up
26
Bibliography
27
GRADE 11/12 | Reading and Writing Skills
UNIT 1
Text as a Connected Discourse
Many books offer lengthy discussions about proving or
disproving theories. Despite being extensive and tedious, the
writings in those books remain coherent. On the other hand,
other books like recipe books and manuals contain
instructional writings. They present procedures and steps.
The long and comprehensive discussions as well as the
instructional writings are referred to as discourse.
Objectives
In this unit, you should be able to:
● identify the nature and purpose of a discourse;
● differentiate between the types of discourses;
● identify and differentiate between the types of literary discourses; and
● distinguish between literary and academic discourses.
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Lesson 1: Definition and Purposes of a
Discourse
You have probably read or seen a recipe, a literary critique, or a
diary entry before. These are examples of a discourse. You will
know more about definition and purposes of a discourse in this
lesson.
Warm-up!
Two-Column Table
With a partner, go to the library and read about discourse. Focus on the nature and purposes
of a discourse. You have exactly 25 minutes to conduct a short research and take down notes.
Do not forget to cite your source(s). Write your notes on the left column of the table below.
Read your notes again and sum them up on the right column. Afterward, present your work in
front of the class.
Notes
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Summary
3
Learn About It!
A text, such as a recipe or a literary critique, which has distinct
features and purpose, is a piece of discourse.
What Is Discourse?
The term ​discourse comes from the word ​discursus​. In medieval
Latin, it means “argument,” and in late Latin, it means
“conversation.” Some texts indeed are in the form of discussion
in which writers express their opinions. Other texts are like a
conversation because the writers talk to the readers.
A ​discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic,
where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and
logical manner. It is often associated with speech, but it may
also be written. It usually serves as a writer’s or a scholar’s
analysis of a concept or theory proposed by another writer.
Also, discourse refers to the way how language is used to convey meanings or to propel action
or provoke a specific response.
One example of a discourse is the ​critique​. This piece of writing states a writer’s opinion
about the good and the bad parts of another piece of writing or a work of art. Its language is
formal, and its ideas are arranged in an organized and logical manner.
The diary entries in the ​The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank can also be considered a
discourse. A diary is a daily record of someone’s personal experiences and thoughts. By
reading every entry in a diary, we get the sense of the writer’s character or values.
Texts like a literary critique or a diary entry are written with a purpose. Thus, discourse has
purposes.
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Purposes of a Discourse
1. To inform
A discourse may aim to inform; such discourse provides a descriptive and
comprehensive discussion on the topic. It points out what one should know about a
topic or subject.
2. To persuade
A discourse that aims to persuade tries to convince the readers that the proposed claim
or solution is better than any other proposal.
3. To entertain
A discourse that aims to amuse provides a source of entertainment for its readers.
Analyzing a Discourse
Analyzing a discourse is usually ​contextual. The reader tries to consider several factors that
may have influenced the writer to make certain claims. Those factors explain the author’s
biases, philosophy, and educational and professional backgrounds, among others. Below are
three of those factors.
1. Culture
The beliefs, customs, attitudes, language, and other things that define culture may
influence the author’s perspective on several issues. Knowing about the culture the
author belongs to may help the reader may understand his or her biases.
2. Social environment
The author’s physical surroundings and social relationships, as well as the culture of the
time may have influenced his or her writing. For instance, during the early decades of
the 20th century, most writers produced works that were classified as “modern”
because of its distinct feature: stream of consciousness.
3. Experiences
Personal accounts or firsthand experience of events, though subjective, establish
credibility and reliability of information presented in any discourse.
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Check Your Understanding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is a discourse?
Explain the purposes of a discourse.
How do you analyze a discourse?
Explain the factors that may influence a writer in making certain claims.
Write a one-paragraph essay about the nature and purposes of a discourse.
Let’s Step Up!
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Lesson 2: Types of Discourse
In the previous lesson, we learned that a discourse is a formal
and often lengthy discussion of a topic, where concepts and
insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner. We
also learned its three purposes: to inform, to persuade, and to
entertain. This time, we will discuss the different types of
discourse.
Warm-up!
Quad Activity
Form a group of four. Read and examine the four texts below. Describe each text and
determine the purpose of each one. Write your answers on the corresponding column on the
table. Present your work in class.
Text
A recent study confirmed that playing video
games may cause children to become violent.
However, this is only true for some children. Dr.
Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC
University explained that children who manifest a
combination of three personality traits―high
neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels of
conscientiousness―are more likely to be
aggressive toward others after playing video
games.
When I first saw my childhood friend Margarette,
she was about my younger sister Viv’s height. Her
hair was curly and dark, and her skin was pale.
