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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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MODULE 01 - POPULATION STUDIES
PAGE
LESSON #
...
01 What is DemograPhY
I
.02
How Population Differs Between Developed and Dev6loping
03
The Malthusian Population
04 The Neo-Malthusian
05
06
Theory
Population Theory
7
""":""""""""
Theory
The Marxist Population Theory
13
The Demographic Transition
07 Sources of Population Statistics
16
I8
.'...
10
Caribbean
Caribbean Population Growth Rate Population Fyramid
11
Population Control PolicY
08 The Population Composition of the
09
l0
21
Lt+
2()
31
35
t2 Development ....
\
MODULE 02 - SOCIAL ORDER, SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEVIANCE
LESSON #
t3 What is Social Order
38
14
What is Deviance
41
15
The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance ' '. ..
44
16
The Conflict Perspective ...
+t
l7 The Interactionist Perspective on Deviance .....
18 What is Official Punishment ......
19
54
56
Social Distribution of Crime
20 The Issue of Deviance/Crime
49
-. i r .. '
-fut
.".:
59
MODULE 03 _ SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY
LESSON #
26
Development
Theories of Development and Underdevelopment
The ModemizationTheory
The World System Theory
The GlobalizationTheory
What is Industrialization
27
What is Bureaucracy
28
The Problem in Defining
29
The Culture of Poverty Approach on the Causes and Persistence
21
22
23
24
2s
of
30
31
63
Concept and
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...'
73
75
7
6
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...
82'
PovertY
Poverty
.. . ' .:
.
\.'" "
85
sq
Socio-economic Conditions that lead to Poverty
el
Approaches used to Develop Poverty Alleviation Policies
APPENDIX
e+
2007 PastPaper 02 ....
qb
2008 Past Paper 02 ....
2oq ?w:? 9^b" oL
66
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'ff-ol
J-*ss ctr
focuses on the cornposition
This is the scientific study of population. Demography
implications'
gror,r,th and movement of population and their
I
1.
Rate
-r-^-..-,^+:^
^,\,\
ffiberof1ivebirthsperl000ofpopulationinag1\renyear.
*
Total PoPulation
2. Crude Death Rate
-
per 1000 of population in a givenyear'
ffideaths
CDR: # of deathg *
-
3. Fecunditv
Th"Tth-'tiologieal
I
4 Fertili8
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or a PoPulation
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If
l('
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1000
Totd PoPulation
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1000
CBR: # of live births
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Crude Birth
abilrt--v
of a r,voman or nun to produce a live child'
an individual. couple, a group
This refers to the actual reproductive pertbrmance of
Rate
5. Gener+l Fertilitv
r . i* ^ .,:_.^-.,oo.
year rnr
for every 1000 women ln the
This refers to tneffiIE of live births in a given
the age group 15 - 44yrs is used'
age group 15 - 49yrs- [n some cormtries
*
GFR: # of l2irths 1000
f. poPulation l5-49
6. Aee
.
a
FertilifY RaJq
- SPecificthe
number of live births
Tfi, ,"fe.t to
specific age grouP.
ASFR: # of births *
in a gil.en year per 1000 rvomen in
a
1000
# of women in a sPeci{ic age group
Z.N4lgral hlcreas€
births exceeds total deaths m a
This is an increase in the population u'here total
is the opPosite.
given courtry for a particular year' Natural decrease
8. Life ExoectancY
a person
This is an estimate of the average number of .vear
given country.
9.
Infant iVlortalitY Rafe
ma-'v
expect to lirre in a
less than one -vear of age per 1000
This refers to thei--U*, of deaths to infants
live births in a given Year.
*
IMR = # of deatirs to infants < ll'r 1000
Total live births
Dependency Ratio
This ratio compares the number of dependents with the number of peoplc in tltc
working population. Dependents comprise those over 65yrs old plus those less tlran
l5yrs old.
DRO: Po-r+ * or, * 100
10.
P rsI 1.
Popqlatisn Growth
o<
Rate
This refers to the rate at which the population changes due to the number of
deaths and migration, in a given year.
births.
r
: population
"H;::"-::,:j:rPoPura'[iongrow'1h:
earlier time.
:
i
t
at an
Pr
J
I
B births that occurred since Pr
D : deaths that occurred since Pr
I : those who joined the population since pr
E : those who moved out ofihe population since pr
f
One way to calculate the population growth rate (PGR)
rD by
L'J using
uDr,B the
rL
L,IE lbllowirrg
\r ur\/ is
.'
formula:
:-,:
:*"^
::::";'"'rQLw
PGR:(B_p)+0_E)*
100
Total
f
Population
f
'fo ascertain the present population size of a country you
can use the formula:
p:-p, I
12.
(B_D)+fl_E)
Migration
This refers to the movement of a people across a specific geographical bounclaq
for the purpose of establishing a new residence. The can be-peimanent or scpri -,
permanent.
13. Types of
r
Migration
External or international migration which is the movenrent o1'
countries.
between
NB. External migration is categorized as in
o
-
migration and out -
pcoplc
migration.
country.
International migration is comprised of immigration and emigration.
Internal Migration refers to the movement of people within a
Immigration refers to the number of people coming into a parlicular country in
gir en
year.
year'.
Emigration refers to the number of people moving out of a country in a
givcn
Net migration is the difference between the figure fbr immigration
emigration' It can be positive or
negative
e
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Net migration (M)
: I - E. In a more complicated form net migration cau bc
calculated using the formula: (Pz
-
P,)
-
(B
-
D).
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates will be required to:
L
II.
ill.
IV.
V.
VI.
Calculate the relevant population statistics e.g. CBR, CDR, Net Migration.
Discuss some possible socio - economic conditions that these population
statistics may be indicators of. (implications)
Define the terms o Population
o Population change
. Doubling time
Discuss some of the main push and pull factors why Caribbean people arc
migrating to places such as the U.S.A, Canada and the U.K.
