CFLM 2
Character Formation with Leadership,
Making, Management & Administration

Decision
Objectives:
explain and critically discuss different theories and
theoretical perspectives in leadership, negotiation and
decision-making, as well as models that describe how
leaders are perceived (leadership style),
analyse a leader's decision-making and role in
negotiations,
analyse how decision-making and strategies in
negotiations affect how a leader is perceived,
critically examine the role and meaning of ethics in
leadership, decision-making and negotiations.
communicate central concepts for the course in
English, both orally and in writing
Introduction:
UNIT 1: What is LEADERSHIP?
Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of
individuals to influence and guide followers or other
members of an organization.
Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to
act towards achieving a common goal.
Leadership involves showing workers how to
effectively perform their responsibilities and regularly
supervising the completion of their tasks.
What are the synonyms of Leadership?
Administration
Oversight
Control
Headship
Direction
Guidance
Generalship
Management
Governance
Lead
What does an effective leader do?



Effective leaders inspire and motivate, and those
who know how to bring out the best in themselves
and others help their organizations to thrive and
grow.
Effective leader has an easy level of honest
communication with their teams and their peers,
and a thorough understanding of how they are
perceived. Testing others’ perception of you can
be as simple as observing their behavior.
Effective leader really wants to know what people
think, the leader asks his or her employees.
Effective leadership is based upon ideas, but
won't happen unless those ideas can be
communicated to others in a way that engages
them enough to act as the leader wants them
to act.
What are the different styles of leadership?
Coaching Leadership
A coaching leader is someone who can quickly
recognize their team members’ strengths,
weaknesses and motivations to help each
individual improve. This type of leader often assists
team members in setting smart goals and then
provides regular feedback with challenging projects
to promote growth.
Visionary Leadership
Visionary leaders have a powerful ability to drive
progress and usher in periods of change by
inspiring employees and earning trust for new
ideas. A visionary leader is also able to establish a
strong organizational bond
Servant Leadership
Servant leaders live by a people-first mindset and
believe that when team members feel personally
and professionally fulfilled, they’re more effective
and more likely to produce great work regularly.
Autocratic Leadership
Also called the authoritarian style of leadership, this
type of leader is someone who is focused almost
entirely on results and efficiency. They often make
decisions alone or with a small, trusted group and
expect employees to do exactly what they’re
asked.
Laissez-faire or hands-off Leadership
This leadership style is the opposite of the
autocratic leadership type, focusing mostly on
delegating many tasks to team members and
providing little to no supervision
Activity No. 1
Answer the following:
What are the most important values you
demonstrate as a leader?
How have you gained commitment from your
team?
How can a leader fail? Give an example of that.
What is the difference between a Team leader and a
Team manager?
Describe a time you took a leadership position when
you did not have the title of a leader.
How would you go about getting cohesion among a
team who disagree?
What is the most difficult part of being a leader?
UNIT 2: What is Decision Making?
Decision making is precisely the study of how real
individuals at home or work actually take decisions,
that is, what models they use to structure and interpret
their world.
Decision making is at the centre of several intellectual
discipline; economics, politics, systems analysis and
psychology to cite the main ones
The thought process of selecting a logical choice from
the available options. When trying to make a good
decision, a person must weigh the positives and
negatives of each option, and consider all the
alternatives. For effective decision making, a person
must be able to forecast the outcome of each option
as well, and based on all these items, determine which
option is the best for that particular situation.
What is Decision Making in Modern Management?
Integral part of modern management. Making the
correct decision at the correct time.
While making a decision, positives and negatives of
each option must be weighed, and all the alternatives
are to be considered.
What is Decision Making in Simple Words?
Making choices from among two or more alternatives.
The process of identifying and selecting a course of
action to solve a specific problem
Leads to motivated and dedicated employees
What is Decision Making Process?
As a set of actions and dynamics factors that begins
with the identification of a stimulus for action and ends
with the specific commitment to action.
Formulating a question to be answered
Gathering information in order to identify and/or create
alternative answers to the questions
Predicting the consequences of acting on each of the
alternative answers.
Making a judgment/decision by selecting what appears
to be the best alternative answer of the question.
What are the 7 steps of Decision Making Process?
Step 1: Identify the decision
You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to
clearly define the nature of the decision you must
make. This first step is very important.
Step 2: Gather relevant information
Collect some pertinent information before you
make your decision: what information is needed,
the best sources of information, and how to get it.