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Description
Purpose
7
But what really struck me when I first saw her was
her big round blue eyes.
How to set up an email account
1. Choose the web host.
2. Look for the sign up button. Click it.
3. Provide the required information.
4. Think of a unique username and a password.
(Tip: For the password, type in uppercase or
add characters.)
5. Start using the newly setup email account.
I remember the time when I learned how to swim.
I was only eight years old and afraid to bathe in a
pool. I envied the kids who played with inflatable
balls and animals. Whenever my family would
visit the clubhouse, I would sit beside the pool and
never really jump in to join them. A summer camp
opened in our neighborhood, and my mom
thought of enrolling my brother and me in a
swimming class. Two days before the class
started, my mom gave me a pep talk; that made
me realize that I did not want to miss out the fun
just because I was afraid.
Learn About It!
Discourse can also be classified into different types, each with a different purpose. These
types are argumentation, description, exposition, and narration.
Types of Discourse
1. Argumentation
Argumentation is the act or process of making and presenting arguments. Arguments are a
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series of statements for or against an idea.
The word ​argument comes from the Latin word ​argumentum​, which
means “evidence,” “ground,” “support,” or “a logical argument.”
Indeed, in an argumentative discourse, the writer aims ​to
persuade the audience or readers​. He or she presents valid
claims or counterclaims, each supported by evidence, to prove a
point. In proving claims, the writer presents studies, experts’
opinions, and statistical data, among others. Moreover, an
argumentative discourse should appeal to logic or reason instead
of emotion.
A recent study confirmed that playing video games may cause children
to become violent. However, this is only true for some children. Dr.
Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC University explained
that children who manifest a combination of three personality
traits―high neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels of
conscientiousness―are more likely to be aggressive toward others after playing video games.
In order to convince the readers, the author of the passage mentioned a study to support his
or her claim about video games. The author did not simply state that video games may cause
children to become violent; he or she proved it by citing two experts.
2. Description
This type of discourse is based on the main impression of the author about the topic or
subject. Its purpose is ​to transmit that impression through concrete, colorful, and vivid
language​ so that readers can fully imagine the topic or subject.
An author’s impression is influenced by his or her prior knowledge, culture, environment, and
experiences, among others. As the author describes his or her observations, it triggers
sensory images among readers.
When I first saw my childhood friend Margarette, she was about my younger sister Viv’s height.
Her hair was curly and dark, and her skin was pale. But what really struck me when I first saw
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9
her was her big round blue eyes.
Through the author’s description, the reader can infer what the person Margarette looks like.
3. Exposition
This aims ​to inform about, clarify, and explain a phenomenon​. It defines what something
is and provides an in-depth discussion about topics that are usually less explored. Moreover,
it may also give reader instructions on how something is done.
How to set up an email account
1. Choose the web host.
2. Look for the sign up button. Click it.
3. Provide the required information.
4. Think of a unique username and a password. (Tip: For the password, type in uppercase or add
characters.)
5. Start using the newly setup email account.
The passage gives instructions on how to set up an email account. Some examples of an
exposition may be found in some magazine articles or editorials, which may include useful
and creative tips to make everyday tasks simpler, typically called “life hacks.”
4. Narration
This type of discourse is like storytelling. It recalls events chronologically. This discourse is told
in the first-, second-, or third-person point of view. The general purpose of narration then is ​to
relate a series of events​. Moreover, its structure may be linear or nonlinear. A linear
structure follows a typical format: beginning, middle, end. A nonlinear structure may start
from the end or in the middle.
I remember the time when I learned how to swim. I was only eight years old and afraid to bathe
in a pool. I envied the kids who played with inflatable balls and animals. Whenever my family
would visit the clubhouse, I would sit beside the pool and never really jump in to join them. A
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summer camp opened in our neighborhood, and my mom thought of enrolling my brother and
me in a swimming class. Two days before the class started, my mom gave me a pep talk; that
made me realize that I did not want to miss out the fun just because I was afraid.
The passage conveys a person’s experience about learning how to swim. The events are told
chronologically, and the story is told in the first-person point of view.
Check Your Understanding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name the four types of discourse.
Describe the difference between argumentation and description.
How is narration different from exposition?
Among the four types of discourse, which one is most interesting for you? Why?
Describe the most meaningful thing you have learned in this lesson.
Let’s Step Up!
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Lesson 3: Literary Discourse
In the previous lesson, we learned that discourse can also be
classified into different types. We also learned that each of
these types has its own purpose. In this lesson, we will discuss a
kind of discourse: the literary discourse.