Explain how fertility, mortality and migration relate to population grow'th.
Complete the 12 multiple choice items in the Mustapha's book P. 15 - 18.
LESSON TARGET
Lesson #01 targets objectives #01 and 02 of Module 1.
RECOMMENPED READINGS
1.
Sociology For Caribbean Stuclents Vol.2, by Mustapha (2006)
2.
Sociology, A Global Introduction by Macionis/ Plumm er (2002)P. 594 -- 601.
3.
Modules In Social Studies With SBA by Ramsawak/[Jmraw P. 188 -- 192.
P.7-
15.
t,
LESSON #02
Develoning Countries
and technologicaliy
Developed countries are those that are most industrialized
u.s.A-, Canada, England, Japal
advancerl. This takes in countries suoh as the
Developing countries refer to the
and the member states of the European union'
America, Africa and
poorer countries such as the Caribilean, South and Central
parts of Asia.
countries' A few
Fofrtutio, statistics differ between developed and..developing
quantitative measures will be used to dissuss the differencesr crude birth rate - this tends to be much lower in the developed '
level of education'
countries. This is often due to the relatively higher
opportunities etc'
the wider use of contraceptives, Sreater ernployment
A
. Crude death rate -This is relatively lower in the developed countries'
as
to this, such
number of socio-economic factors have contributed
cleaner
education,
of
better quality food is avarlable,the higher level
physical *n,i,on*"nt and gteater health eonsciousness.
o Life expectancy rate at birth - This is higher in the developed
lifestyle
countries due to better health care, houses, food, clothes,
jobs,
higher level
a
and
choices, avaiiability of more and better paying
of general sanitation,
o Migration - Developed countiies report a much higher level of in-pull
milation than develtping countries. This may be due to various
fu"to.. such as better *d.,"utio.t and job opportunities, higher wages,
health care'
better infrastructure, l0wer violent crime rate, better
to be much
tend
o Dependency ratio - The overall dependency ratio
the
higher in thi developing countries. In the developed countries
but
category
years
age
five
delendency ,Jlo is hgf,e. at the over sixty
of the
lower at.th; under fouiteen years age catggory thy those
expectfficY,
life
of
level
higher
developing countries. This is due to a
the
low fertili!, rate, better health care facilities and programmes for
o
aged.
Infant mortality rate - This tends to be much lower in the developed
programme' better
due to a more comprshensive immunization
pre-nataland ante-natal healih care, low level of malnutrition etc'
developed
General fertility rate - This tends to be much lower in the
considerably to
countries than in the developing countries' This is due
thl people are more educated, the wider use of
";*iri"r
o
greaterjob opportunities,
contraceptives among oth'er factors'
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates will be required to
:
I.AnalyzethepolicyofanamedCaribbeanterritorytoaddressitfertility
c.uld usc trr
that a named caribbean territory
. II. frll;,r* a set of policies
out-migration'
IlL
1y.
V.
curb its high level of
that may affect a caribbean
Assess ,ori" of the likely "oir"qr"rrces
rate'
be having a hig! crude birth
territory *f
oitrr" health programmes being currently
Evaluate trr.
"rr""tiveness
witir special focus on the
used in a named caribbean territory
iJ-"V
dependentsorthosemostvulnerablewithinthesociety.
may be misleading'
Explain *flyit'" J"pendency ratio
Wo'rld
Population Statistics Across The
S6urce: rvu,n,.prb.tlIg (MID 2001)
COI]NTRIES
Pop Birth
Mid
2oo1
(mill
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Per
1 000
Pop.
Death Rate of Infant Total
Per Natural morta fertility
rate
Increas lity
1000
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Pop.
e
o/o
Rate
Life
E,xpecta
ncy at
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Birth
I'op'
I'er
sqLlarc
milc
ion)
USA
09
0.6
7.1
2.1
l4
80
77
0.3
5.5
1.4
81
11
08
'76
31 .0
2.6
0.3
20
05
1.5
24
08
624
T4
t4
1.3
t4
08
0.5
o.7
0.6
14.2
11-3
09
07
7.0
99.6
2.9
171
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24
z5
22
0.7
69.8
5.4
21
5
cUsA
'I'RINDAD/
TOBAGO
I-IAI'I'I
MEXICO
PANAMA
BRAZIL
GI]YANA
E,GYPT
SIERRA
t,h,ONE
ETHIOPIA
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F
15
284.
CANADA
I^I\/ATr-A
I]ABADOS
M
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65.4
',
a.
7A
t_\
70
t3
68
75
77
lb+
It
656
47
5l
IJ
650
132
1(r20
7
1.6
6
17.1
t.7
1.8
80.0
05
1.9
25
4.7
2.8
05
2.0
r7
07
1.5
35
2.4
65
78
76
72
1.3
65
68
0ti
i81
2.7
153
2.5
3.5
6.3
6tt
2.1
40
44
62
28
47
08
07
20
42
47
196
15
2.9
97
5.9
51
53
44
72
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52
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II.
current Caribbean society.
III.
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Critically assess the relevance of the Neo-Malthusian theory to the
Compare and contrast the Malthusian and the Neo-Malthusian theory
with regards to a named Caribbean territory.
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IV.
Discuss any recent Caribbean study on population control policies rvith
reference to a named Caribbean territory.
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LESSON TARGET
Lesson #04 targets objective 04 of module 01.
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RECOMMENDBD READTNGS
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l. Population, an introduction To concepts
72
and issues by John weeks I)
-76.
2. Sociology for Caribbean students by Nasser Mustapha (2006) p. 33
35.
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ANGOLA
SOUI'II
AFRICA
ISRAEL
AFGHANIST
AN
.IAPAN
57
6.9
2.9
37
s2
39
54
26
92
3.0
6.0
76
46
80
2.4
5.3
154
44
791
r06
08
4.2
3.4
1.3
84
872
12.3
43.6
50
25
2.5
198
25
14
1.1
6.4
26.8
22
06
1.6
43
19
t27.
