IMPORTANCE OF THE DIGITAL NOMADS IN THE MOBILITY
SEGMENT FUTURE GROWTH
TRENDS AND KEY FACTORS ABOUT DIGITAL NOMADS
06/2021
Maciej Piątkowski
ID: 2020205567
Table of context
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................3
1.
Who are the digital nomads? .......................................................................................................5
1.1 Understanding the definition of the digital nomads. ...................................................................6
1.2 Digital nomads lifestyle .............................................................................................................7
1.3 Digital nomads challenges and barriers ......................................................................................7
2.
Evidence of the phenomenon Digital Nomads .............................................................................8
2.1
. How the digital nomads are changing the mobility sector ...................................................8
2.2
. How does the countries reacts to the digital nomads? .........................................................9
3.
Methods .................................................................................................................................... 12
4.
Data .......................................................................................................................................... 12
5. Analysis and Interpretation of Results ........................................................................................... 17
5.1 What are the preferences for digital nomads? ........................................................................... 17
5.2 Why the sector is growing? ..................................................................................................... 18
5.3 How the COVID-19 change the digital nomads trends? ........................................................... 19
5.4 Global mobility trends in digital nomads world........................................................................ 20
6. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 21
References: ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Appendix 1. List of Digital Nomads websites, blogs and groups. ....................................................... 23
Introduction
Migrating or changing the place of residence has always been a process in the history of human
development. With the changes in social economy, economic development and innovation of
technology, its nature is also changing. At present, it is related to the process of globalization.
Which means, the migration process has become particularly important, as the abolition of
barriers to the free movement of financial capital and goods, leads to the free movement of
people. The scale of migration and the emergence of new factors that determine migration
movements have led the literature to distinguish several criteria for the classification of
migration flows:
-
-
spatial - refers to the distance covered by migrants and the need to cross administrative
borders,
place of residence - migration takes place when the place of residence is changed,
time - refers to the required minimum period of stay outside the place of residence; it
allows us to omit short-term trips, e.g. tourist trips, from the research on migration
processes,
activities - related to the change of place of residence and attempts to take up
employment.
The most common reason for the immigration movement is economic factors - mainly the
difference in wage levels between regions. However, it should be emphasized that this
phenomenon is more complex and involves demographic, social, political, environmental and
cultural issues1.
Contemporary immigration research is interdisciplinary and a multidimensional process. In
2019, 271.6 million international migrations were recorded, accounting for about 3.5% of the
world population. Europe is the continent where about 11% of the population migrates. Most
migrants choose Germany, the United Kingdom, or France as their destination 2.
The digital revolution brings in improvements in many aspects of life, but it also opens up new,
opportunities. New technologies are becoming more integrated into daily lives, shortening
distances, assisting growth, and taking on new challenges. Access to the network, fast data flow,
cloud storage, efficient networking, videoconferencing tools, software and programs are only a
few examples that are changing many areas of life, including work. An field that is changing in
along with the globalization phenomena. Employees are trying to be more and more
independent and free when it came to the culture of work, and it seems that classic work
(working 8 hours at a desk) is giving way to alternative ways of jobs3.
The teleworking is one of them, but the terms: remote working, teleworking or telecollaboration
are not new terms. Already in 1962 in Great Britain, the company “F International”, in order to
D. Miłaszewicz, R. Siedlikowski, Demographic Changes And Migration Processes Migration Processes And Their Impact
On The Labour Market, Uniwerystet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach, s. 110
2
E. Kacperska, M. Kacprzak, D. Kmieć, A. Król, K. Łukasiewicz, Migrations International In Europe, SGGW, 2019, p. 7
3
Pa. Beer, R. Mulder, The Effects of Technological Developments on Work and Their Implications for Continuous Vocational
Education and Training: A Systematic Review, University of Regensburg, Germany.
1
reduce staff turnover, the company employed women in programming services, who performed
their work from home 4.
Jack Nilles, who conducted the first experimental telework project in 1973, is credited as the
originator of the concept. He defined it as work that allows its results to be transmitted through
information technology, such as telecommunications and computers, instead of the physical
movement of the people who are to do the work5.
The pandemic has revealed a huge contrast in the universality of telecommuting among
European Union member states. In a wide range of EU countries, most of the workers who have
been telecommuting since the pandemic have no knowledge of telecommuting. Since the
Covid-19 pandemic, telecommuting has become the standard for many employees in the
European Union and around the world. Early statistics from the European Research Foundation
show that due to the pandemic, nearly 40% of people currently working in the European Union
begin to commute throughout the day. A new JRC study makes a best guess for about 25% of
jobs in the EU telecommuting area. Considering that before the incident, only 15% of EU
workers had telecommuting6.
The development of new technology, the constant access to the Internet, information, and the
growth of mobile device usage has quickly become a decisive factor for new trends in consumer
behavior lifestyle and work. The combination of these elements mean that there is a new
connection between technology and people's lives. One of the latest trends in new career
development is the emergence of digital nomads. As the world stalled due to the outbreak of
the COVID-19 pandemic, people all over the world began to experience the “new normal”,
which popularized remote working and led a lot of organizations to adopting technologies that
support virtual collaboration and communication. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has
caused inconvenience in the mobility, due to border closures, airline grounding and daily
commuting restrictions, the potential future of “remote living” are beginning to form. Even
before COVID-19, there was a clear trend for remote work. The pandemic is from the future
perspective may be the main accelerator of this trend. Almost everyone has become a remote
worker this year, and the post-COVID workplace may look very different in the next few years.