Warm-up!
Triad Activity
Form a group of three. Provide an example for each category:
1. An example of a poem or a short story
2. An example of a letter or a diary entry
3. An example of a recipe or an editorial article
Read and examine each example. Describe each text in terms of language and purpose.
Present your group work in class.
Text
Description
Purpose
1
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2
3
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Learn About It!
A ​literary discourse is generally focused on creative works
such as poetry, short stories, novels, plays, and even
nonfiction. Also, it includes texts that are used strictly for
business communication such as letters, memos, and resumes.
The three types of literary discourse are poetic, expressive, and
transactional. Knowing about these types helps us analyze the
different forms of literature.
Types of Literary Discourse
1. Poetic
This type of discourse is commonly found in creative works like
poems, novels, short stories, and plays. It focuses on how language is used to form themes
and convey ideologies. Some meanings in creative works are explicit, while some are implied,
especially in poems. Ordinary words, especially those used in a poem, are made appealing
through sound patterns.
The Road Not Taken (An Excerpt)
By Robert Frost
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
In the text, the author used the road not taken as a metaphor for making a life decision.
Ordinary words, especially those used in a poem, are made appealing through sound
patterns. Notice that the last words in the poem rhyme: ​sigh​, I​ ​, and b
​ y​; ​hence​ and ​difference​.
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2. Expressive
This type of discourse is commonly found in academic journals, letters, diaries, and blogs. It is
a personal narrative and is typically written in the first-person point of view. In the process,
the writer reveals something about his or her identity. In literary terms, expressive discourses
are referred to as creative nonfiction.
The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt)
By Anne Frank
Sunday, 21 June 1942
Everyone at school is waiting to hear what happens next. Who will move up a class, and who will
stay down? We’re all trying to guess! I think my girlfriends and I will be OK, though we’ll have to
wait patiently to find out. Most of my teachers like me, but old Mr Keesing gets angry with me
because I often talk too much! He made me do some extra homework and write about ‘Someone
Who Talks Too Much.’
Based on the passage, the writer is describing what she felt while waiting for the big
announcement in school. She describes what she is like in school—talkative—and how
sociable she is as most of her teachers like her.
3. Transactional
This type of discourse is commonly found in instructional materials, advertisements, and
editorial articles, among others. It is directive in nature as it provides detailed information on
how something is done or achieved. Moreover, it encourages the reader to do something or
to take action.
How to Cook Chicken Tinola
Ingredients:
1/2 kg chicken wings
1 red onion, peeled and sliced
1 clove of garlic, peeled and crushed
1 small ginger, peeled and julienned
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1 small green papaya, peeled and cut into wedges
1–2 stalks of malunggay
1 teaspoon of salt
1 teaspoon of pepper
3–4 cups of water
Procedure:
1. Prepare all the ingredients.
2. Heat the pan in a medium flame. Add 2–3 tablespoons of oil.
3. Sauté garlic, onion, and ginger. Add chicken wings and sauté for 3–4 minutes.
4. Pour 3–4 cups of water. Let it simmer.
5. Add the papaya. Simmer until the chicken becomes tender.
6. Add the malunggay leaves.
7. Add salt and pepper to taste.
8. Serve and enjoy.
The recipe above shows the instructions in cooking chicken tinola. It provides a detailed list of
what the reader or the one who will cook the dish needs and how to accomplish the task.
Check Your Understanding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is a literary discourse?
Name and explain the types of literary discourse.
Are letters considered a literary discourse? Why?
Why do recipes fall under literary discourse?
What five words would you use to describe literary discourse? Explain and justify your
choices.
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Let’s Step Up!
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Lesson 4: Academic Discourse
The previous lesson is all about the literary discourse. We learned
the details about the types of literary discourses, namely, poetic,
expressive, and transactional. This time, this lesson will focus on
another kind of discourse: the academic discourse. This lesson
will also take a look at how academic discourses differ from
literary discourses.
Warm-up!
Dyad Activity
With a partner, read, examine, and compare the two texts below. Are there similarities or
differences? Use the right column of the table to list all the features of each text. Take note of
the language, aim or purpose, and point of view, Present your work in class.
Text
Medea is portrayed as an empowered woman in Euripides’s
play. It is a far cry from how women were viewed and
represented in Ancient Greece. Women then were mainly
portrayed as in charge of producing children, taking care of
them, and being a mistress of the household. Medea’s
character defies and challenges conformities. Her deeds,
though evil in nature, stem from the strength of her mind…
Medea, although elicits pity from the audience during the first
part of the play as an abandoned wife and mother, in the end,
is feared and abhorred as she proves to be aware of how
wicked her deeds are and yet would not have it the other way
around: “I understand what evil I am about to do but my
wrath is stronger even than my thoughts…” (Euripides 27).
