RESEARCH TOOL & DATA COLLECTION METHOD INTRODUCTION Tools Tools need to be strong enough to support what the evaluations find during research. Depending on the nature of the information to be gathered, different instruments are used to conduct the assessment forms for gathering data. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com are instruments used to collect information for performance assessments, self-evaluations, and external evaluations. DEFINITION OF TOOL: It It is an instrument or machine that aids in accomplishing a task. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com is a testing device for measuring a given event, such as , a questionnaire, an interview or a set of guidelines or checklist for observation. MEANING OF RESEARCH TOOLS: Research tools are: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com the Instruments used for the purpose of data collection, are measurable and observable for data analysis & interpretation constructed by researcher according to objectives. PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESEARCH TOOL: questioning words must be concise, complete and definite. Principles Tool must not be too long or too short. It should complete within 25-30 minutes. Should be attractive in appearance. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Keep in mind the sequence and order of question i.e. psychological order. One question should not influence the other. WHAT IS DATA? “Data is a collection of facts.” Such as numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things. Qualitative data is descriptive information (it describes something) Quantitative data, is numerical information (numbers). Discrete data can only take certain values (like whole numbers) Continuous data can take any value (within a range) DEFINITION OF DATA www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Data collection is a systematic process of collecting detail information about desire objective from selected sample under controlled settings. EXERCISE What type of data is it (about dog)? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. He has 4 legs He has lots of energy He is brown and black He weighs 25.5 kg He has 2 brothers He has long hair He is 565 mm tall DATA COLLECTION: personal contact observations is needed no direct contact to gather information. face to face contact with the participants is required. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Primary data collection Secondary data collection SOURCES OF DATA 1. Primary Data 2. The data collected first hand by researcher for his research Secondary Data The data which is already collected by someone It is readymade data PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: • to gain general answers to basic questions. Direct observation • When the researcher is directly involved with the study group. Interviews Focus groups • used to gain more in depth answers to complex questions. • certain sample groups are asked their opinion about a certain subject or theory. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com In-person surveys CONTD…….. E.g. Socio-economic surveys, studies related to rural or tribal communities, nursing research, hospital management studies, knowledge awareness practice studies etc. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com These data collection tools: allow for a true measurement of accuracy and let the researcher obtain any unspoken observations about the participants while conducting research. Sources of Data Collection Primary Source Observation Interview Questionnaire Schedules Secondary Source Unpublished Published Books Websites Other Warranty Cards Distributor Audit Pantry Audits Consumer Panels Mechanical Devices Projective Techniques Depth Interviews Content analysis Newspapers Magazines Journals Government Reports Publications Research reports SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION: Postal mail Electronic mail when very large group of population is required. When Personal contact is not possible for the researcher to collect the data. e.g: Institutional survey, organizational research etc. Telephone Web-based surveys www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com It is done : METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: Method (1) observation method (2) interview method (3) Questionnaire (4) physiological measurement www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com refers to the way of gathering data, a tool is an instrument used for the method. ONE OR MORE METHODS HAS/HAVE TO BE CHOSEN. THE CHOICE OF A METHOD DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS: The www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com nature of the study of the subject-matter. The unit of enquiry. The size and spread of the sample. Scale of the survey. The educational level of respondents. The type and depth of information to be collected. The availability of skilled and trained manpower. 1) OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com One of the basic method and oldest method. Data is obtained by investigator own direct observation without asking from the respondent. If observation is systematically planned and recorded can be used to checked for their validity and reliability. Assessed through senses with or without mechanical devices. Commonly used for behavioral studied. Types of Observation Technique: STRUCTURED • The observation does not take place as in structured observation. • E.g. Explanatory studies www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com • Standardized condition of observation. • Careful definition of units to be observed. • The style of recording the observed information • E.g. Descriptive studies UNSTRUCTURED Instruments/ Tools for observation method: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Field notes Anecdotes Checklist FIELD NOTES www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Refers to notes created by the researcher during the act of qualitative fieldwork to remember and record the behaviors, activities, events, and other features of an observation. Field notes are intended to be read by the researcher as evidence to produce meaning and an understanding of the culture, social situation, or phenomenon being studied. The notes may constitute the whole data collected for a research study [e.g., an observational project] or contribute to it, such as when field notes supplement conventional interview data. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com ANECDOTES A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Advantages & Disadvantages of Observation Technique: Advantages Disadvantages 1) An expensive method 2) Relates to what is currently happening. 2) Information is very limited 3) Independent of respondent. 3) Unforeseen factors may interfere with the observational task. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com 1) Subject bias is eliminated. 