As professionals (and employers) around the world begin to realize that there are other
possibilities about working not only from organization offices or workplaces, they can now start
to think about the future of working remotely in a foreign country, usually using lower cost of
living, instead of working from home. Companies around the world have extended their
telecommuting policies implemented due to COVID-19 and are beginning to consider a broader
shift to a remote (or mixed) workforce model as a way to reduce indirect costs while supporting
employees’ productivity and well-being. 7
This work has two main purposes. The first one will introduce to the digital nomads as the new
phenomenon about the new working lifestyle with the context of globality and migration. The
second one will present the key behaviors in the digital nomad’s lifestyle world. The key is to
A. Dolot, The influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the remote work – an employee perspective, e-Mentor 2020, p. 36
J. Nilles, Traffic Reduction By Telecommuting: A Status Review And Selected Bibliography, Elsevier Ltd. 1988, p. 87
6
European Commission, Telework in the EU before and after the COVID-19, Joint Researc Center, Retrived from:
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc120945_policy_brief_-_covid_and_telework_final.pdf
4
5
7
Hermann, Inge & Paris, Cody. (2020). Digital Nomadism: The Nexus Of Remote Working And Travel Mobility. Information Technology &
Tourism, p 329-334.
understand the trends and the key factors of the digital nomads. The methodology used in the
paper is a comprehensive.
The subject of the research presented in this paper is the difference between the real world of
the digital nomads and the common perceptions about them. Based on the object of research
thus defined, the following research questions have been formulated:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Who are the digital nomads?
What are the challenges and difficulties of digital nomads?
How digital nomads are affecting the migration sector?
What is important for digital nomads while choosing the place to live?
What are the most popular places for digital nomads?
What are the professions of digital nomads?
1. Who are the digital nomads?
Nomadism is a phenomenon that is known and existed for centuries. There have always been
groups with a strong need for independence, being in move, and constant wandering were for
them one of the main values, which also emphasized their personal freedom. There are many
definitions of traditional nomadism, but nomads and wanderers are the most common terms
used in this context. Classical nomadism is a lifestyle of constant moving from place to place,
characteristic for pastoral or hunting communities. Today, this lifestyle is still followed by the
Rome, for example. However, the term nomadism nowadays is also used to describe people
who are traveling through the country, who work remotely and live in many different places,
often without a permanent address - hence the terms contemporary nomadism or digital
nomadism. This is still a new phenomenon and its definition is still ambiguous. From the 2021
survey, it can be concluded that as many as 86% of the respondents admitted that they have
never come across this concept (see Figure 1), and 14% declared that they know the meaning
of this concept.8
No
Yes
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Yes
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
No
Figure. 1. “Awareness of the term “Digital Nomads”
Source: N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads,
Retrieved from: https://hatalska.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Wedrowcy_RaportOWspolczesnychNomadach.pdf
8
N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2016, p. 10
People that claim that they know who the digital nomads are, mostly associate them with
technology and the Internet. Interestingly, when asked to define this phenomenon, these people
include not only those who combine attributes as work, travel and teleworking, but also those
working stationary in an office, who do not need mainly the Internet or the possibility of using
new technologies to work. Therefore, it common to say that term digital nomads is usually
understood in two ways - as possibility to move, travel, wandering (just like traditional
nomads), and as mobility connected to the fact that today every owner of a smartphone or laptop
with Internet access has the whole world at their glance, regardless of which part of the globe
they are currently in. Such a broad understanding of what digital nomadism is indicates that this
phenomenon is not very common and widely unknown, and the definition is still unclear and
very capacious for the vast majority. Those who consider themselves as digital nomads also
define the term very differently. Some of them focus on digitization and point to contemporary
opportunities brought by technological development or access to cheap accommodation, as well
as opportunities related to remote work, which are made possible by the emergence of careers
that can be pursued anywhere in the world with the access of the Internet. Others believe that
digital nomadism is more than just remote work and travel. It is a way of life, a possibility to
realize dreams, develop passion and interest, keep learning, experience the world, meet new
cultures, new people and make your own choices. Like traditional nomads, wandering is part
of their lives, and their roots in travel are often so deep that they cannot imagine settling down
in one place. They consider themselves mobile, independent and curious about the world and
the people-modern nomads9.
1.1 Understanding the definition of the digital nomads.
When it comes to the definition of the digital nomads it is common to say, that the digital
nomads are people who primarily uses mobile technology to perform work, which can make
their location independent. Digital nomads use this location independence to live in areas
outside their regions or countries and change their location regularly. There are several nomads
who have traveled for many years and regularly move between countries and continents. Others
are nomads for a short period of time, with “industry” and workcations lasting weeks to months.
Through a combination of passion for travel and new adventures, digital nomads enjoy the
ability to work from anywhere that they can stay connected to the Internet. They live “assetlight” lives and invest in experience rather than things. This makes them an ever-growing and
important part in the mobility industry. Travel operators and governments may start in the future
to adjust their service, products to attract more and more mobile workers. Owner of the traveling
destination ranking that specialized in the nomads favorite destinations said that the global
population of nomads by the end of 2035 may reach even one billion globally. “Before the
pandemic, we might have seen this as ideological dreaming […] But maybe now we might think
that the reality would get somewhere closer to the one billion mark by 2035.”. The future of
digital nomadism is very optimistic. Continuous improvements in mobile and cloud computing
tools and technologies will lead to higher levels of remote work. More and more professional
services and products make the formation and operation of digital nomads easier 10.