The Diary of a Young Girl (An Excerpt)
By Anne Frank
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Features
18
Sunday, 21 June 1942
Everyone at school is waiting to hear what happens next. Who
will move up a class, and who will stay down? We’re all trying
to guess! I think my girlfriends and I will be OK, though we’ll
have to wait patiently to find out. Most of my teachers like me,
but old Mr Keesing gets angry with me because I often talk too
much! He made me do some extra homework and write about
‘Someone Who Talks Too Much.’
Learn About It!
An ​academic discourse is expository or argumentative in
nature. Sometimes, it presents an individual’s insights
regarding a concept or method in a scholarly way.
Academic discourse includes academic journals and essays.
Journals and essays as personal narratives are generally
classified as expressive literary discourse because of their use
of the first-person point of view. So what makes academic
journals and essays different from them? What makes certain
texts academic?
Differences between Academic and Literary Discourses
Unlike literary discourse, an academic discourse uses formal
language and the third-person point of view; it maintains an
objective tone. It avoids using figures of speech and idiomatic
expressions, including biased or stereotyped and sexist language. Its examples include
academic essays, journals, book reviews, synthesis, literature review, and research, among
others.
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The table below summarizes the differences between academic and literary discourses.
Academic Discourse
formal and scholarly use of language; does
not use figures of speech and idioms
maintains an objective tone using the
third-person point of view
Literary Discourse
poetic and creative in its use of language
features more than one point of view
Take a look at this example of an academic discourse.
Medea is portrayed as an empowered woman in Euripides’s play. It is a far cry from how women
were viewed and represented in Ancient Greece. Women then were mainly portrayed as in charge
of producing children, taking care of them, and being a mistress of the household. Medea’s
character defies and challenges conformities. Her deeds, though evil in nature, stem from the
strength of her mind… Medea, although elicits pity from the audience during the first part of the
play as an abandoned wife and mother, in the end, is feared and abhorred as she proves to be
aware of how wicked her deeds are and yet would not have it the other way around: “I
understand what evil I am about to do but my wrath is stronger even than my thoughts…”
(Euripides 27).
The text is a review of Euripides’s famous play ​Medea​. The critic, although stating his or her
insights of the play, writes in an objective tone using the third-person point of view. Moreover,
the review does not use a figure of speech or idiomatic expression to describe, elaborate, or
prove a point.
General Format of Academic Discourses
Structures or formats of academic discourses may vary depending on the approved or
recommended style guide to use.
1. Introduction
In this part, the writer states the significance of the topic and the issues that need to be
addressed. Also, the writer mentions the objectives of the discourse and how it may be
beneficial or detrimental.
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2. Body
In this part, the writer discusses the methods of gathering information. He or she then
presents the findings and interprets them. Moreover, he or she formulates arguments and
supports them with evidence.
3. Conclusion
In this part, the writer reiterates the claims and asserts his or her stand. He or she may
include insights and recommendations for further studies.
Check Your Understanding
1. What is academic discourse?
2. Explain the difference between a literary discourse and an academic discourse in terms
of language.
3. What is the difference between a literary discourse and an academic discourse in terms
of point of view?
4. Explain the general format of academic discourses.
5. Explain academic discourse in a letter to your best friend.
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Let’s Step Up!
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Performance Task
English Week
Goal
Your task is to create a slide presentation about discourse.
Role
You are a young English professor. You have been tasked
by the head of the Department of English and Comparative
Literature in your university to create a slide presentation
about discourse, which will be presented in the university’s
English week.
Audience
The target audience is the university’s administrative
officers, deans, faculty members, students, including very important guests.
Situation
The challenge involves coming up with a slide presentation about discourse and making it as
interesting and unique as possible.
Product
You will create a slide presentation using the following guidelines​:
1. Provide a detailed description of the nature and purpose of a discourse.
2. Explain the differences between the types of discourses.
3. Discuss the features and types of literary discourses.
4. Describe the features of academic discourses and explain the differences between
literary and academic discourses.
5. Submit a printed version of your presentation.
6. Make sure that your sources are properly cited.
7. Make use of visuals/graphics.
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Standards and Criteria for Success
Your project will be graded using the rubric below:
Criteria
Beginning
(0-12 points)
Developing
(13-16 points)
Accomplished
(17-20 points)
Content
The presentation
does not
adequately cover
all the required
topics.
The presentation
barely covers the
required topics.
The presentation
covers all the
required topics
completely and
in detail.