09
'77
1
NOR'I'H
KOREA
22
21
07
1.4
88
L.J
67
a1
t)
472
T-]NIT'ED
60
12
11
0.1
5.7
11
75
80
635
22.4
144
10
l2
-0.2
-0.6
0.6
18.6
1.3
67
74
16
t.2
59
72
5.7
1.1
76
82
243
22
06
KINDOM
ROMANIA
RUSSIA
AUSTRALIA
19.4
09
13
r5
07
Lesson Target
Lesson
# 02targets objective # 03 of Module
1
RECOMME,NDE,D READINGS
1. Population- An Introduction To Concepts And
Issues by John Wecks
P.165-206.
2.
Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak/umraw (2001) P. 193-206.
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LESSON #03
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.TheMalthusiantheoryisbasedontheworkofThomasRobertMalthus.an
',lEhis
the coneerfl''of lvtralthus wisr
Englishman (1766-1834).
theory'expl.ains
growth and'food supplye
relationship between population
tends to grow more rapidly than
purported that the world's population
l
ffiEewffii*
l
it'
the fbod supply nesded to sustain
increase exponentially (2' a'
would
population
world
the
that
Malthus claimed
(2,3,4,5). [{e argucd
fbocl supply would increase arithmetica]tly
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Malthus
tl, l6) while
lor
it would lead to widespread misery
that if this trend is allowed to continue,
sucit
would manifest itself in various tbrms
misery
This
people.
of
ma.iority
the
as t-amine'
malnutrition and diseases'
Malthusarguedthatmanisrationalandwillputinplacethenecessary
typcs olgrowth. Malthus made mention of two
measures to control population
illeasures that
will
growth' These arc
contribute to the control of population
positive chechs and preventive checks'
What Are These Positive Checks
would give rise to adverse social
Malthus believed that the threat of starvation
does stl'
even before starvation of itself
practices that may kiil off the people
'l'hese
hrtman fianre '
prematurely weaken and destroy the
These measures
will
includc
checks by Malthus' These checks
fiteasures are referred to as positive
.I-hcsc
eg' alcoholisrrr.
indulgences
ove!
and
epidernics,
wars, strenuous work,
rates'
measures will increase the death
r rvrvr'"-' - Ch
f,uE'., Preventiie
are these
What
vYnaL Arq
---
These checks u..
preventivc
O.,ig*O to lower the birth rates' In ttleory,
chccl<s
control such as abstinence,
would include all possible means of birth
objected to the use of birth oontrol
contraceptives and abortion. Malthus
that the use of contraceptives' aborti<tti
measures within marriage. He argued
,.4.
and adultery is immoral, Ir{althus focused fully on rRoral restraint as the only
acceptable means of reducing population growth. He recommended celibacy,
delaying marriage and the spacing of children further apar1.
Ivlalthus strongly objected to the 'poor laws" which had granted welfare
bendfits to the poor. He thought this would only encourage poor people to
reproduce at a more rapid rate.
Malthus proposed certain measures to eradicate poverty. These include
r
o
r
o
.
r
create jobs instead of welfare
reduce family size
increase foodproductron
increaseeducationopportunities
delay marriage until you can afford it
abstinence
Criticisms of Malthus
FIe farled to realize the positive effects of technology to increase
food supply considerably
-
mass production.
II. He refused to accept other forms of birth control apart from moral
resfraint
m He confused moral
checks.
and scientific issues with regards to preventive
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
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Candidates will be required to
I.
II.
:
Explain the basic differences between positive and preventive checl<s.
Discuss the relevance of the Malthusian theory to a named Caribhban
territory.
ilI.
Malthus' theory on population growth is not suitable for the Caribbean
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society. Discuss this statement, making reference to any caribbean
study.
T
e
Main ['oc
althusian Th
moral restraint
:
the increases in food supply
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the negative effects of overpopulation
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LESSOI{ TARGET
Lesson #03 targets objective#4 of Module 1.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1.
Sociology For Caribbean Students Vol.2 by Mustapha (2006) P. 2tt-31"
2.
Sociology, A Global Introduction (2002) by Macionis/Plurnrner P. 602.
3.
Population An Introduction To concepts And Issues by .lohn weeks
(1
ee6)
P. 63-68.
LESSON # 4
The Neo-Malthusian Theory On Populatign
'l'he Neo-Malthusian theory is more
or less a revised version of the Malthusiarr
thcory" It agrees in some points but diftbrs in other points.
'[he'Nco-Malthusian theory supports
two main ideologies-
L sclective procreation
2. planned parenthood.
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Se.lgctive Procreation
'['hc Eugenicist movement ernerged
in the nineteenth century. It prornotecl thc
world view that only certain races should be allowed to have children eg. thc
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having children, so that over time only whites woulel inhabit the earth.
i.
Planned Parenthood
'fhis cclncept was promoted by Margaret Sanger and Annie Besant in
the c:arl),
twentieth century in the [J.S.A. 'Ihis proposal received significant llnancial
l
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r,vhitcs. Undesirable races such as blacks and Chinese shoulcl be prel,cnted lr"r:rrr
-tI
support fiorn rnany firms and foundations to promote birth control espcciiil!_v
fbr peoplc in places such
as
Africa, L,atin America and the Caribbcan. -l-his
proposal rvas.justified by the claim that these countries sufTer the rnost fiorlr
aa_
rrassrve unernployfllent, poverty and malnutrition.
l
'l'he planned parenthood policy
was met with sorne success in China since
f.-
t
1970, where the fertility rate fell fiom 5.9 births per wornen to I .9
in
1912.
In India it was rnet with less success as the people opposeil the use ol'condorrs
and other birth control measures. Instead fertility increased. Anrong those
people was T'harnan Singh who believecl that lnany children rneant richcs.
In the 1960's and 1970's Garrett Har<iin and Paul trhrlich ll,ere the oncs
;
\,r,lrr)
prornoted thc Neo-Malthusian thcory on population.