9
Ibidem, p. 11
S. Nitav, Could digital nomads be an important growth segment for student travel? Retrieved from:
https://monitor.icef.com/2020/10/could-digital-nomads-be-an-important-growth-segment-for-student-travel/
10
1.2 Digital nomads lifestyle
For digital nomads, the criterion for deciding where to work is access to the Internet, which
enables them to use services and goods. At the same time, they consume in a very rational way,
thus promoting new economic modes, such as the described sharing economy. It is common to
believe also that material objects do not play a key function in digital nomads lives 11. A research
in 2017 conducted on a weighted sample of 1,022 Polish and 98 English-speaking internauts
found that only 18% of digital nomads consider owning things or money to be important in life
– 83% of them consider freedom to be most important. Digital nomads do not attach importance
to the things they own – with the exception of technology, which for them are tools for work,
communication and entertainment. Reducing the number of possessions is also dictated by
practical considerations, such as airport restrictions and traveling inconveniences. However,
cyber nomadism does not have to be synonymous with long-distance travel. Many authors
believes that it is also possible to be a modern nomad while working within a single city – as
distance is secondary to the possibility of using the web. Digital nomadism does not have to
mean limited consumption either – however, researchers shows that it very often coexists with
it. Digital nomads attach great importance to leisure time and physical fitness. They are mobile
and open to new opportunities. And although this lifestyle is still considered a niche, it is
expected that – thanks to the development of new technologies it will gain in importance.
Available data on the scale of the digital nomadism phenomenon are contradictory. However,
trends on the labor market (e.g. growing importance of freelance work and remote work0, will
increase the popularity of digital nomadism in the next decade 12.
1.3 Digital nomads challenges and barriers
Since the digital nomads concept it relatively new and seems to be interconnected with global
migration concept, it is not possible fully describe direct findings about factors related to the
limitation in digital nomads world. Since this concept is really close to the migration barriers
that are already described in many research we can assume some of them are really similar for
both concepts and include: political barriers, language barriers, cultural barriers and,
infrastructural barriers13. The major challenge (see Table 1), that digital nomads are facing in
their life are related to the inability of being disconnected from the world.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Not being able to unplug
Uncertainty
Loneliness
Financial difficulties
Collaborating
Staying motivated
Being constantly available and working too much
Not always knowing what tomorrow will bring
Missing connections with home, family, and friends
Freelancing doesn’t always mean steady income
Communicating with coworkers and clients
Keeping on task with a positive attitude
Table. 1. “Digital Nomads Challenges”
Srouce: K. Heathe, D. Arelano, Work and Wander: Meet Today’s Digital Nomads, ATTA, 2021, p. 19
11
W. Przecherska, Less in the age of the internet? How New Technologies Catalase Minimalist Practices, Instytut Socjologii,
Uniwersytet Warszawski, p. 104
12
The Economist, Nomads at last,
Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/special-report/2008/04/12/nomads-at-last
13
T. Homoncik, K. Pujer, I. Wolańska, Economic And Social Aspects Of Migration. Retrieved from:
https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/11603/migracje_1p.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Even if the digital nomad work concept seems to be giving a lot of freedom, it still requires a
lot of time to involving in work. Although as digital nomads gain experience, they tend to find
it easier to unplug. The second place in the research list “uncertainty” about not always knowing
what tomorrow will bring. Recent event Covid-19 forced a lot of people to adapt to new reality.
During the pandemic lot of countries (including all European Union countries), introduced a lot
of restrictions, blocking at the same time the traveling movement sector. This lifestyle can also
lead to loneliness, potential financial difficulties, challenges collaborating and communicating,
and a hard time staying motivated.
2. Evidence of the phenomenon Digital Nomads
The trend of the growing popularity of digital nomadism and remote working can be observed
from the number of blogs, websites or community groups dedicated to new mobile forms of
employment. The trend of the use of world “digital nomads” is also rising and it is possible to
change the growth by using Google Trends (see Picture 1.). The first searchers occurred in
2006, but the continued trend for those key words started in 2008 – with the rising tendency till
2009. For the next years the traffic of in the Internet was relatively low, until 2014 when
everything started to rise. Until now (2021) we can see that the interest of the searches are the
most popular. Although Google Trends can give only the information about the tendency of the
changes (not the number of searches) it is possible to see how the movement have been
changing over time.
Picture 1. “Digital nomads in Google Trends”
Source: Google trends.
2.1 . How the digital nomads are changing the mobility sector
It is difficult to precisely indicate statistics and the number of digital nomads as such, data can
only be estimated on the basis of a few studies on remote workers, which is not synonymous
with the concept of digital nomad, because it is often characterized by working from home, not
exploring the world. In addition, the studies conducted and their results are not consistent, each
research company is based on a different research group, defines the concept of remote working
differently and focuses on a different area. The general conclusions of the research indicate that
there are more and more remote workers and according to forecasts the trend will increase.
