Study questions for Endocrine System
This is a study guide to help you learn about your endocrine system. To be
successful in BIO 211, you must listen to the video recordings of power points,
read your textbook chapters, read your VAG, study your notes, take advantage of
EDGE and mastering A&P. KNOW ALL ANATOMY of Endocrine System
1. How does the nervous system coordinate/regulate body cells?
2. How does the endocrine system coordinate/regulate body cells?
3. What are target cells?
4. Describe the differences in nervous system and endocrine system.
5. What is endocrinology?
6. What are 8 function of the endocrine system?
7. What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
8. Which endocrine glands function to solely secrete hormones?
9. Which endocrine glands have other functions besides secreting hormones?
10.Describe the hypothalamus.
11.What glands have endocrine and exocrine functions?
12.What are other tissues or organs that produce hormones?
13.Know what hormones each organ secretes.
14.Know how to spell the name of the hormones WE STUDY.
15.What are the actions of the hormones? See tables for target organs and
effects.
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16.What is glycolysis?
17.What is glycogenesis?
18.What is glycogenolysis?
19.What is gluconeogenesis?
20.KNOW HORMONES AND ACTIONS of the HORMONES WE STUDY (5-8)
21.What are two types of hormones?
22.Whether the hormone is fat soluble or water soluble determines what?
23.KNOW TABLE and STEROID HORMONES (8)
24.What is the chemical makeup of water soluble hormones?
25.What is the chemical makeup of fat soluble hormones?
26.What are steroid hormones synthesized from?
27.How do hormones “know” which cell to bind to?
28.Know 6 ways a hormone can alter cell activity.
29.What are two methods that a hormone can communicate with the cell.
30.What type of hormone uses the second messenger system?
31.Describe in 3 steps how the second messenger system works and what the
actions may be.
32.What type of hormone and what system has a huge amplification effect?
33.What is the action of fat-soluble hormones on the target cells receptors?
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34.Where are the receptors in direct gene activation?
35.What type of hormone and what type of activation “turns on” a gene and
causes protein synthesis?
36.What are the functions of newly synthesized proteins produced from direct
activation of steroid hormones?
37.What control the amount of hormones levels in the ECF?
38.What are three types of stimuli that cause hormones to be releases?
39.Describe humoral stimuli and list 4 hormones that are secreted because of
humoral stimuli.
40.Describe neural stimuli and list 4 hormones that are secreted because of
neural stimuli.
41.Describe hormonal stimulus and list hormones that are stimulated by
hormonal stimulus.
42.What is nervous system modulation of hormones?
43.Give an example of nervous system modulation and describe.
44.List three factors that determines degree of target cell activation.
45.State two general rules for a given level of hormone.
46.What does dynamic mean when receptors are referred to as being dynamic
structures?
47.When does a cell have up-regulation of receptors?
48.When does a cell have down-regulation of receptors?
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49.What does down-regulation do to the target cells?
50.How do hormones circulate in the blood?
51.Which types of hormones have a longer half-life and why?
52.Which type of hormones have the shortest half-life and why?
53.How are hormones removed from the blood?
54.What is the definition of half-life with hormones?
55.How long does it take for a hormone to have an effect?
56.What are three types of interactions of different hormones acting on the
same target cell?
57.Describe permissiveness and explain two examples.
58.Describe synergism and explain two examples.
59.Describe antagonism and explain two examples.
60.Describe the hypothalamus.
61.Which pituitary gland is nervous tissue?
62.How is it connected to the hypothalamus?
63.Where are its hormones manufactured and where are its hormones stored?
64.How are its hormones released?
65.What pituitary gland is epithelial tissue?
66.What is its connection to the hypothalamus?
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67.What stimulates its hormones to be released from anterior pituitary gland?
68.When is oxytocin released?
69.What are the actions of OT?
70.What is blood?
71.What is the composition of blood?
72.What is diuresis?
73.What are antidiuretic substances?
74.What hormone controls water balance?
75.What type of receptors in the hypothalamus monitor osmotic pressure or
concentration of solutes in the blood plasma?
76.When is ADH released? What is osmolarity? What happens in the kidneys?
What happens to BV, BP and urine output?
77.When is ADH not released? What is osmolarity? What happens in the
kidneys? What happens to BV, BP and urine output?
78.What are diuretics?
79.What inhibits ADH secretion?
80.Under what circumstances would you therapeutically take a diuretic?
81.What are other stimuli that cause the posterior pituitary gland to release
ADH?
82.What is ADH called then?
83.What is diabetes insipidus?
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84.Describe GH.
85.What are two mechanism used by GH to have an effect?
86.What are target organs for GH?
87.When is GH released?
88.What are GH actions in direct metabolic actions?
89.How does GH act on metabolism to increase blood glucose? Describe 3
ways.
90.How does GH mediate growth indirectly?
91.What do IGFs do?
92.What are the MAJOR target cells for GH?
93.What stimulates the release of GH?
94.What is gigantism?
95.What is pituitary dwarfism?
96.What is acromegaly?
97.What are the actions of TSH?
98.What stimulates the release of TSH?
99.What inhibits the release of TSH?
100.
What is the action of ACTH?
101.
What are the actions of glucocorticoids?
102.
What stimulates the release of ACTH?
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103.