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Similarities Between Neo-Malthusians And Malthusians
l.
That population control is inevitable.
II. That rapid population
growth is connected to poverty'
How Do.Thev Differ
I. 'I'he Neo-Malthusians accept other fonns of birth control apart tionr
rnoral restraint.
It. 'l'he Neo-Malthusians proposed ttrat only certain races should bc
allowed to have children.
III. The Neo-Malthusians do not support Malthus' ideas of positive checks
where the forces of war, famine, diseases and overindulgences wcrLr
seen as means of controlling the population grorvth rate.
Criticisms Qf The Ngo-Malthusian Theory
L
Some heads of governrrents ofthe developing countries including cl-litia
i1 the 1960's opposed the idea of planned parenthood and selective
procreation as an attempt to keep down the population oI'these coutrtricr
Il.
fbr fbar of being overthrown.
'l'hc {eveloping countries have been exploited by population conlrol
policies. Since 1925, Puerto Rican women have been used as guinca
pigs for testing the effectiveness of various birth control tueasures.
.l
hi:-
has reportedly pushed up the rate clf wornen suff'ering fi'on-r cervical
cancer.
IIl.
It is claimed that South Aflica during apartheid, had inrpose-d
sterilization of hundreds of young black women since the 1950's.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:
L l)iscuss the differences between the concepts
planned parenthood.
*
selective' procrcation ancl
ffi
LESSON #05
,qThe Demographic transition model
(DTM) describes
a
transtbrmation in
in both birth and death fates' This is
human condition associated with a decline
advancement that a country or
linked to the levels of social and economic
regionrnaybeexperiencing.Asacountryexperienceseconomicdeveloprncnt.
of living of its people increase' This theory
the lit-e expectancy and the standard
statesthatwhenthishappensthesizesoffamiliesstarttodecline.Someclfthc
reasons for this are as follow:
I. The delaY in mariage
IL More and more women becoming career oriented
III'Anin;reaseintheavailabitityanduseofbirthcontrollneasures.
last one hundred and fifty yc-ars'
Most of these social changes occur over the
75 million pef year' However' it is
The worlil population increases by about
significantly' most of this r'vill
projected to fall to about 33 million by 2050.
occur in the developing countries'
olbased primarily on the interpretation
The demographic transition theory is
in lg2g ' Five stages of social
warren Thompson, (an American demographer)
transformation
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will
be discussed in light of this theory'
the birth and death rales
nis refers to the pre_industrial society where
are corresPondinglY
high'
,.,,
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Stage2
there is a rapid fall in the
At this stage the birth rate remains high but
'i.\
deathrates,duemainlytoimprovementinfoodsupply,sanitation,healthcarc
fall into this stage where they
and education. The developing countries
i
growth'
experience a rapid increase in population
---l
trA
l-"'f'
Stage 3
At this stage birth rate starts to fa, significantly
arong with the death
rates' The decline in the birth rates
is due mainly to access to contraception.
thc
increase in wages, urbanization, increase
in the status of women and the
increase in parentar investment in
their children,s education.
The caribbean is mainry at this stage
of the transition
Stage 4
At this stage both the birth and death rates
are low, resulting in a sta6le
population growth' The Total fertility
rate (TFR) in 1997 is less than 2.5
Ibr
countries at this stage such as the
u.s.A ., canada,china, Brazir,Trinidad
and
most of Europe.
Stage 5
At this stage the birth rates fall below the
replacement level resulting in
depopulation. The popuration growth
rate goes berow zero insome instanccs.
Some of the countries incruded in
this category or stage are Germany. Itary.
the
U.K and Japan.
I. It cannot necessariry predict the future as it is only
a rnodure.
II' The DTM makes no comment on change in popuration
due to migration.
III' It is too simpristic as it sees sociar changes in a predictabre
rnanner.
However, social changes may be inhibited
by various unforeseeablL,
events such as war, famine. diseases
or naturar disasters.
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
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Candidates are required to:
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Explain how the following concepts contribute to a decline in tbrtility ratcs:
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technology
urbanization
the increase in the status of women
education
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Assess the extent to which the DTM can be applied to a named,Caribbean
territory.
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LESSON TARGET
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Lesson #05 targets bbjective # 04 of Module 1.
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RECOMMENDED READINGS
1.
Population, An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Wecks
P.77 *83
2.
Sociology For Caribbean students by Mustapha (2006) P. 36 44.
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LESSON # 06
rxist Populatio
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This theory is based mainly on the work
of Karl Marx and Friedrich lingcls.
Marx argued that population growth is class related.
He argued that capital
accumulation is dependent upon the supply of
labour. The working class is
encouraged to have many chirdren to create
a great suppry of rabour for the
capitalist.
Marx clairned that areserve army of labour was
necessary for the rnaintenancc
of the capitalist system. when there is an
influx in the suppry of labour, the
principle of demand and supply wiil be
applied. That is, wages wilr be chcaper
when there is an influx in the suppry of rabour.
As a result there wiil be a
competition for scarce positions. To Marx,
fhis will keep wages low ancl
enhance worker,s productivity levels.
l-he Marxist population theory was in response
to the work of Malthus. Marx
was critical of Malthus in several ways.
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II'
Ir.
Marx did not believe that poverty should be blamed
on the poor, but
instead on the capitalist system.
IV.
Marx rejected Malthus's claim that world population
growth was rhe
cause of social ills, but that social ills
resulted fiom capitalism.
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Marx saw nothing wrong with birth control.
Marx belie'ed that with the use of technorogy food
suppry can keep
pace with population grou,th.
v.
Marx opposed the idea of morar restraint. He argued
that if society is
fairly organizedthen popuration rerated problems
wilr disappear.
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He gave the impression that no real population
problems exist under
communism.