This step involves both internal and external
“work.” Some information is internal: you’ll seek it
through a process of self-assessment. Other
information is external: you’ll find it online, in books,
from other people, and from other sources.
Step 3: Identify the alternatives
As you collect information, you will probably identify
several possible paths of action, or alternatives.
You can also use your imagination and additional
information to construct new alternatives. In this
step, you will list all possible and desirable
alternatives.
Step 4: Weigh the evidence
Draw on your information and emotions to imagine
what it would be like if you carried out each of the
alternatives to the end. Evaluate whether the need
identified in Step 1 would be met or resolved
through the use of each alternative. As you go
through this difficult internal process, you’ll begin to
favor certain alternatives: those that seem to have
a higher potential for reaching your goal. Finally,
place the alternatives in a priority order, based
upon your own value system.
Step 5: Choose among alternatives
Once you have weighed all the evidence, you are
ready to select the alternative that seems to be
best one for you. You may even choose a
combination of alternatives. Your choice in Step 5
may very likely be the same or similar to the
alternative you placed at the top of your list at the
end of Step 4.
Step 6: Take action
You’re now ready to take some positive action by
beginning to implement the alternative you chose in
Step 5.
Step 7: Review your decision & its
consequences
In this final step, consider the results of your
decision and evaluate whether or not it has
resolved the need you identified in Step 1. If the
decision has not met the identified need, you may
want to repeat certain steps of the process to make
a new decision. For example, you might want to
gather more detailed or somewhat different information
or explore additional alternatives.
What is Effective Decision Making Skills?
Assess the situation
By defining the problem, you can be selective about
the information you are going to use to make your
decision.
Make a decision
The ‘fast’ method is a gut feeling, unconscious and
automatic. The ‘slow’ method is rational, conscious
and requires mental effort. These two processes can
be used by a leader to make any number of decisions.
Your decision-making will also be influenced by your
leadership style. If it is democratic then your decisions
will have to reflect the opinions of others. If it is
autocratic this will be less of an issue
Review your decision
Reviewing our decisions allows us to mitigate the
effects of the poor decision as quickly as possible, and
to reduce the number of future poor decisions by
learning from our mistakes.
An on-going process
Good leader makes good decisions. However, this is
an acquired skill, and as with all skills it requires
deliberate practice with coached feedback to ensure
that your expertise develops. Using decisional aids
and being open to feedback on your performance.
Types of Decision Making
Programmed decisions - Programmed decisions are
those which are normally repetitive in nature and are
taken as a routine job and responsibilities.
Non programmed decisions - Is not a routine or
repetitive nature. These are unique and new and they
have a long-lasting effect on the organization.
Major and minor decisions - Among different decisions
some decisions are considerably more important than
others and are prioritized.
Routine and strategic decisions - Routine decision
making means such decisions, which are taken in
respect of the day to day activities of the organization
and which require less thinking and advise. These are
of a repetitive nature. Basic decision making means
such decisions which are essential for the existence of
the organization and for which complete study,
analysis, power, and critical thinking are essential.
Organizational
and
personal
decision
Organizational decisions are those which an
executive takes in his official capacity and which
can be delegated to others. On the other hand,
personal decisions are those which an executive
takes in his individual capacity but not as a
member of organization.
Individual and group decisions - When the size of
the business unit is small and the decisions to be
taken do not require high, specific and technical
knowledge, then the decisions for various problems
are normally taken by the managers himself. Such
decisions are known as individual decision-making
technique.
- Group decision making techniques mean such
decisions which are not taken by a single
individual, but by a group. This is known as
participating decisions are known as individual
decision making.
Policy and operating decisions - Policy decisions
are those which are taken by top management and
which are of a fundamental character affecting the
entire business. Operating decisions are those
which are taken by lower management for the
purpose of executing policy decisions. Operating
decisions relate mostly to the decision marker's
own work and behavior while policy decisions
influence work or behavior pattern of subordinates.
Tactical and Strategic Decision Making - Tactical
decisions are those which a manager makes over
and over again adhering to certain established
rules, policies and procedures. They are of
repetitive nature and related to general functioning.
Strategic decisions on the other hand are relatively
more difficult. They influence the future of the
business and involve the entire organization.
Decisions pertaining to objective of the business,
capital expenditure, plant layout, production etc.
Policy, Administrative and Executive Decisions Policy decisions are taken by top management or
administration of an organization. Administrative
decisions are made by middle management and
are less important than policy decisions. Executive
decisions are those which are made at the point
where the work is carried out.
