Introduction Tourism is defined by Sharma (2021) as visiting another location for recreational purposes. It is about travelling to a new place for entertainment. Lickorish (1997) stated that the issue with referring to tourism as an "industry" is that it lacks the typical conventional factor of production and a product that can tangibly quantified, comparable to agriculture (tonnes of grain) or beverages (litres of whisky). Furthermore, Leiper (1979) referred to the tourism industry as all the companies, groups, and establishments that are oriented to the unique requirements and preferences of tourists. This essay will discuss the development of contemporary tourism, explaining tourism evolution through years and analysing the impact of different major events on it. Furthermore, it will define the travel motivations and explain different types of travel motivations theories like; Maslow’s Hierarchy related to Travel Motivation, the theory of Plog’s related to Travel Motivations or Crompton’s theory of Pull and Push factors of tourism, providing examples and statistics for all of them. Modern Tourism Development Page and Connell (2009) stated that people have travelled for a variety of purposes throughout history, making tourism as ancient as humankind. However, the fact that it developed from antiquities emphasises a crucial connection: one needed to possess the resources to engage in tourism. According to UNESCO (2021) a new strategy built on discussion and stakeholder collaboration, the UNESCO World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme integrates tourism and culture administration at the destination level, values and protects the region's cultural and environmental resources, and promotes the development of adequate tourism. Cook, Hsu and Taylor (2018) divided tourism history in five eras: The Empire Era, The Middle Ages and The Renaissance Era, The Grand Tour Era, The Mobility Era, and The Modern Era. Firstly, The Empire Era, that lasted from the days of the Egyptians and ended its existence with the collapse of the Roman Empire, is when tourism as a business started to grow. People started journeying in significant numbers throughout this period for both practical and recreational reasons, including for political, business, educational, and religious reasons. Secondly, during the Middle Ages travel became risky and irregular, and it nearly vanished because of Roman Empire hegemony waned. The Middle Eastern and Chinese journeys of Marco Polo (1275–1295) proceeded to pique people's interest in commerce and tourism. During the Renaissance, transport steadily experienced a revival. The wish to experience and learn from other civilizations increased. Thirdly, Cook, Hsu and Taylor (2018) described The Grand Tour Era as the apex of opulent travel and tourism. Despite the ongoing interest in taking the Grand Tour. The Industrial Revolution fundamentally altered both financial and cultural systems. More effective transit methods, the merging of industries across regional borders are results of economic development and technical advancements. Fourthly, The Mobility Era was marked by a rise in local and distant travel to newer and familiar places. More individuals are becoming interested in travelling because of the expansion and improvement of highways and railways. By inventing the trip package, Thomas Cook (1808–1892) is attributed with introducing travel to the general population. He planned the first trip in 1841 for 570 individuals to go to an abstinence meeting in Leicester, England. Lastly, Cook, Hsu and Taylor (2018) stated that several events that occurred during The Modern Era provided an increase to mass tourism, including the start of dark tourism because of World War II, the restart of mass production of automobiles and the end of petrol rationing. The development of jet travel in the 1950s. In 1950, the Diners Club credit card was launched. Furthermore, according to Altexsoft (2019) there are many events during The Modern era that contributed to the development of modern tourism such as: SABRE is the first booking automation system in 1957-1964, in 1970 nearly all the major carriers in the US launched their computerised reservation systems, Electronic tickets and the first online booking system in 1994, Creation of the first online travel agency –Travelocity, Microsoft launched Expedia as its travel division in 1996, Emergence of Skyscanner in 2004, Mobile booking in 2009, Google launches its own flight booking platform –Google Flights in 2011, Airlines started utilizing social network in 2012 or Online payment systems, even transactions with Cryptocurrencies in 2019. Tourism Motivation and Travel Motivation Theories Tourism motivation is defined by Fletcher et al. (2018) as an important concept since it is the beginning point of consumer habits and the guiding force that pushes and impacts travelling. Moreover, Crompton (1979) argued that since motivation is the driving factor behind behaviour, it is regarded as a crucial element. Furthermore, Sharma (2021) stated that for a variety of causes, people leave their houses and travel to places across the world. These could be described as factors that influence someone to journey. According to UNWTO (2020), in 2019 most tourists travelled for leisure 55% followed by health, religion with 28%, business 11% and other purposes 6%. Push and Pull Motivation Cook, Hsu and Taylor (2018) stated that tourism experts have classified visitor motivations as push or pull factors for many years. According to this theory, travellers are both "pulled" to travel by the alluring qualities of vacation destinations and "pushed" to travel by personality features or personal requirements and desires. Moreover, this "concept" of travel motivation emphasises how various forces equally drive tourists to travel, and how locations lure people by utilising a variety of resources. Furthermore, Cook, Hsu and Taylor (2018) identified the next push and pull factors; desire for escape, adventure, prestige, exploration social interaction, learning new things, hobbies, health and fitness, rest and relaxation and novelty seeking as push