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LESSON #07
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0f Population Statistics
I. census III. immigration
II. surveys IV. Official statistics eg. births and death registration
Sources
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Uses Of Population Statistics
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I.
II.
III.
and programmes
It allows for comparison to be made between countries w-ith similar
population related policies.
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It assists with the evaluation of various social policies
with respect to their effectiveness.
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It indicates the level of human development in a particular country.
IV.
It helps to identifz social trends eg. murder,rape HIV/AIDS etc'
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What Is Census
A census is a systematic survey designed to find out demographic data about
the whole population of a given country at a giventime. Census is usually done
every ten years.
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Information That May Be Obtained Through a Census
I.
II.
III.
sex ratio
IV. age distribution
size
income levels
V. types of households
population
VI. types of employment
Some Reasons Why Census Might Not Be Accurate
I. Some persons may not be seen by the census takers for various reasons.
IL People may submit false infonnation.
IIL Some data may not be recorded at all.
IV. Some persons may refuse to cooperate with the census exercise.
M
II. He down played the fact that rapid population growth can promote
' various social ills.
III. Marx ignored the fact that a person's lifestyle can contribute toward
poverty on his part.
The relevance Of The Marxist Perspective to The Caribbean
l.
Il.
lll.
The use of technology can increase the supply of food considerabl-v.
Birth control is necessarY.
Social inequalities can promote social unrests, industrial actions and
poverty.
IV.
There should be equal rights for all classes of people regarding
population issues.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:
l.
Assess the relevance of the Marxist perspective on population gr<lwth to
a named Caribbean territory.
II.
Explain what Marx meant when he said that population growth is classrelated.
LESSON TARGET
Lesson # 06 targets objective#A4 of Module
1-
RECOMMENDED READINGS
I. Population, An lntroduction To'Concepts And Issues by John Wecks.
l'
69 - 72.
u. Sociology For Caribbean Students (2006) by Mustapha. P. 3l
* 33'
E)
How Does Census Differ From Other Surveys
surveys are based on a sample of the population while a census is usually
census is
based on the entire population. Surveys are done at any time while
usually done everY ten Years.
The Human Development Index
basic
This is a composite index that measures average achievement in three
dirnensions of human development. These three dimensions are:
I.
II.
IIL
a long and healthY
life
a decent standard of
living
a sound education
These have to do with the development of the human capital.
HDI
:
country
The HDI helps to determine the quality of life the people in a given
may be experiencing.
RESEACH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to
:
1. Identify four organizations
or places that provide population statistics in
a named territory.
II.
Discuss how population statistics is important to any three organizations
within a named territory.
III.
g{Ncensus.
Discuss iwo main advantages that surveys Savs
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LESSON TARGET
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Lesson #07 targets objective 3 of Module
1.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
I. Population, An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Weeks
4 _ 28.
II. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) P. 19 -
27
.
P.
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LESSON # 08
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This lesson will focus on the following social elements
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age,sex, ethnicity.
religion and occupation
Asc
The Caribbean has a relatively young population with over 25o/o under tificcn
years of age' The life expectancy rate for most territories has significantly
increased to an average oYZO years.
COLINTRIES
ANTIGUA
BARBADOS
04
under
15
%t5-64
o/o
65+
28
64
69
CTIBA
22
68
GUYANA
31
64
HAITI
41
55
JAMAICA
31
62
MARTINIQUE
L.)
67
ST. LUCIA
32
62
THE BAHAMAS
30
62
TRINIDAD
25
65
Table showing age distritrution in the cariuuean zOot
08
10
2t
10
05
04
07
IO
06
08
10
Source- wwtv.prb.org UNdp.org.
N/B
See Mustapha
(2Wfr6)P. 47 for the 2015 projections for these Caribbean
territories.
Sex
Sex is determined basically by biological characteristics, as it distinguishes
male from female. sex composition significantly assists demographers to
predict population growth rates. The higher the percentage of females in thc
- 49 aga category, the more likely
the population growth rates
will
I5
increase
rapidly.
The 2001 population census in Jamaica shows that females to males ratio is
approximately 50:50. The ratio is basically the same throughout the Ctaribbeap.
a
Ethnicitv
Ethnicity is not to be confused with race. Race is basically detennined by
physical characteristics while ethnicity is determined mainly by cultural
characteristics. It is socially constructed. One race can be associated with a
number of ethnic groups. Most of the English Speaking Caribbean territorics
are predominantly of afro Caribbean descent. flowever, Guyana and Triniclatl
are different as they have roughly the same number of lndo Caribbean People
as
Afro Caribbean. This prornoted much racial tension between these twcr
groups. Many of these indo Caribbean people adopt the culture of the mainland
-
India. Therefore, ethnicity becomes a serious issue in both Guyana and
Trinidad.
Religign
This refers to the existence of some supernatural being that has a controlling
influence on life. Christianity is the dominant religion in the Caribbean. Some
of the other religions practiced in the Caribbean are Islam, Hinduism and
Rastafarianism. Syncretism is a distinct feature of Caribbean religion.
Syncretism ref'ers to the fusing of beliefs, practices, attitudes and values frorn
diverse religions. Some of the main syncretic religious groups in the Caribbean
are
- Voodoo in Haiti, Pocomania in Jamaica, Shango and spiritual
tsaptist in
Trinidad and Grenada.
Occunations
During the early history of the Caribbean, occupation was defined according to
sex and race. Men controlled most of the jobs, while the women focused lrorc
on domestic work. With the over three hundred years of white occupational
dominance, the class system was based significantly one one's occupation. T'he
whites had all the top jobs and the blacks had the menial jobs. Derek (iordorr
argued that not much has changed in Jarnaica since the end of the white
supremacy regime. He claims that despite the expansion in education, blacks
'Ihc
the lower class origin were not represented in top middle class positions-
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situation in Trinidad and Barbados are similar to that of Jamaica according to
C.L.R. James. James stated that "Our West lndian classes are for the rnost part
coloured people of some education in a formerly slave society." However. witlr
the tremendous strides that our women are making in pursuit of education and
professional careers, the picture is changing somewhat. A number of top
rniddle class jobs are now taken by women and men from humble beginning.