Example of Decision Making
Even if you do not yet have management
experience, you probably have made decisions in a
professional setting.
Facilitating a brainstorming session to generate
possible names for a new product.
Brainstorming possible themes for a fundraising
campaign.
Comparing the strengths and weaknesses of three
potential vendors for processing payroll.
Comparing the leadership potential of different team
members and choosing a project manager.
Management is essential for an organized life and
necessary to run all types of management. Good
management is the backbone of successful
organizations. Managing an organization means
getting things done to achieve life’s objectives and
managing an organization means getting things
done with and through other people to achieve its
objectives.
What is Decision Making in Business?
Management is a set of principles relating to the
functions of planning, organizing, directing and
controlling, and the application of these principles
in harnessing physical, financial, human and
informational resources efficiently and effectively to
achieve organizational goals.
Decision making is central to an understanding of
organizations and of business. Decision making raises
questions about our understanding of how
organization works.
It I part of the broader field of organization studies and
organization theory. It has therefore fallowed a similar
pattern of evolution, drawing on a variety of paradigms
and perspectives and being characterized by a
multiplicity of theories, models and methodologies.
Every day a number of decisions must be made that
determine the direction and efficiency of the
organization we work for. Decisions are made
concerning production, marketing and personnel.
Decisions are made affecting costs, sales and
margins.
Management is distinct process consisting of
planning, organizing, activating and controlling to
determine and accomplish the objectives by the
use of people and resources.
What are the important characteristics or
features of management?
Management is goal oriented process:
What is Decision Making Skills?
Making good decisions is a life skill that can be
learned. The skills and abilities to make right and
effective decisions are some of the most difficult to
learn. It is a lifelong learning process defined by our
personal traits, errors, and experience. We have to
make decisions and choices everywhere and almost
all the time in our personal and business life. Some of
them are easy to make and requires a short decisionmaking process while others are the hardest choices
in our life.
Activity No. 2
Management always aims at achieving the
organizational objectives. The functions and
activities of manager lead to the achievement of
organizational objectives. It motivates all the
employees and organize all the resources keeping
in mind the main target of selling 1000 computers.
Management is pervasive:
Management is a universal phenomenon. The use
of management is not restricted to business firms
only; it is applicable in profit making, non-profit
making, business or non-business organizations;
even a hospital, school, club and house has to be
managed properly.
Give example of Decision Making Process.
UNIT 3: What is MANAGEMENT?
Management includes all those people who are
concerned with managing an organization. It is sum of
organized activities by a group of people. Management
involves decision making at various levels of
organization for getting things done by others. It is
both science as well as an art, because the
fundamentals of management are same everywhere
but the practices differ.
Management is Multidimensional
Management does not mean one single activity but
it includes three main activities.
Management is a continuous process:
Management is a continuous or never-ending function.
All the functions of management are performed
continuously, for example planning, organizing,
staffing, directing and controlling are performed by all
the managers all the time. Sometimes, they are doing
planning, the staffing or organizing, etc. Managers
perform on-going series of functions continuously in
the organization.
planning, management concern must turn to
developing an organization that is capable of
carrying them out. The management function of
organizing can be defined as, relating people and
things to each other in such a way that they are all
combined and interrelated into a unit capable of
being directed toward the organizational objectives.
Staffing
Management is a dynamic function:
Management has to make changes in goal, objectives
and other activities according to changes taking place
in the environment. The external environment such as
social, economic, technical and political environment
has great influence over the management.
Staffing is the selection, training, motivating and
retaining of personnel in the organization. Before
selection, we have to make analysis of the
particular job, which is required in the organization,
then comes the selection of the personnel. It
involves manpower planning to have the right place
and avoid square peg in the round hole.
Intangible:
Management function cannot be physically seen but its
presence can be felt. The presence of management
can be felt by seeing the orderliness and coordination
in the working environment. It is easier to feel the
presence of mismanagement as It leads to chaos and
confusion in the organization.
Composite process:
Management consists of series of functions which
must be performed in a proper sequence. These
functions are not independent of each other.
Balancing effectiveness and efficiency:
Effectiveness means achieving targets and objectives
on time. Efficiency refers to optimum or best utilization
of resources. Managements always try to balance both
and get the work done successfully. Only effectiveness
and only efficiency is not enough for an organization: a
balance must be created in both.