What are the gonadotropins?
104.
What is the action of FSH in females?
105.
What is the action of LH in females?
106.
What hormone indirectly stimulates sperm production?
107.
What is the action of LH in males?
108.
What is the action of prolactin?
109.
When is prolactin released?
110.
What is the reason behind breast swelling and tenderness during
menstrual cycle?
111.
What feedback mechanism controls prolactin?
112.
Describe T₄
113.
Describe T₃
114.
What does a deficiency in iodine cause?
115.
What are target cells for TH?
116.
What are the actions of TH?
117.
What do increasing levels of TH do to MBR?
118.
What do decreasing levels of TH do to MBR?
119.
What are 4 effects of TH?
120.
Why does hyperthyroidism make your body temperature increase?
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121.
Why does hypothyroidism make your body temperature decrease?
122.
What are the similarities of TH and Sympathetic Division of
Autonomic Nervous system?
123.
What is Myxedema?
124.
What is endemic goiter?
125.
What is congenital hypothyroidism?
126.
What is Graves’ disease?
127.
What are the actions of calcitonin in young children?
128.
What are the actions of calcitonin in adults?
129.
What hormone is the single most important hormone for controlling
calcium in the blood?
130.
Why is calcium so important?
131.
When is PTH secreted?
132.
When is PTH inhibited?
133.
What are the target organs for PTH?
134.
What are the functions (actions) of PTH on bones, kidneys,
intestines?
135.
What are two parts to the adrenal gland?
136.
What part is an endocrine gland?
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137.
What part consist of postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous
system?
138.
What is the main mineralcorticoid?
139.
What is the main glucocorticord?
140.
What are gonadocorticords?
141.
Why is ECF sodium ion important?
142.
Why is ECF potassium ion important?
143.
Along the axon where is most of the sodium and where is most of the
potassium?
144.
What stimulates the release of aldosterone? (4)
145.
What are the actions of aldosterone? (3)
146.
What else regulates aldosterone secretion?
147.
Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
148.
What is the most potent simulator of aldosterone release?
149.
When do glandular cells in the kidneys release renin?
150.
What is the pathway to angiotensin II?
151.
What would happen to BP if a drug inhibited the release of ACE?
152.
When is ANP secreted and by what cells?
153.
154.
What is the action of ANP?
What happens to BV and BP as a result of ANP release?
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155.
What is the main glucocorticoid?
156.
What is another name for cortisol?
157.
What are the functions (actions) of cortisol?
158.
What stimulates the secretion of cortisol? (7)
159.
What are examples of stress that cause cortisol secretion?
160.
What is the primary metabolic effect of cortisol?
161.
How does cortisol increase glucose levels in the blood?
162.
KNOW TABLE on CORTISOL EFFECTS page 626
163.
What does the ideal amounts of cortisol in our blood promote?
164.
What does TOO much cortisol in our blood promote?
165.
When excessive levels of cortisol use amino acids to produce glucose
in gluconeogenesis, what effects does this have? (3)
166.
What is Cushing’s syndrome or disease? List characteristics.
167.
What is DHEA converted into?
168.
What effects may the adrenal cortex gonadocorticoids (sex
hormones) have?
169.
What are the catecholamines?
170.
Describe sympathetic nervous system short-term stress (fight or
flight).
171.
List the effects of catecholamines on short-term stress.
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172.
How is epinephrine used clinically?
173.
What mediates short-term stress?
174.
What mediates long-term stress?
175.
Describe the adrenal medulla’s function in short-term stress.
176.
Describe the adrenal cortex’s function in long-term stress.
177.
What gland secretes melatonin?
178.
When are melatonin’s secretion highest and lowest?
179.
How may melatonin affect the biological clock in the hypothalamus?
180.
Does melatonin affect mood?
181.
What is SAD?
182.
What organ secretes insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes and
bicarbonate ions?
183.
What cells secrete digestive enzymes?
184.
What cells secrete glucagon?
185.
What cells secrete insulin?
186.
What cells make up the pancreatic islets?
187.
What hormone is the hyperglycemic hormone?
188.
What hormone is the hypoglycemic hormone?
189.
What stimulates glucagon release?
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190.
191.
Where are the target cells for glucagon?
What is the action of glucagon? (3)
192.
List five hyperglycemic hormones.
193.
What are the main effects of insulin? (3)
194.
What are three ways insulin decreases blood glucose levels?
195.
What does insulin do once it is in the cells?
196.
What happens to glucose?
197.
What stimulates insulin release?
198.
What inhibits insulin release?
199.
Define hyperglycemic hormone.
200.
Define hypoglycemic hormone.
201.
What are the target organs for FSH and LH?
202.
What are the functions of estrogen?
203.
What are the functions of progesterone?
204.
What are the functions of testosterone?
205.
What hormones does the placenta secrete?
206.
What hormone is secreted from adipose tissue?
207.
What is the action of leptin?
208.
What are the actions of ANP?
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209.
210.
What enzyme does the kidney secrete and when?
What hormone does the kidney secrete and what is its action?
211.
What hormone does the bones secrete and what are its actions?
212.
Give the pathway for formation of Vitamin D.
213.
Why is calcitriol necessary?
214.
Describe the thymus gland.
215.
What hormones are secreted from the thymus gland and what are
their actions?
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