It is still clear, however, that most of the unskilled or semi-skilled jobs
are:
occupied by people frorn the black lower classes of the society.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:
L
Write shorJ notes on -
o
o
o
r
II.
primary occupation
secondary occupation
tertiay occupation
quaternary occupation
Discuss the main transformations that are occurring in Caribbean
occupations.
III.
Discuss why a country's population composition is important with
regards
to
its population growth rates.
LESSON TARGET
Lesson #08 targets objective 5 of Module 1.
SUGGBSTED READII{GS
l. Population - An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by .lohn Weeks
l>. 257
-260.
2.
Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006)P. 46 - 6A.
@
.Iamaica, Haiti, Guyana and the Turks
& Caicos
are the territories that tend
tt-r
have the highest levels of out-migration, where economic factors form the
basis.
Natural disasters have also influences out-migration on the part of a few
territories such as Montserrat and St. Vincent. Volcano threats have lbrced
many people to migrate frorn these places. Political instability and violent
crimes has forced many people to migrate from Haiti, and to a lesser extent
from Jamaica and Trinidad.
N/B It is important for students to be acquainted with the various socioeconomic implications of Caribbean migration.
2. Urbanisation
Urbanisation refers to the movement of people from rural areas to towns and
cities, or the transformation of the rural areas to corrrnercial centers.
The U.N. Report of 1990 stated that 47oh of the Caribbean population live in
urban areas. This has further increased to 56oh in 2001
,
Most of Caribbean Urbanisation took place after independence with the coming
of the multinational corporations. According to Lloyd Best of Trinidad, the
rnultinational companies brought a false sense of hope to the region as they
failed to provide the level of employment for the local people as was projected.
Instead the process of industrializrtion by invitation created several social
problems for the region.
3. Age
The life expectancy at birth for most Caribbean territories is steadily improving
to about 70 years at present.
Ho*.r..,'*ith
the exception of Barbados ancl
Cuba, most territories have less than 10% of their population over 65 years ol'
age. Despite the various population control measures in place, the Carihbean
population has over 20% of its people under l5 years of age.
E
LESSON #09
Some of the territories with the lowest population growth
Barbados 0.3, Cuba 0.7, St. Kitts 0.7, and Guyana 0'l
,it"
ur" Grenada 0.1,
'
Those with the highest population growth rate are Belize
2'l,Haiti 2'0,The
Bahamas 1.9 and St. Lucia 1.4'
Population change refers to the increase or decrease in population caused by
migration or natural means.
In addition to natural means (births and deaths) there are other factors which
affect the population change of a particular society. These factors are-
1.
Migration
Migration has been a historical process that has helped to shape the
composition and size of the Caribbean population. Migration has been driven
factors
by several pull and push factors. Histori cally, it is evident that economic
provide the main basis for rnigration' The push factors are more likely to
tri gger off out-rni grati on
.
The Caribbean demographic structure is shaped by the large influx
of
Europeans, followed later by the Africans and Asians. The 'Tews, Syrianqand
the other races frorn the Middle East followed'
By the 1940's many Caribbean people started to migrate to Panama, Costa
Rica, the U.K., Canadaand the U.S.A. In the 1970's a number of people
cayman
migrated between the caribbean territories, with the Bahamas and the
Islands being the main destinations'
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4. Health
The state of health of the people for most Caribbean territories has improved
steadily for the past two or three decades. The level of malnutrition has
declined considerably for most territories. However, a2002 LNDP Report has
revealed that over 40 million people were living with HIV/AIDS world widc.
and that the Caribbean region is a high risk area where HIV/AIDS is
concemed. Caribbean women are out living their male counter parts rnainly
because they are more health conscious and lead a more restricted lifestyle. It is
also established that people from the lower social class tend to die earlier lhan
those from the middle class. This is so because of several economic reasons
which tend to influence one's lifestyle.
RESEACH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:
I.
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Discuss conditions that may give rise to voluntary and forced rnigration.
Critically assess the pros and cons of international migration.
Apalyse some basic problerns caused by urbanization in
a named
Caribbean territory.
IV.
Explain how health and nutrition contribute to the population trends in
named Caribbean territory.
V.
Discuss some basic population trends of the Caribbean society.
LESSON TARGET
Lesson #09 targets objective #5 of Module
1.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1.
2.
Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) P. 6I
- 73.
Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw- P- 206 - 207
.
a
Ftes*ur'*sg: l'{utnari
age group rryith the other aqe groups;ust atrove
{riecreasrng birttr rat'e is characteristic of
itl
most deveioped countries' Such countries
sonietinies depend upon itrtrrigrants to fully
r-rtilise titeti physicai resoui'ces
Fyran'lld C rel-rresenG a situatic'it \ryltert:
i.he birrli rat-e i:j ncither iricreasing tltrr il(rcreas-
-l'he
lrifth rate over tlte years
!nq sigrtificartiy.
iE alrnost constant.
It is intel'estincl to trcte tire percentaqc of
popuiation over sixiy years of age in Pyranridt
A,'B and C.
lt
ra;ii}
be seen that Fyramid A
(ieveloning countries vuith high birt.h rales) has
a smalier percentage c.if pnpulation in these
age groups than Pirranrids B and t" it ls'lhe
r6spinsit,lliry* oi governniertts tc ntake special
provisioris fcir the aged. Thiis, -Qovernrnents
of deveii:peo countries, where I'here is a higiler
in
standaro' of iivilig, has a iarger pcpulaLion
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these age grouBS to cater- for than rJevrrlopirrg
countries,
d
age group {Years}
80r"
75-7$
?0-74
[c- ov
6S-M
4E_{o
50 -- 54
45, 4$
40-+4
35-33
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f6
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f'rd
fi*
l*-
ffi
30*34
40- lY
afi*34
15- 1s
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5--.S
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Berseffitfise #f p0pLli&ticlrT
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ia rfia{€
Se€Evfr€ies
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of' rhe rtsPottsibilitts af a go,-erwnt.enl ts
sprr'iai pril r'ilitrr;.r .fttr i hc a{{:d-
ttxt
fr-*
t,""t
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Besources: Human
age group (years)
tE+
85+
7:t- ?t
80*84
75-79
r-t{
7l-71
3t-09
T _84
55-S
s-51
{5-19
g(s
t0 -3,'1
$r
tl[-14
:Ii-39
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45*49
4g-*4
35-39
30*34
25 -29
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8 -21
20
t5-19
10 -14
5-9
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The age: sex information obtained from
a census is put in the form of a population pyramid. A population pyramid is a graphical representation of the composition of a given population.