Findings from an international study conducted by OWL Labs in 2018 14 indicate that 68% of
employees worldwide worked remotely at least once a month, but only 18% of employees
14
2018 State of Remote Work Report (Global), Retrieved from: https://resources.owllabs.com/state-of-remote-work
worldwide work remotely full-time. The highest number of full-time remote workers is in the
US. Remote working is agreed by 56% of companies worldwide, with US companies again
having the highest percentage (85%). The rest of the countries still do not have a remote, mobile
workforce. Referring to the frequency of remote working: 52% of employees work from home
at least once a week and 68% of respondents work remotely at least once a month. The
motivation for working remotely, according to respondents, is greater productivity and better
concentration, followed by saving money or better work-life balance. Another US study
conducted in 2020 “A State Of Independence In America Research Brief”15 indicates that 4.8
million US workers describe themselves as digital nomads. The estimates are that by 2035, 50%
of all US workers will be remote workers. The majority of these are freelancers working
independently for their own account, but there are also workers who complete assignments for
their employer without being confined to their place of work. This is a clear signal to employers
who, if they do not decide to open up the possibility of remote working, will in the long term
have limited access to the best professionals. At the first DNX Global conference, bringing
together digital nomads, it was estimated that there will be up to one billion of them by 2035.
They already constitute an important group of travelers whose needs and expectations influence
market trends and the tourist offer 16
2.2 . How does the countries reacts to the digital nomads?
Since remote working has become an almost universal phenomenon, many countries have
launched campaigns to promote longer stays, during which foreign visitors can combine work
with leisure activities and at the same time support tourism, which is in the midst of a deep
crisis. One of the examples include, The Portuguese island of Madeira. The authorities has gone
one step further and created a "digital nomad village" – the first in the world, according to media
reports. Digital Nomads Madeira, as the pilot project is called, will launch in Ponta do Sol. Its
originators are the regional government and Startup Madeira, assisted by digital nomad and
remote working consultant Gonçalo Hall. With a population of around 8,200, the town of Ponta
do Sol on the south coast of Madeira offers nomads free workspace (chair and desk) in the
coworking space at the John Dos Passos Cultural Centre, access to the Slack internet service
for collaborative work and Wi-Fi every day from 8 am to 10 pm. Ponta do Sol can welcome
100 nomads who commit to staying for at least a month. They will have to provide their own
accommodation, transport and visa. The project's creators have teamed up with local businesses,
including accommodation and car rental companies, who want to provide services to the
nomads. The nomads in turn can count on help in finding accommodation at a discount for a
longer stay, for example in a hotel or a rented flat. According to euronews.com, 3 000 people
have already registered via the website and applications are still coming in. The Madeira Digital
Nomads project is intended to help local businesses, which have been hit hard by the pandemic
(before the outbreak, tourism revenue accounted for around 20 per cent of Madeira's income).
The authorities also hope to alleviate the problem of seasonality in tourism. And they have
15
MBO Partners, State of Independence In America 2018, Retrieved from: https://www.mbopartners.com/state-ofindependence/mbo-partners-state-of-independence-in-america-2018
16
P. Levers, There Will Be 1 Billion Digital Nomads By 2035, Retrieved from: https://levels.io/future-of-digital-nomads
already announced that more such places will be built in Madeira and mainland Portugal in the
future17.
Italy is a popular country for digital nomads due to the unique charm of its cities and towns,
cuisine, cultural attractions and high standard of living. A new tax break is already in place in
Italy from 1 January 2020. It provides those who transfer their taxes to Italy with a 70 per cent
discount for five years. In the central and southern regions of the country, this relief can be as
high as 90 per cent. These incentives are valid for five years and can be extended for another
five years (with 50 per cent relief on income) if the taxpayer has a minor child or buys a property
within one year of moving to Italy. To work in Italy, EU citizens only need to register their stay
of more than three months with the town hall. Non-EU citizens can obtain a Schengen visa.
Importantly, however, a tourist visa cannot be converted into permanent immigration status and
a work permit while in Italy. The best solution for non-European digital nomads is to apply for
a self-employed visa at the Italian consulate before arrival 18.
In addition, Italian authorities are planning to become even more open to digital nomads. The
latest Government project involving small Italian abandoned, depopulated or at risk of
depopulation smaller towns. The authorities plan to transform them into places for people
planning to work remotely. The 1 billion euro project has been earmarked for investment, and
the main goal is to provide small villages with access to high-speed Internet. According to
several sources, the authorities plan to improve the lives of people living in smaller villages by
attracting remote workers – including Italian citizens from biggest cities as wells as, digital
nomads. Italy has around 5,500 villages, which often suffer from a small local population. The
money is intended to attract potential employees looking for a quiet place for teleworking while
traveling. At the same time, the authorities have launched an additional project allocating €600
million to renovate abandoned houses in places covered by the settlement program. The money
will be used to build guest houses, and places that will provide accommodation for new
members19.
Iceland is one of the countries that are opening up to tourists. To encourage those who would
like to stay longer, Iceland will be giving out special visas to digital nomads. Icelandic
authorities claim that digital nomads will benefit society in terms of both knowledge and
contacts, fostering an innovative environment and helping the local economy recover from the
coronavirus pandemic. Country hands out special visas to digital nomads that will allow people
to stay up to 6 months. Iceland has announced that it will distribute special visas to digital
nomads. In doing so, it has extended its program for long-term residence visas also for outside
the Schengen area. It now applies to any foreigner who is not required by Iceland to apply for
a visa. Successful applicants must be employees of a foreign company and meet several
requirements like owing private insurance. Those who receive a visa can also come with their
family without having to obtain an Icelandic identification number 20.