Organization
There is a lack of
clear transitions
between ideas;
details presented
are confusing.
There are clear
transitions
between ideas;
details presented
are organized.
Transitions
between ideas
are clear; details
are logically
presented and
organized.
Language
The presentation
contains many
grammatical
mistakes and
spelling errors.
The presentation
contains few
grammatical
mistakes and
spelling errors.
The presentation
contains no
grammatical
mistakes and
spelling errors.
Punctuality
The presentation
was submitted
more than one
day late.
The presentation
was submitted
one day late.
The presentation
was submitted
on time.
Research/Subject
knowledge
Subject
knowledge is not
evident;
information
provided is
incorrect and
confusing.
Subject
knowledge is
evident; some
errors in
information.
Subject
knowledge is
evident
throughout the
presentation;
information is
clear and
accurate.
Oral presentation
The presentation
gave information
The presentation
gave information
The presentation
gave information
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Score
24
in a haphazard
manner.
in a clear manner.
in a creative,
clear, and
unique manner.
Visuals/graphics
Use of
visuals/graphics is
limited.
Visuals/graphics
are relevant.
Visuals and
graphics are
relevant and
attractive and
enhance the
content.
Citations
No sources are
properly cited.
Few sources are
properly cited.
All sources are
properly cited.
Score​:
Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn?
Do a self-check on how well you learned the lessons in this unit. Place a checkmark in the
appropriate box.
I am familiar and
I think I need more
I am confident that I
can perform well
Skills
practice and
can perform this on
with minimal
assistance
my own
assistance
I can identify the
nature and purpose
of a discourse.
I can differentiate
between the types
of discourses.
I can identify and
differentiate
between the types
of literary
discourses.
I can distinguish
between literary
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25
and academic
discourses.
Wrap Up
Text as a Connected Discourse
A ​discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic, where concepts and
insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner. Also, it refers to the way how
language is used to convey meanings or to propel action or provoke a specific response.
Purposes of Discourse
1. ​To inform – A discourse that aims to inform provides a descriptive and
comprehensive discussion on the topic. It points out what one should know about a
topic or subject.
2. ​To persuade – A discourse that aims to persuade tries to convince the readers that
the proposed claim or solution is better than any other proposal.
3. ​To entertain – A discourse that aims to amuse provides a source of entertainment for
its readers.
Types of Discourse
1. ​Argumentation – In this type of discourse, the writer aims to persuade the audience
or readers. He or she presents valid claims or counterclaims, each supported by
evidence, to prove a point.
2. ​Description – This type of discourse is based on the main impression of the author
about the topic or subject. His or her impression is influenced by prior knowledge,
culture, environment, and experiences, among others.
3. ​Exposition – This aims to inform, clarify, and explain a phenomenon. It defines what
something is and provides an in-depth discussion about topics that are usually less
explored.
4. ​Narration – This type of discourse is like storytelling. It recalls events chronologically.
It is told in the first-, second-, or third-person point of view. Moreover, its structure may
be linear or nonlinear.
A ​literary discourse is generally focused on creative works, including nonfiction. Also, it
includes texts that are used strictly for business communication.
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An ​academic discourse is expository or argumentative in nature. Sometimes, it
presents an individual’s insights regarding a concept or method in a scholarly way.
​Bibliography
Cambridge Dictionary. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/types-of-english-formal-info
rmal-etc/british-and-american-english
“Chapter 6 Study Guide.” McGraw Hill Higher Education. 2000. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/philosophy/reichenbach/m5_chap06studyguide.html
.
“Discourse.” Literary Devices. 2016. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://literarydevices.net/discourse/.
Hadley, Gregory S. “Written Discourse Analysis: Investigation and Implications.” Accessed
August 31, 2018.
http://www.nuis.ac.jp/~hadley/publication/nuwritnanlysis/writtenanalysis.htm.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Accessed August 31, 2018. https://www.merriam-webster.com/
Nordquist, Richard. “Expressive Discourse (Composition).” About.com Education. 2016.
Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/Expressive-Discourse.htm.
———. “Problem-Solution (Composition).” About.com Education. 2015. Accessed August 31,
2018. http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/Problem-Solution.htm.
———. “Discourse (Language).” About.com Education. 2015. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discourseterm.htm.
“What Is Meant by Discourse Analysis?” Universiteit Gent. 2010. Accessed August 31, 2018.
http://www.english.ugent.be/da.
Recommended Link for This Unit:
Diamond, Andrew. "Academic Discourse: Definition & Examples." Study.com. Accessed August
31, 2018.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/academic-discourse-definition-examples.html.
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