The pyramids A. B and C represent the
age : sex distributions of different populatiops.
Fyralirid.Arepresents a country with an
rat€. T[is c]n be seen be4 year age group has a larger
increasing birth
cause the 0
-
This charasteristic of a high bitth rate is common
to developing countries such as the Caribbean'
With a high birth rate governments must
concem themselves with providing ed99g!9!9!
ful
and feqfeational
facilities
;#;1.i6". Ii rnust be understooiltF-a-IJhE-
t
E
o
qr
-74
5-9
0-4
population than any of the other age groups'
:
(E
15-19
ffi -14
percentage of PoPulation
(A) Increasing bifth rate
J
J
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-VO-.-*g people will soon be joining the labour
force, Strategies tn creato
more-job
larQe-
entrants into the labour force must also be considered,
Pyramid B represents a country where
the birth rate is decreasing, This inference
can be drawn by comparing the 0 - 4 year
86424246u
percentage of PoPulation
(B) Decreasing bit{fi rate
age group (years)
85+
80-84
75 -79
70
-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40 *44
35-39
30-34
25 -29
2g
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o
(E
E
(l,
r.-
(U
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-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
8642
02
4
Percentage of population
(C) Constant bilth rate
Lesson #
l0
The PoPulation
Thisisalsoknownastheage-sexpyramid'Itisaspecialbarchartthatshows
groups in a population. The males are usually
the distribution of the various age
right
vshile the females are shown on the
shown on the left side of the pyramid
hand side.
The population pyamid
will
growth of the
represent the specific population
given country. Mostpopulationpyramidswillreflectoneofthefollowingtypes
of growth:
t. Bgpid-GroytL
apex. It indicates high
amid has a broad base and a narrow
rate'
birth and ieath-.ates and a low life expectancy
2. Slow Growth
- frIirJdt.
This indicates
*ction of this PYramid is wider than the base' The U'S'A is
a
in life expectancy at birth'
decline in fertility and an increase
typical of this PYramid'
3. Negative
Gro\dh
. . . *-.^L,,,iror rLqn fl
Themiddlesect,onoftheplramidismuchwiderthanthebase.TheapexlS
life expectancy. Birth^rate is low and the
also getting wider d;;;; i;t**ed
includei in this type of plramid.
death rate is *ro ro*. c"rr"*v is
or convex in shape'
A population pyramid maybe concave
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ApyramidthatrepresentsabroadbaseandnalTowapexconstitutesa
ptramid has a smaller base and a wide middle
concave plramid. il;;;;;
d.o"lroped countries are represented
section. The apex is also expanding
by a
developing countries are represented
pv.u-iirir,i];,il";#
by convex
concave PYramid.
RESEARCU.CTIVTTIES
Candidates are required to:
pyramids'
expansive and constrictive
\ L write short notes on stationary,
revealed by a population
II:...
Identify four pieces of information that maybe
pyramid.
III. Discuss any three factors that could
cause a country's population
pyramid to shift from rapid growth to slow growth.
IV. What challenges could be posed to the government of a country which
population pyramid is expanding at the apex?
LESSON TARGET
Lesson #10 target objective 5 of module
1.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
t.
Module in Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw (P. I88-190)
2.
Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) (P.
122-123)
o r ren+uol
O u)o,nen lOertrl rT11rt '.
)'h
@ tncrealc U/ry^n^+'
@
Rroluc*
U,Jir^t (rtnt€,
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LESSO]Y #11
Population Control Policy
This is a set of measures designed by the government to influence changes
within the population e.g. the fertility rate and migration.
Despite all the modern technology that is now available and the socioeconomic advancements that have been achieved, the concems expressed by
Malthus for urgent population control policies are still relevant today.
The world is presently faced with unprecedented dernand for:
o oil
. food - especially corn and rice.
r potable water
o the control of toxic waste and other pollutants
o jobs
o proper affordable health care
o adequate housing
o friendly physical environment.
AII these critical demands only serve to increase the growing need for
fundamental population control policies to be drafted and implemented.
Africa and Latin America are recording the highest population growth rate in
the world. Almost 50oh of the Sub-sahara Africa population is under age I 5
yrs. This region is reported to have the highest incidence of the lowest lif-e
expectancy rate in the world.
This lesson will briefly take a look at some of the population control policies iri
India, Singapore, China and Jarnaica.
INDIA
Since the 1960's, India has been ernbarking on a number of population policie:s.
Some of these are:
I. A thorough family planning education in school and health clinics'
II. The reorganization of primary health care facilities in urban slum areas'
III. The reserve of specified number of hospital bed for tubal ligation
operations
IV, The renovation of intra uterine device (l.U.D.) rooms in rural fanrily
welfare centers attached to primary health care facilities.
V. Incentives are given to males who take the vasectomy operation.
SINGAPORE
I.
Between 1969-1972. population disincentives were administered against
parents who had more than two children. They would lose certain
welfare benefits, tax rebates etc.
II. Family life education was introduced.
III. The "Stop At Two" policy was promotedIV.
V.