17
Madeira Authorities, Digital Nomads Madeira Islands, Retrieved from: https://digitalnomads.startupmadeira.eu
A. Aayat, Offering Tax Incentives For Digital Nomads, Retrieved from: https://allwork.space/2021/04/italy-offering-taxincentives-for-digital-nomads
19
R. Hughes, Italy’s €1 Billion Project To Lure Digital Nomads To Remote Villages, Retrieved from:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/rebeccahughes/2021/04/26/italys-1-billion-project-to-lure-digital-nomads-to-remotevillages/?sh=5006030a2a33
20
A. Smith, Work Remotely From Iceland For Six Months - If You Meet These Requirements, Retrieved from:
https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/iceland-long-term-visa
18
Since last summer, Barbados has also been extremely open to digital nomads. At that time, this
Caribbean island announced the implementation of the "Barbados Welcome Stamp" program.
Thanks to this "stamp", digital nomads can easily spend a year on the island. The official
Barbados websites encourage digital nomads with note:
“Our new 12 month Barbados Welcome Stamp, is a visa that allows you to
relocate and work from one of the world’s most beloved tourism
destinations”
With this initiative, Barbados intends to effectively combat the weak demand for short-term
travel. It prefers to rely on long-term tourists, from whom it will receive regular revenue. As
much as 40% of Barbados' GDP comes from tourism. No wonder, then, that in such a difficult
period it is looking for ways to offset its losses. For digital nomads, it is the perfect alternative
to lose themselves in the culture and unique climate of this Caribbean island. The condition for
temporary installation on the island will be the presentation of a negative COVID-19 test result,
as well as adherence to security restrictions during travel and, on site. The monthly cost of
living in Barbados for digital nomads averages $2,00021.
All places that already prepared for the digital nomads (see. Table 2) include 21 countries that
have prepared for the digital nomad by adjusting the visa program targeting digital nomads.
The Germany seems to giving the longest permission for digital nomads (up to 3 years). The
second group of countries, include: Antigua and Barbuda, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Mauritius,
Norway, Mexico and allows teleworkers to stay for up to 2 years. The majority of countries offers
12 months period for digital nomads (with exception of Iceland – 6 months, and previously
mentioned countries).
Length
2 years
Digital Nomad Visa Countries
1. Antigua and Barbuda
12. Iceland
Length
6 months
12 months
2. Barbados
13. Mauritius
12 months
12 months
3. Bermuda
14. Mexico
12 months
2 years
4. Cayman Islands
15. Norway
2 years
2 years
5. Costa Rica
16. Portugal
12 months
12 months
6. Croatia
17. Spain
12 months
12 months
7. Czech Republic
18. Anguilla
12 months
12 months
8. UAE (Dubai)
19. Argentina
12 Months
12 months
9. Estonia
20. Montserrat
12 months
12 months
10. Georgia
21. Aruba
12 Months
3 years
11. Germany
Table. 1. “Visa Programs for Digital Nomads”
Source: Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad,
Retrieved from: https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
21
Barbados Government, Barbados
https://barbadoswelcomestamp.bb
Welcome
Stamp
–
Work
remotely
in
Barbados,
Retrieved
from:
3. Methods
The methodological framework of this work project is based on the use of data collected with
the use of the Internet, with the help of a Netnography model based on the analysis of web
materials. The methodology also includes online survey questionnaires covering surveys from
the year: 2016 and two from 2021.
The quantitative study from 2017 was carried out by the Mobile Institute using the CAWI
method (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) - responsive electronic surveys emitted on
websites, forums and in mailings. Two surveys were prepared. In the first one opinions were
collected from 1022 Polish Internet users, in the second - English-speaking - 98 opinions of
people from all over the world describing themselves as digital nomads. Both groups received
dedicated research questionnaires. Only complete questionnaires were taken into account in the
analysis22.
A Brother Abroad has released a research report from 2021 to share findings about who these
digital nomads are and what they are looking for when they travel. To gather responses from as
many digital nomads as possible A Brother Abroad used a convenience sampling method.
Company used the CAWI method (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) - posted links to the
survey in digital nomad groups on Facebook, through social media, in emails to partners and
members, and via personal outreach. Participation was entirely voluntary and no incentives
were offered. To qualify for the survey, respondents only had to identify as a digital nomad.
Due to this sampling method, no generalizations can be made about all digital nomads. The
total completed surveys number count 4000 respondents 23.
The ATTA used research team used a convenience sampling method and collected 61 answers
by posting links to the survey in digital nomad groups on Facebook, through ATTA social
media, in emails to partners and members, and via personal outreach. ATTA used the CAWI
method (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) in which participation was entirely voluntary and
no incentives were offered. To qualify for the survey, respondents only had to identify as a
digital nomad24.
The Netnography sources are included at Appendix 1.
