Consolidated Module in THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD JESTONI C. AQUINO, Ed.D. LLE (CAR), MAEd Professor II, Teacher Education ____________________________________________ Student’s Name _______________________________ Course / Block MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION OVERVIEW This course will introduce you to the contemporary world by examining the multifaced phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, social, political, technological, and other transformation that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course will also provide you an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility. LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. share a personal definition of globalization 2. describe the nature of globalization 3. differentiate competing conception of globalizations; and 4. synthesize and agree on a working definition of globalization for the course Keywords: Globalization, economic activity, trade, cultural exchange EXPECTATIONS In this lesson, you will be exposed to the concept of globalization and how it affects the economic status of a particular nation or state. You are going to critic news reports discussing about the emergence and role of globalization in the process of global development. Look for an updated news reports or article as your sample. Hence, you will be aware of the recent changes of the world. The textbooks that you have received will be helpful to you during our online interaction and when you answer the tasks in the module. DISCUSSION The first concept that you are going to encounter is the definition of the word Globalization. But how do you understand the word itself. Try the activity below using your own interpretation of the word at the center. GLOBALIZATION Later, let us see if the words you have written in the boxes are closely associated on the main concept. Below, is the nature of globalization which are all significant as we go through with the discussion on globalization. NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION 1. Liberalization. It stands for freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or abroad. 2. Free trade. It stands for free flow of trade relations among all the nations. Each state grants (most favored nations) status to other states and keeps its business and trade away from excessive and hard regularly and protective regimes. 3. Globalization of Economic Activity. Economic activities are to be governed both by the domestic market and also the world market. It stands for the process of integrating the domestic economy with world economies. 4. Liberalization of Import-Export System. It stands for liberating the import-export activity and securing a free flow of goods and services across borders. 5. Privatization. Keeping the state away from ownership of means of reproduction and distribution and letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity across borders. 6. Increased Collaborations. Encouraging the process of collaborations among the entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid modernization, development and technological advancement. 7. Economic Reforms. Encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a view to give strength to free world trade, free enterprise, and market forces. Give your viewpoints on the two conditions about the meaning of globalization to you. Write your answer by giving a brief explanation out of the given statements. The formation of a global village Economic globalization You will notice that the world continues its developments towards human interactions and movements. From there, list down some signs of globalizations observable to you in our contemporary time. SIGNS OF GLOBALIZATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. On the other side of defining globalization, here are two terms that you need to distinguish. Both are helpful as you continue to learn the lesson. Does economic globalization lift all boats, or is it a modern form of empire? Anti-Globalization Many anti globalism activists see globalization as the promotion of a Corporatist agenda, which is intent om constructing the freedoms of individuals in the name or profit. They also claim that increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities increasingly shape the political policy of nation-states. Globalization imposes credit-based economics, resulting in unsuitable growth of debt and debt crises. Pro-Globalization Supporters of free trade point out that economic theories such as comparative advantage suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all those involved in the trade benefiting. In general, they claim that this leads to lower prices, more employment and better allocation of resources. The Philippines itself is part of globalization so with any countries around the world. Though we are just a small nation we take all the challenges and contribute to global progress. If you are listening or reading news reports, the gradual progress of our country now could be categorized as part of globalization. Do this activity below to support the idea that globalization has been contributing the country’s economic status. Write in sentences or paragraph form. Examples of Globalization Cultural globalization- refers to the interpretation of cultures which, as a consequence, means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture. Economic globalization- is the development of trade systems within transnational actors such as corporations or NGO’s Industrial Globalization- Every country in the world is moving towards specialization may be referred to as the phenomenon of producing only that product in which the country has competitive advantage in terms of cost. For example, Singapore specializes in pharmaceutical while the US specializes in military equipment. Therefore, the counties exchange their industrial products, which is known as trade, and fulfill the requirements of their people. Every country of the world today is involved in trade and is depended on some other country one way or the other. The US is the biggest economy in the world and even that is depended on other countries for many of its needs. Hence the industries of the whole world today are considered to be working not for their native countries but for the world as a whole. Financial Globalization- can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with international financial exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially connected global world since when one stock market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as a whole. Social Globalization- Refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different countries. In today’s world, the internet and social media is at the heart of this. Good examples of social globalization could have included internationally popular films, books, and TV series. The Harry Potter/ Twilight films and books have been successful