Voluntary sterilization and abortion was promoted'
In 1986, the "Stop At Two" policy was abolished and was replaced by
the "Have Three Or More if You Can Afford It" policy. This was
necessary as the fertility rate fell to 1.44 children per woman, below the
replacement rate of 2.L This prompted the government to promote a
public campaign to inform the people of the joy of marriage and
parenthood. Material incentives were offered to parents who were
having their fourth child. A $20,000 tax rebate was offered to parents
who have their fourth child after January 01,1978.
CHINA
I.
The government introduced the one-child policy in 1979. Fines were
imposed on those who violate this policy. They could also lose their
bonuses at the workplace. However, Chinese nationals returning fi'onr
overseas can have a second child.
II.
There is now a family planning programme which involves the
distribution of free contraceptives and free pre-natal classes for wolnen.
III.
There is health care assistance for pregnant women'
JAMAICA
l.
II.
lII.
The promotion of family life education in school'
too many'
Two-children policy under the slogan two is better than
use of
A public education campaign promoting the availability and
family Planning
various forms of contraceptives through the National
Board.
IV.
A national campaign on HIV/AIDS'
V. The promotion of primary health care services
VI.
vII.
Migration Policies
eg' NI{F and
National health and welfare programmes for the elderly
PATH.
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to provide greater
The upgrading of the Registrar general Department
accuracy in national records'
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Candidates are required to:
I.
il.
IIl.
of the Caribbean'
Population policies are critical to the development
territory'
Discuss this staternent in light of a named Caribbean
the U'S' A'
Explain some of the basic population control policies of
policies of a named
Assess the effectiveness of the population control
Caribbean territory.
IV.
some bith
Explain why people may not be willing to participate in
control Programmes'
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Lesson
# 11 targets objective#06 of Module
l'
RECOMMENDED READINGS
I.ModuleslnSocialstudiesbyRamsawakandUmraw.P.lg3_199.
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There is health care assistance for pregnant women.
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I. The prornotion of family life education in school.
II. Two-children policy under the slogan two is better than too many.
III. A public education campaign promoting the availability and use of
various forms of contraceptives through the National farnily Planning
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Board.
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IV.
A national campaign on HIV/AIDS.
V. The promotion of primary health care services
VI. Migration policies
VII. National health and welfare
programmes for the elderly eg. NI{F and
PATH.
VIII. The upgrading
:
of the Registrar general Department to provide greater
accuracy in national records.
-i
I
RESBARCH ACTTVITIES
Candidates are required to:
_l
L
Discuss this staternent in light of a named Caribbean territory.
-I
I
-l
Population policies are critical to the development of the Caribbean.
il.
II.
Explain some of the basic population control policies of the U.S. A'
Assess the effectiveness of the population control policies of a narned
Caribbean territory.
IV.
.,
I
Explain why people may not be willing to participate in sorne birlh
control programmes.
LESSON TARGET
Lesson # 11 targets objective #06 of Module
r-
-
-J
l.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
I.
Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw. P.1g3
-
1gg.
Il.sociologyForCaribbeanStudentsbyMustapha(2006)P.82_83.
III.
Population
127
-
163.
John Weeks P'
- An Introduction To Concepts And Issues'
J
Jft
LESSON # 12
Development
5
This can be defined as the progressive process of cultural, political and sociogenerally leads to
economic change which shapes people's lives- Development
improvement in the quality of life of the people within the country'
/
J
J
J
J
J
!J
J
J
J
t
Population Density
in
This refers to the average number of people living on every square kilorreter
a country.
Population density
:
Total population
Area
witl-rout
This refers to the number of people that a country or area can support
adversely affecting its ability to support future generations.
Overpopulation
are
This refers to the condition where the economic resources in a given area
not enough to support the population of that area'
Population and development In The Caribbean
It is evident that the population statistics of a country can affect its
people
development and the vice versa. The general level of education of the
a
nray determine significantly the level of economic development that
in
particular country may experience. Agricultural activities are on the declinc
I'ron]
the rural areas due to rural-urban migration. The caribbean also suffbrs
like tlrc
bfain drain due to the migration of several of its professionals to places
u.s. A., canadaand the U.K. This significantly affects labour productivity
adversely.
W
l--
and an
a decline in its fertility rate
The caribbean has been experiencing
relatively high level
at birth rate' However' the
expectancy
life
its
in
increase
of
unemploymentandcrimeposeaseriousthreattodevelopmentinanumberclf
The threat of
and Trinidad to a lesser extent'
Haiti
Jamaica,
as
such
territories
HIV/AIDS
to
abuse also provide great hindrances
and the increase in substance
are mainly tiorn
This is especially so as these victims
caribbean development.
theunderfortyyearsagegroup.Thesepeopleareintheprirneoftheirwork
lif-e.
caribbean
skills among the people of the
The general lack of relevant technical
tomeetthedemandsoftheworkplaceisalsoposingathreattothe
develoPment of the region'
in education
made by the region,s women
However, the recent strides being
andprofessionaltrainingarehavingapositiveimpactonCaribbean
develoPment.
.
Caribbean
male margitalization among many
The lack of the father figure and
regiou's
development' Too many of the
farnilies is also hampering the region's
lack of financial
a sound education due to the
of
deprived
being
are
children
absence
indiscipline caused by their frequent
support from their fathers or the
in the home.
country is its people, and whatever
The most important resources of any
the human
heavily on the development of
development that will occur depend
capital.
Candidates are required to:
I.Discussthestatement-..FertilitycontrolisthekeytoCaribbean
to a named territory'
development" with reference
II.Ana|yzetheimplicationsofoverpopulationtoanamedCaribbean
territory.
@
7 0f Module
Irsson #l2tatgets objective
1.
1'
194-200'
Ramsawak and Umraw P'
Modules In Social Studies by
2.Population-AnlntroductionToConceptsAndlssuesbyJohnWeeks.
P.429
3.
- 450.
by Mustapha' P' 82
Sociology For Caribbean Students
-
85'