4. Data
In some sources the modern nomad is usually presented as a young man, single, without
commitments, working in the IT industry. As it turns out, many of these statements are
stereotypes. Research conducted in 2016 shows that yes, nomads are relatively young people
(88% of the respondents were 25-44 years old), but in their case gender is no longer a
differentiating element (51% men and 49% women). Research from 2021 confirms results
contemporary with similar results (see Fig. 2.), showing almost the same amounts (50% men
22
N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2016.
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad,
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
24
K. Heather, A. Diego, Work and Wander: Meet Today’s Digital Nomads, March 2021, ATTA.
23
Retrieved
from:
and 50% women) with the majority of young people (between 25-44 year old) equal to 78% of
all respondents (see Fig. 3.).
2021
49%
50%
50%
51%
2016
FEMALE
MALE
Figure 2. “Digital Nomads Gender”
Source: N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2016, p. 40,
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad, Retrieved from:
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
18-24
0%
0%
7%
16%
27%
51%
As an observation from 2021 research we can assume that group in age between 18-24% and
65+ was not registered or did not occur during the research. Second highest group based on the
research was in a group between 45-54 age equal to 16% of all the respondents.
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Figure 3. “Digital Nomads Age”
K. Heather, A. Diego, Work and Wander: Meet Today’s Digital Nomads, 2021, ATTA, p. 11
When it comes to the digital nomads professions (see Fig. 4), the answers include 46 different
professions.
Figure 4.1 “Digital Nomads Jobs”
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad, Retrieved from:
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
However, it is possible to estimate that 51% of nomads worked in marketing, IT/Development,
design, writing, and eCommerce and the 14% worked in traditional fields like architecture,
medicine, law, urban planning, engineering, and more. Based on the research results it is also
possible to say that, majority of digital nomads were self-employed (see Figure 4.2), with the
rest of 14% being employed by other companies – working remotely. In a group of selfemployed workers 66% were having own business, while the rest 34% works as freelancers or
gig workers25.
Company employed
Self-employed
17%
83%
Figure 4.2 “Digital Nomads Employment Status”
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad, Retrieved from:
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
It looks like, modern nomads are a very heterogeneous group. However, on closer inspection,
there are some common features that almost all respondents agree. The greatest value of modern
nomadism is independence (see Figure 5) and was listed on top (in group between 75% to 60%)
with freedom and ability to learn about new cultures. In the group of importance in the middle
rank (between 54% to 45%), respondents has chosen self-realisation, no monotony, having
good memories and fulfillment of dreams as a key values. In the last group of rank (from 7%
to 27%), digital nomads put constant changes, relax, productivity, no commitments and others
advantages.
25
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
Abroad,
Retrieved
from:
Independence
75%
Freedom
68%
Learning about new cultures
63%
Self-realisation
54%
No monotony
52%
Memories
51%
Fulfilment of dreams
45%
Constant changes
27%
Relax
27%
Productivity
22%
No commitments
Others
18%
7%
Figure 5. “The advantages of digital nomadism”
Soruce: N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2016, p. 42.
Loneliness, keeping contact with family and the feeling of not having home are cited by
respondents who consider themselves as nomads or who live this lifestyle as the main
disadvantages of nomadic lifestyle (see Figure 6). One fifth and more people also specified
disadvantages such as: lack of stability, sense of alienation, missing relatives and difficulties
with having communication with others people. Also the study from 2021 is listing the
loneliness, missing family and friends as the first reason that digital nomads are going back to
their homes of origin 26.
Loneliness
37%
Difficult contact with relatives
35%
No home
32%
Lack of stability
27%
Sense of alienation
26%
Missing relatives
24%
Difficulty communicating with people
22%
Uncertainty
16%
Inability to start a family
9%
Others
9%
Any of them
7%
Figure 6. “The disadvantages of digital nomadism”
Soruce: N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2016, p. 40.
According to the countries experienced, digital nomads community seems to dispersed.
However based on the graph (see Fig. 7), it is possible to say that almost one third of
respondents has already been in 3 to 4 countries. It is possible to find the new digital nomads
26
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
Abroad,
Retrieved
from:
one the graph, because from 13% of surveys people stated that they have been in at least one
foreign country. There is also a big group of digital nomads (11%) that have visit even 10 and
more countries.
16%
16%
13%
11%
8%
11%
7%
7%
5%
5%
0%
Inside
home
country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10+
Figure 7. “Digital Nomads countries experienced”
K. Heather, A. Diego, Work and Wander: Meet Today’s Digital Nomads, 2021, ATTA, p. 13
According to A Brother Abroad survey, the surveyed average period of traveling in life of
digital nomads is 6,1 years on average, and 85% have been on the road longer than 1 year 27.
The observation can be proved by also by the data from ATTA, in which we can observe (see
Fig. 8) two fifths of respondents experienced the digital lifestyle for 5 and more years, and 80%
of all respondents have been at least experiencing it for 1 year. The third group that experienced
being digital nomads for less than one year is equal to of one fifth of those surveyed (20%).
40%
20%
18%
12%
7%
3%
<1 year
1-2y years
2-3years
3-4years
4-5years
5+ years
Figure 8. “Digital Nomads experience duration”
K. Heather, A. Diego, Work and Wander: Meet Today’s Digital Nomads, 2021, ATTA, p. 14
27
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
Abroad,
Retrieved
from:
5. Analysis and Interpretation of Results
5.1 What are the preferences for digital nomads?
The modern nomad is often, but not always, self-employment, freelancing which is are the most
attractive type of work for digital nomads (83%), as shown by A Brother Abroad. According to
data from report digital nomads often use coworking space (office shared with other nomads)
as an office. The report on digital nomads states: "Coworking spaces are spaces where you can
rent a place to work (usually a desk or a room) for hours, specific days or permanently.