all over the world, making the characters featured globally recognizable. However, this cultural flow tends to flow from the center (i.e. from developed countries such as the USA to less developed countries). Social globalization is often criticized for eroding cultural differences. Ecological Globalization- accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global entity – a common good all societies should protect since the weather affects everyone and we are all protected by the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries who have been polluting the least will suffer the most from climate change. Political Globalization- the development and growing influence of international organizations such as the UN or WHO means governmental action takes place at an international level. Technological Globalization- the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via flatforms such as facebook, Instagram, skype or Youtube Geographic Globalization – is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world that s constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so easy and affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any restrictions LEARNING SUMMARY Complete the table on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in general. Consider the global changes happening now. Advantages Disadvantages REFLECTION After a thorough discussion and understanding of the lessons, write a comprehensive response about the concept and impact of globalization 1. Has globalization gone too far, not far enough, or has it been heading in the wrong direction? 2. Is "globalization" another word for Americanization? REFERENCES Dacles, Darwin Don M. & Maslang, Kenneth L. (2018), The Contemporary World. Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya: SMU Publishing House Haywood, A. Politics. London: Palgrave Mcmillan.2012 Claudio, L. & Abinales, P.(2018). The Contemporary World. C&E Publishing, Inc MODULE 2 MARKET INTEGRATION LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global economy 2. narrate a short history of global market integration in the 20th century; and 3.infer the attributes of global corporations EXPECTATIONS As you go through with your readings, it is important for you to understand the concepts of this module. Learning those ideas will improve your views on the many factors the current world market is evolving from past to current economic developments. DISCUSSION According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary, market integration is a situation in which separate markets for the same product become one single market. For example, when an import tax in one of the markets is removed. Integration is taken to denote a state of affairs or a process involving attempts to combine separate national economies into larger economic regions (Robson, 1998, p.1) In your own definition, what is market integration? Just like all other things, everything starts from a gradual development before it became popular. The birth of market integration has played a vital role in various economies. Make a short narration on global market history. Use the illustration below. Market Integration History Market integration is significant particularly in a growing economy. Along with this significance are market integration types that will widen your understanding. Find out the nature, advantages or even the negative effects of these types. Horizontal Integration Vertical Integration Conglomeration THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CREATION OF GLOBAL ECONOMY International Financial Institutions - International non-profit agencies are one of the major sources of financing like regional development banks or banks globally. - To finance productive development projects or to promote economic development World Bank - multinational financial institution established at the end of world war II (1944) to help provide long-term capital for the reconstruction and development of member countries. - it provides much of the planning and financing for economic development projects involving billions of dollars International Monetary Fund -IMF is a cooperative institution that 182 countries have voluntarily joined because they see the advantage of consulting with one another on this forum to maintain a stable system of buying and selling their currencies -Its policies and activities are guided by its Charter known as the Articles f Agreement. -IMF lends money to members having trouble meeting financial obligations to other members, but only on the condition that they undertake economic reforms to eliminate these difficulties for their own good and that of the entire membership. -Contrary to widespread perception, the IMF has no effective authority over the domestic economic policies of its members OTHER ORGANIZATIONS General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations. The GATT was intended to boost economic recovery after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade. The GATT went into effect on Jan. 1, 1948. Since that beginning it has been refined, eventually leading to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995, which absorbed and extended it. By this time 125 nations were signatories to its agreements, which covered about 90% of global trade. The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) is responsible for the GATT and consists of representatives from all WTO member countries. As of September 2019, the council chair is Uruguayan Ambassador José Luís Cancela Gómez. The council has 10 committees that address subjects including market access, agriculture, subsidies, and anti-dumping measures. World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization is a global membership group that promotes and manages free trade. It does this in three ways. First, it administers existing multilateral trade agreements. Every member receives Most Favored Nation Trading Status. That means they automatically receive lowered tariffs for their exports. Second, it settles trade disputes. Most conflicts occur when one member accuses another of dumping. That's when it exports goods at a lower price than it costs to produce it. The WTO staff investigates, and if a violation has occurred, the WTO will levy sanctions. Third, it manages ongoing negotiations for new trade agreements. The biggest would have been the Doha round in 2006. That would have eased trade among all members. It emphasized expanding growth for developing countries. Global Corporation A corporation is an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession and the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence (Batas Pambansa Blg. 68 The Corporation Code of The Philippines, Section 2 – Corporation defined). A global corporation is generally referred to as a multinational corporation (MNC), transnational corporation (TNC), international company. An enterprise that engages in activities which add value (manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc) in more than one country (United Nations Centre On Transnational Corporations, 1991). Determine some issues related to establishing global corporations. Decide on whether they are good in leading to the employees they served including the benefits of the community. LEARNING SUMMARY Write the purposes of the following institutions that has played an important role in economic development. World Bank International Monetary Fund World Trade Organization REFLECTIONS Write your views on the following questions. Your answers will encapsulate the ideas you have learned from this lesson. 