Directing
Directing means the issue of orders, assignments
and instructions that permit the subordinate to
understand what is expected of him, and the
guidance and overseeing of the subordinate so that
he can contribute effectively and efficiently to the
attainment of organizational objectives.
Commanding
When given orders and clear working instructions,
employees will know exactly what is required of
them. Return from all employees will be optimized
if they are given concrete instructions with respect
to the activities that must be carried out by them.
Successful managers have integrity, communicate
clearly and base their decisions on regular audits.
They are capable of motivating a team and
encouraging employees to take initiative.
Coordinating
What are the various management functions?
Planning
Planning means to decide in advance what is to be
done. It charts a course of actions for the future.
It is an intellectual process and it aims to achieve a
coordinated and consistent set of operations aimed at
desired objectives.
It is the act of synchronizing people and activities
so that they function smoothly in the attainment of
organization objectives. Coordination is more
important in the health services organization,
because functionally they are departmentalized.
Different kinds of organization require different
amount of coordination.
Controlling
Organizing
Once the objectives have been established through
By verifying whether everything is going according
to plan, the organization knows exactly whether the
activities are carried out in conformity with the plan.

Control takes place in a four-step process:





Establish performance standards based on
organizational objectives.
Measure and report on actual performance.
Compare results with performance and standards
Take corrective or preventive measures as
needed.
Reporting
Reports are oral or written exchanges of information
shared between caregivers or workers in a number of
ways.
A report summarizes the services of the person,
personnel and of the agency. Reports are written
usually daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.

Use systematic methods for selecting workers
and training them for specific jobs.
Establish clear division of responsibility
between management and workers, where
management sets goals, plans and supervises
and the workers execute the required tasks.
Established a discipline where management
sets the objectives and the workers cooperate
in achieving them.
Describe a good manager or manager strong
character
Fair treatment
Managers who value fair treatment will allocate
tasks and set schedules keeping in mind people’s
capacity
and
development
goals.
They
acknowledge good work. They build a diverse and
inclusive team and encourage diversity of thought.
Budgeting
Vision and Goal Setting
Budgeting through primarily recognized as a device for
controlling, becomes a major part of the planning
process in any organization. It is expressed in financial
terms and based on expected income and
expenditure. Budget is the heart of administrative
management.
It served as a powerful tool of coordination and
negatively an effective device of eliminating duplicating
and wastage.
What is scientific management?
Scientific Management is a scientific selection and
training of employees leads to better workforce which
ensures increase in efficiency. Its main objective was
improving economic efficiency, especially labor
productivity by analyzing and establishing workflow
processes. Scientific Management’s themes include
analysis, synthesis, logic, rationality, empiricism, work
ethic,
efficiency
and
elimination
of
waste,
standardization of best practices and others.
Scientific management refers to that kind of
management which conducts a business or affairs by
standards established by facts or truths gained
through systematic observation, experiment, or
reasoning.
There are four principles in scientific management:

Adopt scientific measurements break jobs into
series of small, related tasks and develop a
standard time for each task.
A manager ensures the vision and strategy of the
organization is translated into an actionable vision
and strategy for the team. They help people
understand how their role contributes the
organization’s success.
Fosters Innovation
Managers who foster innovation empower their
teams to make decisions and learn from failures
and achievements. They don’t micromanage
people. They encourage innovative ideas and
approaches and help people to implement them.
Communicating
Managers who are great communicators are good
listeners. They allow time for others to speak. They
have a clear understanding of the organization’s
vision and share it with the people in their team in a
way that motivates them. They keep their team upto-date on what’s happening in the organization.
Caring
Managers who are caring take time to get to know
the individuals in their team. They’re genuinely
interested in people’s success and personal wellbeing and show this by regularly checking in with
people on how they’re going both at work and
outside work.
Activity No 3
How do you define a successful manager? Answer it
by stating the qualities of a successful manager.
Discuss.
If you will become a manager someday, how will you
motivate your staff in tough times?
What do you think will be the most challenging part of
this position (managerial)?
How do you go about coaching an employee who is
not performing where they need to be?
How do you handle conflict with two employees?
UNIT 4. What is ADMINISTRATION?
Administer originated from Latin word – “ministiare”
meaning to serve.
Administer means to look after or manage the affairs
of people.
The organization and direction of human and material
resources to achieved desire ends.
Administration generally refers to the day-to-day
management of activities to achieve a goal.
Administration is to care for or look after people, to
manage affairs.
Administration is a type of cooperative if it has effects
that would be absent if the cooperation did not take
place.