Coworking spaces provide all the amenities found in traditional offices, such as Internet access,
scanners, printers, a shared kitchen, meeting spaces, conference rooms. People who do not have
a common employer work there. They are united by the space they share" 28. Coworking has the
following advantages compared to working from home, a restaurant or a café: stable and fast
internet, office equipment (ergonomic table, printer, fax), meeting similar people, exchange of
experience, conferences/training, organization of business meetings, possibility of separating
work and free time. Speaking of disadvantages, the most important are the cost of rent and the
time spent commuting to the office.
An analysis of the popular website nomadlist.com (which enables people to search for their
next (new) place of residence), has identified the following criteria for choosing this city:
popular and less popular ones. Popular criteria include: cost of living (short-term rent, meals),
Internet (cost, speed, stability), culture, language, weather/climate (distance to sea/mountains,
cleanliness of air), visa (availability, cost, deadline) and insurance, entertainment (clubs,
attractions), safety, cost of moving. Less popular criteria include: LGBT friendliness status,
democratic countries, low number of tourists, humidity, noise/light pollution, and many more.
Once you have specified your preferences, the result is a list of cities around the world that meet
your criteria29.
According to the research from 2021, the most rated countries by digital nomads are as follow:
Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia, Colombia, Vietnam, Portugal, Turkey, Costa Rica, Brazil,
Philippines.
28
N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2016, p. 26.
29
Community of 26,560 remote workers living around the world, Retrieved from: https://nomadlist.com
Figure 9. “Digital Nomads Top Rated Destinations”
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad, Retrieved from:
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
Mexico was rated as the top destination for digital nomads by 13% of surveyed nomads,
followed by Thailand (12% of surveyed nomads), Indonesia (9% of surveyed nomads), and
Colombia (7% of surveyed nomads) and Vietnam (5 percent of nomads surveyed). In the
Western Europe Portugal was often choose as best region. Turkey was choose as digital nomads
are in the Middle East. Croatia is popular in Eastern Europe. Southeast Asia was chosen as the
most popular region for Digital Nomads with 34% of all votes. Central America with 16% of
the votes, followed by South America that collected all 13% of the votes30.
5.2 Why the sector is growing?
There is no denying that nomadism as a lifestyle is a growing trend. It is influenced by both
social and technological changes, among which it is worth mentioning especially 31:
1. Universal access to the Internet, the so-called networked society and the development
of technologies. It can be clearly observed in the statistics of the Internet connectivity
development, that more and more place are becoming connected to the Internet. With
the development of the Internet numerous of places are becoming more friendly for all
travelers, including Digital Nomads. Also the improvement of the quality of the Internet
is luring the travelers, since all teleworkers need it to be able to work.
30
Carlos, 63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021, A Brother Abroad,
https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/#WHO-ARE-DIGITAL-NOMADS
31
N. Hatalska, Report About Digital Nomads, Infuture Hatalska Foresight Institute 2017, p. 23
Retrieved
from:
50%
2016
54%
56%
59%
2017
2018
2019
64%
66%
2020
2021
Figure 10. “Percentage Of People Having Access To The Internet”
Internet Growth Statistics, Retrieved from: https://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm
2. Knowledge-based economy and the growing role in it of professions from the STEM
category (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), which can be performed
remotely, especially based on the statistic before and after Covid-19 started.
3. Dynamic development of low-cost airlines, widespread availability and increasingly
competitive prices of flights;
4. Increasing urbanization, which means that small cities in Asia now offer the same
amenities as cities in Europe or America;
5. Generational changes and expectations of generation Y and Z towards work - instead of
working full-time in companies and corporations they choose to run their own business
or work freelancing (the so-called gig economy);
6. Social changes and expectations of young people towards life - generation Y, the most
strongly represented among contemporary nomads, has a much greater need for
experiences than previous generations; they do not want to regret that they missed
something in life, that they did not realized a dream; the combination of their passions,
desire for experiences and experiences with the possibility of gainful employment is
very tempting for them.
5.3 How the COVID-19 change the digital nomads trends?
2020 has changed the way we work, impacting every individual and organization around the
world. Now we are on the verge of a disruption of equal magnitude - a widespread shift to a
hybrid model, with some workers returning to offices and others continuing to work from home.
According to experts, flexible, hybrid work will stay on the marketplace permanently. The
authors believe that flexible working will define the post-pandemic workplace. Employees want
the best. And more than 70% of them expect flexible forms of remote working to continue. At
the same time, over 65% of them want to spend more time in person with their teams. To prepare
for this, 66% of business decision makers are considering redesigning their office space to better
accommodate hybrid working environments32.
Setting trends during a global pandemic that are sure to prevail can be difficult, but there are
still clues as to where the world of travel is heading, at least in the near future. Some observation
about digital nomads based on before and after Covid-19 changes can be observed (see Fig.