1. What is the essence of market integration? 2. What is meant by market integration, and how can it be implemented effectively? 3. How does integration help in business? 4. Can multinational companies have a positive influence on developing countries? Support your claim. REFERENCES Chapter 17of textbook: “The Rise of the Global Corporation by D. Neubauer Bello, Walden F.2006. “The Multiple Crises of Global Capitalism.” In Deglobalization: Ideas for a new World Economy.pp.1-31 Film : “The Corporation” directed by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott MODULE 3 A WORLD OF REGIONS LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. define the term “Global South” 2. differentiate the Global South from the Third World 3. analyze how new conception of global relations emerged from Latin American countries 4 differentiate between regionalization and globalization 5. identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region Keywords: global north, global south, regionalization, dependency theory EXPECTATIONS This lesson will broaden your insights about the relationships of various nations showing economic progress over time. The survival of some nations towards their current status in the world of global competitions are also highlighted. Today, as you begin studying this lesson, I’m sure you will make yourself acquainted of how certain regions affect global economic stability. DISCUSSION The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information resources such as the internet and the opportunities derived from such access. How do you understand these two terms? Write a short description inside the illustration. GLOBAL DIVIDES GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH The terms Global North and Global South, and First world and Third World are used interchangeably in common conversation. Though these two sets are related, they are actually different. The labels First World and Third World came into popular use during the Cold War between the capitalist camp led by the US, UK, and their allies (mostly Western European countries); and the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union (otherwise known as the Union Soviet Socialist Republic or USSR) and its allies (mostly Eastern European countries). The capitalist camp was dubbed as the First World, while the socialist side was labeled as the Second World. The other countries of the world comprising much of Asia, Africa, and Latin America were called as the Third World. These countries were mostly former colonies of western powers but were nevertheless reluctant to be overtly included in either camp. Currently, many countries labeled as part of the First World and Second Worlds during the Cold War are now part of the Global North, while most of the Third World countries still belong to the Global South. The nations around the world depend on each other’s support. This is also the same among nations in same regions. The more that they are connected for regional development. Regionalization Process of closer economic integration of countries within a region (oftentimes, culturally and geographically linked countries) What are the goals of ASEAN as a way to regionalization? Regional cooperation, effectively structured and implemented, is a powerful new tool in Asia’s policy arsenal. It can help Asia address regional challenges as well as provide stronger foundations for its global role. How does regionalism benefit Asia? Over the past years, the Philippines as well as other countries in Latin America are still struggling in economic prosperity. The common factors were focused on the colonization that happened in the past. Since then, we try to improve and meet the demands of the global economy. Share your strong notion about this statement. “Our defeat was always implicit in the victory of others; our wealth has always generated our poverty by nourishing the prosperity of others – the empires and their native overseers. LEARNING SUMMARY Integrate the concept of dependency theory in the status of the Philippines under globalization. Explain through a comprehensive discussion. Use the diagram below for your analysis. Imports Capital Investments Loans Machinery / Technology High-value Products Industrialized or Capital-rich Countries ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY Exports Skilled Workers / Professional Raw materials Semi-manufactured Goods Profits Philippines REFLECTIONS Answer the following questions as a proof of your understanding of the lessons. 1. Why are the terms First World and Third World, and the Global North and Global South used interchangeably? Is it justifiable to use them as such? 2. How can Global South catch up with the Global North? 3. DO globalization and regionalization converge? How and when do they converge? REFERENCES Claudio, L. & Abinales, P.(2018). The Contemporary World. C&E Publishing, Inc. San Juan, David Michael M.(2018). Journeys through Our Contemporary World. Vibal Group, Inc. https://aric.adb.org/emergingasianregionalism/pdfs/Final_ear_chapters/chapter%201.pdf MODULE 4 THE GLOBAL CITY LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. identify the attributes of a global city 2. analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization 3. analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people EXPECTATIONS This lesson will bring you to a unique understanding of global city and its effect to economy. The emergence of huge cities is bringing the change we never expect in just a short span of time. Hence, may you devotedly study this module as we foresee the possibilities around us. Further, you will be writing a reflective essay on the role of some Global Cities in relation to globalization. DISCUSSION All of us had visited various places where we feel the comfort and excitement. Regardless of the location, the reason of our visit depends on an individual’s perception of a certain place. For example, going to Japan or South Korea is your priority because it attracts you so much. How will you define global city? Include the attributes that makes it different from the usual term ‘city’. Functions of Global Cities (Longworth, 2015) 1.As highly concentrated command points in the organization of the world economy. 2.As key locations of finance and specialized service firms, which have replaced manufacturing as the leading economic sectors. 