The significance of high degree of rationality lies in the
fact that human cooperation varies in effectiveness of
goal attainment whether we think in attainment, terms
of formal goals, the goals of leaders, leaders or of all
who cooperate.
Administration is a planned approach to the solving of
all kinds of problems in almost every individual or
group activity, both public and private.
What word is similar to administration?
Agency – an organization, company, or bureau that
provides some service for another.
Organization – the state or manner of being organized.
Government – control exercised over the actions of the
members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities,
societies and states; direction of the affairs of a state,
community, etc.
Management – the act or manner of managing;
handling, direction or control.
Department – a distinct of anything arranged in
divisions; a division of complex whole or organized
system.
What does it mean to go into administration?
Going into administration is when a company
becomes insolvent and is put under the
management of Licensed Insolvency Practitioners.
The directors and the secured lenders can appoint
administrators through a court process in order to
protect the company and their position as much as
possible.
Going into administration effectively means your
company is being taken under the management of
a court appointed administrator.
Going into administration can be an intimidating
process, especially if you’re not familiar with the
terminology and procedures involved. Although an
administration could end up providing a positive
outcome in the long term, it could also mark the
beginning of the end of your business, depending
on the actions taken by the appointed
administrator.
What is an administration job?
It provides both clerical and administrative support
to professionals, either as part of a team or
individually. They are involved with the coordination
and implementation of office procedures and
frequently have responsibility for specific projects
and tasks.
In some cases, they may oversee and supervise
the work of junior staff.
Management of office equipment.
Maintaining a clean and enjoyable working
environment.
Handling external or internal communication or
management systems.
Managing clerical or other administrative staff.
What is administration in simple words?
1.
2.
3.
Managing Duties
Managing Responsibilities
Managing Rules
The definition of administration refers to the group
of individuals who are in charge of creating and
enforcing rules and regulations, or those in
leadership positions who complete important tasks.
What is Public Administration?
Public Administration is decision making,
planning the work to be done, formulating
objectives and goals, working with the legislature
and citizen organizations to gain public support and
funds for governmental programs, establishing and
revising organization, directing and supervising
employees, providing leadership, communicating
and receiving communications, determining work
methods and procedures, appraising performance,
exercising controls and other functions performed by
government executives and supervisors.
Public administrators perform a wide range of
functions, including managing city budgets, developing
policy and legislation policies and analysing data to
determine public needs.
Public administration is “the art and science of
management applied to the affairs of the State.
What is the concept of administration?
The theory and practice of administration is
analysed and major concepts of formal organization,
motivation, authority, leadership, decision making,
conflict in organization, and organizational change are
analysed.
Administration refers to the process of running an
organization, office or business. This includes creating
rules & regulations, making decisions, management of
operations,
creating
organization
of
staff/employees/people to direct activities towards
achieving a common goal or objective.
Some of the basic concept of administration includes:
 Planning
 Organizing
 Directing
 Controlling
What is the difference between administration and
governance?
Organizing
Once the objectives have been established through
planning, management concern must turn to
developing an organization that is capable of
relating people and things to each other in such a
way that they are all combined and interrelated into
unit capable of being directed toward the
organizational objectives.
Staffing
Is the selection, training, motivating and retaining of
personnel in the organization. Before selection we
have to make analysis of the particular job, which is
required in the organization, then comes the
selection of the personnel. It involves manpower
planning to have the right person in the right place
and avoid square in the round hole.
Directing
Means the issue of orders, assignments and
instructions that permit the subordinate to
understand what is expected of him, and the
guidance and overseeing of the subordinate so that
he can contribute effectively and efficiently to the
attainment of organizational objectives.
Coordinating
Is the act of synchronizing people and activities so
that they function smoothly in the attainment of
organization objectives. Coordination is more
important in the health services organization,
because functionally they are departmentalized.
Different kinds of organization require different
amount of coordination.
Reporting
Reports are oral and written exchanges of
information shared between caregivers or workers
in a number of ways.
A report summarizes the services of the person,
personnel, and of the agency. Reports are written
usually daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
What is the function of administration?
Planning
Means to decide in advance what is to be done. It
charts a course of actions for the future.
It is an intellectual process and it aims to achieve a
coordinated and consistent set of operations aimed at
desired objectives.
Budgeting
Through primarily recognized as a device for
controlling, becomes a major part of the planning
process in any organization. It is expressed in
financial terms and based on expected income and
expenditure. Budget is the heart of administrative
management.