factors and historic sites, cultural resources, beaches, shopping facilities, scenery and landscape, quality accommodation, ease of access, safety and security or reasonable prices as pull factors. According to Miller and Washington (2019) the most visited city in US is Orlando, FL with 59.0 million, New York, NY 54.3 million and Chicago, IL 50.0 million visitors while the most visited tourist attractions in US is Times Square (New York, NY) with 41.9 million, Central Park (New York, NY) with 40.0 million and Union Station (Washington, DC) with 36.5 million visitors. Maslow’s Hierarchy is defined by Fletcher et al. (2018) as the most popular tourism motivation, maybe because of its simplicity. Tourism motivation is a crucial idea because it serves as the foundation for customer behaviours and the driving force behind and effect on travel. Maslow appears to have developed a model where self-actualization is regarded as the degree to which "man" should strive because of his early humanistic ideals. Moreover, Fletcher et al. (2018) claimed that according to Maslow, his theory of motivation is comprehensive, active, and applicable for both job and non-work areas as well. He views his values of need as general and inherent, though they're weaker on an instinctive level that they're able to be altered, sped up, or stopped by the surrounding circumstances. Additionally, he claimed that since all necessities are somewhat inherent, only actions taken to meet biological needs are innate, whilst others seized needs emerge after birth. Furthermore, the five level of Maslow’s Hierarchy is represented below, according to Fletcher et al. (2018) claimed that smallest needs—the physiological ones—would take precedence over other needs if there were no needs higher up in the order met. However, when they're met, they might stop motivating and the person would be motivated by the subsequent level in the structure. Plog’s Theory Fletcher et al. (2018) stated that relying on his study, Stanley Plog created a theory in 1974 about why a significant portion of the US people at that moment didn't fly and the possibility of them being persuaded to do so. As a result, he was able to divide the US people into a number of linked psychographic groups. He defined two types, the psychocentric and those that move fewer, and the allocentric, who take risks and have confidence in themselves. Moreover, the term psychocentric refers to a personality category in which a person concentrates their ideas and worries on the minor issues in their life. These people typically journey cautiously, favouring safe locations, and frequently make numerous round excursions. The tour-operating industry categorise this type as repeaters while the allocentric type comes from the word allo which means varied in shape. These people have a sense of adventure and are eager to explore new places. They are referred to as wanderers in market analysis because they hardly ever visit the same location repeatedly. There is a third category, named midcentric where the majority of people fit in, therefore the majority of tourists are midcentric. Furthermore, Plog's theory helps to explain why certain kinds of locations grow and decline by closely relating travel incentive to those locations. For instance, allocentrics will favour tourist destinations that are still undeveloped and unknown by the tourism industry. On the reverse side, psychocentrics prefer the security of an established and secure location. Conclusion This essay defined the tourism as visiting another location for recreational purposes, travelling to a new place for entertainment, Sharma (2021) and the tourism industry as all the companies, groups, and establishments that are oriented to the unique requirements and preferences of tourists, Leiper (1979). Moreover, it discussed the development of modern tourism identifying some major events in history which helped the tourism to evolve at the point where is now and defined the tourism purposes trough history starting from the Empire Era up to 21st century. Furthermore, this paper defined the tourism motivation, that according to Fletcher et al. (2018) is an important concept since it is the beginning point of consumer habits and the guiding force that pushes and impacts travelling or is defined by Crompton (1979) as a crucial element, being the driving factor behind behaviour and discussed three motivation theories such as Maslow’s Hierarchy related to Travel Motivation, the theory of Plog’s related to Travel Motivations or Crompton’s theory of Pull and Push factors of tourism analysing them and providing examples and statistics. References Alexsoft (2019) History of Flight Booking: CRSs, GDS Distribution, Travel Agencies, and Online Reservations. available at: https://www.altexsoft.com/blog/travel/history-of-flightbooking-crssgds-distribution-travel-agencies-and-online-reservations/ (Accessed: 25 February 2023) Cook, R. A. Hsu, C.H.C. and Taylor, L. L. (2018) Tourism: The Business of Hospitality and Travel. 6th edn. London: Pearson. Fletcher, J. Fyall, A. Gilbert, D. and Wanhill, S. (2018) Tourism: Principles and Practice. 6th edn. Harlow: Pearson Sharma, S. (2021) Introduction to Tourism. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Leiper, N. (1979) ‘The Framework of Tourism: Towards a Definition of Tourism, Tourist, and the Tourist Industry’, Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), pp. 390-407 Lickorish, L (1997) An Introduction to Tourism. Guildford: Reed. Miller, Richard K. and Washington Kelli (2019) Travel and Tourism Market Research Handbook 2019-2020. 16th edn. Miramar: Richard K. Miller & Associates. UNESCO (2021) UNESCO Tourism Program. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-669-7.pdf (Accessed: 20 February 2023). Crompton, J. (1979) ‘Motivations for Pleasure Vacation’, Annals of Tourism Research 6(4), pp. 408-424 Page, S. and Connell, J. (2009) Tourism A modern synthesis. Nashville: South-Western. UNWTO (2020) International Tourism Highlights 2020 Edition. Available at: https://www.eunwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284422456 (Accessed: 21 February 2023).