32
Microsoft, The Next Great Disruption Is Hybrid Work—Are We Ready, Retrieved from: https://www.microsoft.com/enus/worklab/work-trend-index/hybrid-work
11), especially in America, since lot of IT companies are located there. The number of
employees described as digital nomads before in 2019 was estimated as 7,3 million. After the
pandemic occurred we can observed increase of 49% in number of digital nomads in 2020. This
is a sufficient increase to indicate that there is a partial correlation between the two phenomena.
2019
2020
7,3
10,9
Figure 11. “Number of American Digital Nomads” (in millions)
COVID-19 and the Rise of the Digital Nomad,
Retrieved from: https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/2020-digital-nomads-report/
According to Airbnb, people have completely changed their approach to where, when and for
how long they go away. Nearly 25% of bookings in the first quarter of 2021 were made for
stays of 28 days or more. Most likely, many are combining remote work with the leisure
opportunities offered by the places they are staying. The CEO of Airbnb stated:
"I think people have now what they didn't have a year or two ago. A lot of
people now rely on flexibility. They want flexibility in travel, life and work –
and they're starting to put it all together." - Airbnb CEO Brian Chesky33
According to the Airbnb CEO, people will not give up on the new opportunities that the
pandemic has brought them.
5.4 Global mobility trends in digital nomads world.
Contemporary nomads are relatively young people (88% of respondents were aged 25-44 in the
Infuture Hatalska study, and 78% in A Brother Abroad), but gender is not a differentiating
factor in their case (51% of Infuture Hatalska respondents were men and 49% women, and in
ATTA, 50% women and 50% men). The contemporary nomad is often, a self-employed person,
a freelancer. There are also people who are employed by an employer but work remotely from
anywhere in the world. The most attractive type of work for digital nomads is self-employment,
self-employment and freelancing. As many as 83% of respondents describing themselves as
digital nomads or leading such a lifestyle declared that the most important value in life for them
is freedom. In second place - with 78% - was independence. Despite the casual treatment of the
concept of family in the traditional sense (parents, siblings, etc.), it is very important to modern
33
J. Bursztynsky, Airbnb announces a big new update focused on flexibility, Retrieved from:
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/24/airbnbs-big-new-update-is-focused-on-flexibility-heres-whats-new.html
nomads. 45% of respondents declared that they agree with the statement "family is very
important to me". Loneliness and difficult contact with family are mentioned by respondents
considering themselves nomads or leading such a lifestyle as the main disadvantages of
nomadism. In the research showed that one of the most popular profession that digital nomads
work in is marketing, followed by IT/Development. The average time that digital nomad spend
during his visit in foreign country is equal 6,1 years. Countries are trying to adapt their visa
requirements and options for the new needs for digital nomads including.
Most rated countries by digital nomads are as follow: Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia, Colombia,
Vietnam, Portugal, Turkey, Costa Rica, Brazil, Philippines.
6. Conclusion
The occurrence of the phenomenon of digital nomads proves that there is a market demand for
development in this direction. At the moment there are 10.9 million digital nomads only in
America alone. The change in many countries as a result of the current situation has caused
many workers all around the world to change as a result of pandemics. The flexibility that
comes with remote working is certainly a factor that is increasing the number of digital nomads.
The majority of employees are not only happy to work remotely, but also cannot imagine going
back to their old ways of working. Such a large number of potential in still not completely
discovered group, creates a huge potential for the migration sector. Changes can already be seen
in many countries that are adapting their visa plans to the fulfill the needs of teleworkers. Most
of the digital nomads declare that they have already visited more than one country. Among the
growing trends, there is also an increase in those, who have been living this lifestyle for less
than one year. These in turn can be attributed to people who have switched to remote working
during their pandemic, leaving their office workplace. One tenth of nomads also reported that
they had already visited more than 10 countries. Some countries, in response to the growing
expectations of nomads, have gone a step further by investing in future projects focused on
attracting this target group. For example, the first digital nomad village in Madeira. This is
definitely the right direction that countries should take, especially those living mainly on
earrings based on tourism and those most threatened by depopulation. Accepting digital nomads
into a country can also significantly reduce the budget deficit caused by a pandemic. Changes
in the expectations of younger generations are also a strong sign of a changing labor market
that should not be ignored. The present work is necessarily incomplete, as it is only an
introduction to a more thorough analysis of the phenomenon of digital nomadism, which has
recently become extremely popular due to, among pandemic and the strong influence of the
media. Undoubtedly, this issue deserves more in-depth studies, the more so that only a few
studies on the chosen topic have been written so far.
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Appendix 1. List of Digital Nomads websites, blogs and groups.
The materials presented on the websites proved to be the most relevant for the work:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Digital Nomad (reddit.com)
63 Surprising Digital Nomad Statistics in 2021 | A BROTHER ABROAD
ATTA-Digital-Nomads-Research-Report-2021-12941205.pdf (adventuretravel.biz)
Madera przyjmie cyfrowych nomadów. Stworzyła dla nich wioskę - turystyka.rp.pl
Wedrowcy_RaportOWspolczesnychNomadach.pdf (hatalska.com)
Cyfrowi Nomadzi — Żyj tak, jak chcesz
Cyfrowi nomadzi (Digital Nomads) - nowy wymiar pracy zdalnej. - Dzień Szefa
(dzienszefa.pl)
Digital Nomad (reddit.com)
Nomad List — Best Places to Live for a Digital Nomad