3.As sites of production, including innovation, in these leading sectors. 4.As markets for the products and innovations produced. Identify some features of a global city and what does it tell you as part of a developing society. The increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of economics and the centralization of mass production within urban centers. Identify and categorize some global cities around the world. Be careful on your classifications. Complete the table based on the given structure. (for category refer to the following: global giants, Asian anchors, emerging gateways, factory china, knowledge capitals, American middleweights, international middleweights) Name of City 1. 2. Category 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Cities have demonstrated productivity, efficiency and the multitude of development opportunities and advantages. However, when cities grow to certain levels, they start to produce negative impacts. Identify situations that will show the challenges faced by global cities. MIGRATION The movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling permanently or temporarily at a new location. There are many reasons of migration that dictates the movements of people. But how do you visualize the meaning of migration? Do the activity below to widen up your understanding about the concept. Migration LEARNING SUMMARY Identify and explain the basis of ranking the global cities given the aspects below. 1. Business Activity 2. Human Capital 3. Information Exchange 4. Cultural Experience 5. Political Engagement REFLECTIONS Reflect on the following questions by writing your viewpoints. 1. What attributes of a global city does Metro Manila reflect? 2. Why do some academics link global cities with colonialism? 3. How does outsourcing promote the growth of prospective global cities? REFERENCES Chapter 26 of textbook: “Mobility, Diversity and Community in the Global City” by V. ColicPeisker. Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E Publishing, Inc. Sassen, S. 2005. “The Global City: Introducing a Concept.” Brown Journal of World Affairs XI (2): 27-43 MODULE 5 THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. identify the institutions that govern International Relations 2. differentiate Internationalism from Globalism; and 3. explain the effects of globalization on governments Keywords: interstate system, nation, state, globalism, informationalism EXPECTATIONS This module will discuss what will take for states to uphold a more comprehensive set of rights: Civil and Political and Economic rights which ae essential for citizens to flourish in the Political Climate and work more assiduously to close the “Citizenship Gap” in order to create more equitable and sustainable conditions for the next generation. Give time to study every detail of this module to further understand the relationships of certain nations towards economic development. The concluding part is for you to make a reflective analysis on current trends of globalization. DISCUSSION As we continue with our discussion, you are now about to complete in one of the requirements of this course. Now, let us try to distinguish the terms below. Explain the connection of each concept in the Venn diagram. State Nation How did the interstate start? 1. Westphalia vs. Napoleon - Westphalia system provided stability for the nations of Europe - First major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte - Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of the French revolution Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - Napoleonic wars Treaty of Westphalia is a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the thirty years’ war between the major continental powers of Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs and provide stability for the nations of Europe. 2. Napoleonic Code - forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. Meritocracy – a government holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability - A ruling or influential class of educated or skilled people - This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites of Europe and they mustered their armies to push back against the French emperor. 3. Anglo and Prussian Armies - Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of waterloo in 1815. - They created a new system that in effect, restored the Westphalian system. 4. Concert of Europe - Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers” sought to restore the world monarchial hereditary, and religious privilege of the tie before the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. 5. Metternich System - It was an alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states - The Metternich system as named after the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von Metternich who was the system’s main architect - The concert power and authority lasted from 1815-1914 - The dawn of World War I Attributes of Global System 1. Countries or states are independent and govern themselves 2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy 3. International organizations facilitate these interaction 4. International organizations also take on lives of their own Political Globalization Refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. One of the key aspects of political globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state and the rise of other actors on the political scene. The creation and existence of the United Nations is called one of the classic examples of political globalization. Classify / write your ideas regarding the advantages and disadvantages of political globalization. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANATAGES GLOBALISM Globalism means “networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances, drawing them close together economically, socially, culturally and informationally” (Das 2011:18). Globalization in turn is generally conceived as the process promoting and intensifying multicontinental interconnectedness, and thereby increasing the degree of globalism. INTERTIONALISM Internationalism is a movement which advocates a greater economic and political cooperation among nations for the theoretical benefit of all. Sometimes, it is contrasted with nationalism or devotion to the interests of a particular nation. LEARNING SUMMARY Select one among the options and write a reflective analysis about a current trend of globalization in a form of a simple essay. Include the effects of globalization on governments. 1. population trends 2. science and technology 3. increasing integration and interdependence 4. governance REFLECTIONS Analyze the given question and explain briefly. Is there any importance of every nation’s relationship towards economic progress and peace? REFERENCES Aldama, P.K. 2018. The Contemporary World. Rex Book Stor, Inc. San Juan, D.M. 2018. Journeys through Our Contemporary World. Vibal Group, Inc.