Archive Search, Audit, Retention and investigator
Security administrators for the account.
Email Config Administrators
Maintain mail flow and server connections.
What are the basic principles of administration?
 It served as a powerful tool of coordination and
negatively an effective device of eliminating
duplicating and wastage.
 Unity of command
 Hierarchical transmission of orders (chain-ofcommand)
 Separation of powers – authority, subordination,
responsibility and control
 Centralization
 Order
 Discipline
 Planning
 Organization Chart
 Meetings and reports
 Accounting
What are the different types of administration?
Centralized Administration
These administrators have permission to access the
replica servers at all sites.
Individual Administration
These administrators are responsible for creating and
maintaining replicas, synchronization patterns and
synchronization schedules at their sites.
Semi-centralized Administration
Sites with major development efforts have local
MultiSite administrators, and responsibility for
administering smaller sites is distributed among the
MultiSite administrators.
Account Administrators
The top-level, fully authorized email administrator.
Monitor Administrators
Observe the activity and status of the hierarchy.
Compliance Officers and Security Administrators
Prevent illegal and unethical conduct across the
account hierarchy.
Archive Administrators
This includes the Archive Security Administrator,
Organization Policy Administrators
Manage common settings and services
What kind of administrative job are there?
User Administrators
Manage the day-to-day user help desk needs
Administrative Assistant
Administrative assistants are commonly seen
working in office settings providing various types of
administrative support. They are usually assigned
to assist a specific department within the company
but they may also be asked to perform crossdepartmental tasks if the need arises. Common
duties of administrative assistants include but are
not limited to scheduling meetings, email/letter
writing, filing, record keeping, call handling, errand
running, etc.
Receptionist
Receptionists are usually seen at the entrance of a
company building or office, welcoming guests and
clients. They answer queries, screen phone calls,
confirm appointments, relay instructions and escort
visitors to their destination.
Office Assistant
The office assistant and administrative assistant
job titles can be often used interchangeably. Both
terms involve the same functions such as writing
emails, handling incoming calls and messages,
filing, record keeping and so on. In essence, office
assistants perform the most fundamental tasks to
help an office run as smooth as possible.
Data Entry Clerk
Data clerks specialize in organizing and storing
data for the company. They are often seen working
on computers to perform an assortment of data
entry tasks. They are also in charge of the
company’s paper documentation.
Medical Receptionist
Medical Receptionists work in clinical and health
care settings to provide administrative support.
Common tasks include greeting guests and
patients, handling phone calls and messages, getting
patients registered and scheduled, organizing patient
records, storing medical files, communicating with
clinical personnel, etc.
Office Manager
Office managers usually oversee a particular
department of a company. They work with department
staff to implement strategies and objectives
designated to them by upper management. They are
in charge of day-to-day operations, including
budgeting and purchasing. The office manager post is
a middle management position that’s above staff
employees but under executives such as directors and
C-level officers.
Executive Assistant
Executive assistants provide administrative and office
support to high ranking officials such as executives,
directors, and C-level offers. They perform a variety of
administrative tasks depending on the needs of the
position supported, but general functions include
running errands, handling phone calls and messages,
organizing schedules and travel itineraries, writing
letters, etc.
Clerk
The terms clerk and administrative assistant are often
used interchangeably as both positions perform similar
functions. Clerks provide various support in an office
environment
which
may
include
drafting
correspondence, handling calls and messages,
running errands, organizing and storing data, encoding
etc.
Receptionist/Administrative Assistant
While large companies must have separate roles for
admin assistant and receptionist due to high volume of
daily workload, some small companies hire one person
to
perform
both
functions.
The
receptionist/administrative assistant roles handles
most, if not all, of the tasks mentioned above for both
roles, including screening phone calls, running
errands, drafting letters. Welcoming guests, answering
queries in person or over the phone, organizing
schedules and so on.
Office Administrator
Office administrators usually supervise administrative
staff and delegate tasks to appropriate personnel.
They are in charge of coordinating activities across
departments and offices in accordance with company
policy to ensure efficiency. In addition, office
administrators are responsible for handling the agenda
of upper management.
Coordinator
Project coordinators support project managers and
are responsible for scheduling, ordering, and
tracking a project’s progress. This role is prevalent
in the construction industry. Account coordinators
are responsible for scheduling meetings and
making travel arrangements, mailings and print
projects. They often manage schedules and
calendars of upper management. Logistics
coordinators manage