Constitutions - A constitution: is a set of rules, written and unwritten, that seek to establish the duties, powers, and functions of the various institutions of gov’t, regulate relations between them, and define the relationship between the state and the individual. - Constitutionalism: is the practice of limited gov’t ensured by the existence of a constitution. - Classification of Constitutions: Constitutions may be classified according to: a. Form: whether written or unwritten b. The ease with which the constitution can be changed c. The degree to which it is observed d. Content and institutional structure, i.e., whether it is monarchical, republican, federal, unitary, presidential, or parliamentary • - Purposes of a Constitution: 1. Empower states 2. Establish unifying values and goals 3. Provide gov’t stability 4. Protect freedom 5. Legitimize regimes - Libertarianism: the belief that the realm of individual liberty should be maximized through minimizing the scope of public authority - Gerrymandering: the manipulation of electoral boundaries so as to achieve political advantage for a party or candidate • - Constitutional Law: law that is based on a constitution • - Statute Law: law that is enacted by legislature • - Common Law: law based on custom and precedent or law that is supposedly common to all • - Bill of Rights: is a constitutional document that specifies the rights and freedoms of the individual, and thus defines the extent or range of civil liberties • - Negative Rights: outline the responsibilities of gov’t. They put limitations on gov’t to insure civil liberties • - Positive Rights: rights that make demands on gov’t in terms of resources and support, and thus extend its responsibilities economically and socially, such as in the social democratic states