DISCOURSE AND STYLISTICS: SLIDESMANIA.COM Methods of Analysis Talking Points 01 What is Discourse? 03 What is Stylistics? 02 Methods of Analysis in Discourse 04 SLIDESMANIA.COM Methods of Analysis in Stylistics GUESS THE EMOJI SLIDESMANIA.COM GO TO MENTI 7630 9321 SLIDESMANIA.COM GUESS THE EMOJI SLIDESMANIA.COM GUESS THE EMOJI SLIDESMANIA.COM DISCOURSE 01 Discourse ● The word ‘discourse’ comes from Latin ‘discursus‘ which denotes ‘conversation, speech’. ● According to Stubbs, discourse as “language above the sentence or above the clause”. SLIDESMANIA.COM ● While, Fasold defined discourse as is indeed the “study of many aspects of language use”. Examine "Please use the toilet, not the pool.” "Pool for members only." SLIDESMANIA.COM Did you know? SLIDESMANIA.COM ● Discourse analysis is a common qualitative research method in many humanities and social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies. Discourse, Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis Discourse Critical Discourse Analysis Discourse is communication. ● When the analysis of a particular Discourse Analysis Discourse Analysis is the process of analysing communication. discourse aims at exposing the covert ideology embedded in such a discourse, it can then be said to be at the domain of Critical Discourse Analysis. ● When Discourse Analysis becomes more SLIDESMANIA.COM critical, it becomes Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical Discourse Analysis Multiple CDA approaches explicitly or implicitly attempt to make links between micro-, meso-, and macroscale social phenomena, mapping discourse analyses across these scales correspondingly. SLIDESMANIA.COM ● At the microlevel of discursive events, researchers analyze texts or other forms of discourse to provide rich description (typically taking account of content, structure, grammar, vocabulary, intertextuality, and rhetorical or literary devices). ● At the mesolevel of discursive practice, analysts examine the processes underlying discursive production, dissemination, and assimilation, and interpret the discourse in relation to this contextual understanding. ● The macrolevel of social structures requires an understanding of the broader social context (including implicit and explicit rules, norms, or mores governing discourse and society). Macrolevel analysis likewise necessitates the reintegration of insights gleaned through the micro- and mesoscale investigations to explain the relationship between discourse, ideology, and the sociomaterial world. Basic Concepts in Discourse SLIDESMANIA.COM Text Coherence and Cohesion In Discourse, text simply means any instance of language in use. This comprises not only written language but also spoken language. Coherence concerns with sense in a text. Cohesion is how texts are held together lexically and grammatically as a whole. Context Context is a set of facts that surrounds a particular situation. Texts ● In Discourse, text simply means any instance of language in use. This comprises not only written language but also spoken language. This includes vocabulary, grammar, structure, and figures of speech. SLIDESMANIA.COM Coherence and Cohesion 1. Oko slapped his wife. His wife did not cook for him. (Coherent but not cohesive). 1. Oko slapped his wife because she did not cook for him. (Coherent and cohesive). 3. Oko slapped his wife because South Sudan is the newest African country. (Not coherent but cohesive). SLIDESMANIA.COM 3. Oko slapped his wife. South Sudan is the newest African country. (Not coherent and not cohesive). Context Social context plays a vital role in generating meaning in a discourse. According to van Dijk, “context is subjective mental model of communicative situation”. Communication is better understood in context. Two corroborates this fact in his explanation of context and its features which include: the physical situation, the interactants or interlocutors. SLIDESMANIA.COM CONTEXT ● Bring me a bat. ● Can you stay up all night? ● Who are you? SLIDESMANIA.COM “The Medium is The Message.” Marshall McLuhan SLIDESMANIA.COM GUESS THE EMOJI SLIDESMANIA.COM GUESS THE EMOJI SLIDESMANIA.COM COMMUNICATION 02 Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations. SLIDESMANIA.COM What is discourse analysis used for? SLIDESMANIA.COM Conducting discourse analysis means examining how language functions and how meaning is created in different social contexts. It can be applied to any instance of written or oral language, as well as non-verbal aspects of communication such as tone and gestures. Discourse Analysis SLIDESMANIA.COM Instead of focusing on smaller units of language, such as sounds, words or phrases, discourse analysis is used to study larger chunks of language, such as entire conversations, texts, or collections of texts. The selected sources can be analyzed on multiple levels. Level of communication What is analyzed? Vocabulary Words and phrases can be analyzed for ideological associations, formality, and euphemistic and metaphorical content. Grammar The way that sentences are constructed (e.g. verb tenses, active or passive construction, and the use of imperatives and questions) can reveal aspects of intended meaning. Structure The structure of a text can be analyzed for how it creates emphasis or builds a narrative. Genre Texts can be analyzed in relation to the conventions and communicative aims of their genre (e.g. political speeches or tabloid newspaper articles). Non-verbal communication Non-verbal aspects of speech, such as tone of voice, pauses, gestures, and sounds like “um”, can reveal aspects of a speaker’s intentions, attitudes, and emotions. METHOD OF ANALYSIS STEP 1 Define the research question and select the content of analysis STEP 3 SLIDESMANIA.COM Analyze the content for themes and patterns STEP 2 Gather information and theory on the context STEP 4 Review your results and draw conclusions STEP 1 Define the research question and select the content of analysis ● To do discourse analysis, you begin with a clearly defined research question. Once you have developed your question, select a range of material that is appropriate to answer it. SLIDESMANIA.COM STEP 2 Gather information and theory on the context Establish social and historical context in which the material was produced and intended to be received. Gather factual details of when and where the content was created, who the author is, who published it, and whom it was disseminated to. SLIDESMANIA.COM STEP 3 Analyze the content for themes and patterns This step involves closely examining various elements of the material – such as words, sentences, paragraphs, and overall structure – and relating them to attributes, themes, and patterns relevant to your research question SLIDESMANIA.COM STEP 4 Review your results and draw conclusions Once you have assigned particular attributes to elements of the material, reflect on your results to examine the function and meaning of the language used. Here, you will consider your analysis in relation to the broader context that you established earlier to draw conclusions that answer your research question. SLIDESMANIA.COM “Reading is important – read between the lines. Don’t swallow everything.” - Gwendolyn Brooks SLIDESMANIA.COM Thank you! Do you have any questions? ryan_calatong@rcc.edu.ph @yangyangwapo SLIDESMANIA.COM