2) INTERVIEW METHOD The It can be used through personal interviews and if possible, through telephone interview www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com interview method of collecting of data involves presentation of oral stimuli and reply in terms of oral response. CLASSIFICATION 2.2. Telephonic interview www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com 2.1. Personal interview A. Structured B. Unstructured C. Focused D. Clinical E. Non-directive 2.1 Personal interviews: Asking The sort of investigation may be in the form of direct personal investigation or may be indirect . www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com question generally in a face to face to collect the information. a) Structured interview: Involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and of highly standardized techniques of recording. Disadvantage Require less knowledge and skill Provide only superficial information Less time consuming More rigid hence no freedom More systematic and authentic Not possible in all situations www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Advantage b) Unstructured interviews: Advantage: Disadvantage Allow greater freedom to ask question It demands knowledge and greater skill Methods provide flexibility according to situation Difficult to analyze the information Data are more adequate and accurate Time consuming www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Flexibility of approach to questioning. It doesn’t follow a system of predetermined questions and standardized techniques of recording information. c) Focused interview: To focus attention on the given experience of the respondent and its effects. it is concerned with broad underlying feelings of individual's life experience. e) Non-directive interview: encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com d) Clinical interview: II. Telephone interview: collecting information consists in contacting respondents on telephone. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Advantage: It is more flexible in comparison to mailing method It is faster than other methods Recall is easy, call back are simple and economical Disadvantage: Shortage of time for respondents to reply Restricted to respondents who have telephone facilities 3) QUESTIONNAIRE: It www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com comprises a series of questions prepared by the researcher that are answered and filled by all the respondent. This is usually popular self report or selfadministered method. It commonly used to get demographic data. It allow the collection of larger data from large no. of sample quickly and inexpensively. Structure of Question: Open ended question Close ended/fixed/alternative •Limited respond. • difficult to analyze. •Easy to analysis e.g. Why did you choose to take your graduate work at this university? e.g. Have you ever taken a course in statistics? ( ) yes ( ) No www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com •When researcher want more information. ADVANTAGES Can www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com be posted, e-mailed or faxed. Can cover a large number of people or organizations. Wide geographic coverage. Relatively cheap. No prior arrangements are needed. Avoids embarrassment on the part of the respondent. Respondent can consider responses. DISADVANTAGES: Design www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com problems. Questions have to be relatively simple. Historically low response rate (although inducements may help). Time delay whilst waiting for responses to be returned. Require a return deadline. Several reminders may be required. Assumes no literacy problems. No control over who completes it. Not possible to give assistance if required. TYPES OF CLOSED ENDED QUESTION A. C. D. E. F. G. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com B. Dichotomous questions Multi choice questions Cafeteria questions Rank order questions Rating scale Checklist Visual analogue scales[VAS] A. Dichotomous questions www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com It makes the respondent to make a choice between two responses such as “Yes/No” “Male/Female” E.g. Have you been hospitalized? B. Multi-choice questions 1. 2. 3. 4. E.g. how important is to you to avoid a pregnancy at this time Extremely important Very important Somewhat important Not at all important www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com It offers more than two response alternatives Graded alternatives are preferable for opinion or attitude questions that give more information C. Cafeteria questions These are special type of MCQ that ask respondents to select a respondent’s response that most closely corresponds to their view. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com E.g. People have different opinion or attitude about use of estrogen replacement therapy for women in menopause, which of the following statements best represents our joint view? 1. Estrogen replacement is dangerous and should be banned 2. Estrogen replacement has some side effects that suggest need for caution 3. I am undecided about view of Estrogen replacement therapy 4. Estrogen replacement has many beneficial effects D. Rank-order questions It E.g. people value different things about life. Below is a list of principles or ideas that are often cited when people are asked to name things they value most by putting 1,2,3.etc. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Achievement and success Family relationship Health Money Religion www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com asks respondents to rank target concept along some continuum such as most favorable or most to least important. Respondents are asked to mark 1,2,3,4…. According to their importance and their should not be more than10 alternatives F. Rating scale It asks the respondent to judge something along an order dimension. Extremely dissatisfied 0 1 2 3 4 Extremely satisfied 5 6 7 8 9 10 www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com e.g. How satisfied are you with the nursing care during your hospitalization? G. VISUAL ANALOG SCALE It is useful for assessing perception of physic stimuli such as pain, sleep, quality and shortness of breath. It is easy to develop for researcher. Widest possibility range of expression. Disadvantage It includes concern with reliability and validity. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com Advantage www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com 4) PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT: It can be classified as In Vivo and In Vitro. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com In Vivo includes measurements of those which are performed directly within or living organisms themselves; such as blood flow determination through radiography, IVP, cholecystography. An In Vitro measurement by contrast is performed outside the organism’s body, such as blood glucose, blood urea, serum Na+, K+. Physiological measurement can also be classified as listed below: Physical www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com measurement – Temperature, volume, pressure, electrical measures. Chemical measurements – hormones levels, sugar, urea, Hb%, potassium level, etc. Microbiological measurement – bacterial counts and identification. Anatomical and Cytological measurement – X-rays, tissue biopsies, tomography, CAT scan, etc. Thank you www.vipinpatidar.wordress.com