Evolution of Globalization and figures of it:
In the 1980’s, the term “globalization” has become a common word manifesting advances in
modern technologies that have made international transactions, in both trade and finances,
convenient, accessible, and easy.
The concept of globalization is a phenomenon of global networks, which provide the
foundation for the transmission of goods and services, ideas, information, and people. The
foundation of globalization is commonality, which includes the development of similar
values in societies around the world.
Anthony Giddens stated in 1990 that globalization is “the intensification of worldwide
social relations which link distant localities in such way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice versa”, thereby changing all aspects of our
everyday life.
a. His works has supported this claim when he highlighted in his definition that
globalization is the process of intensifying social relationships among countries
around the world connecting separate localities in a manner in which local events are
formed as a result of happenings that have occurred from afar.
Martin Khor (1990) has declared that globalization is what we in the third world have for
several centuries called colonization and said that “Globalization is occurring through and
with regression, colonialism, and destabilization”
In 1992, Kenichi Ohmae defined that Globalization is the onset of a borderless world.
Consequentially, the nation state is believed to become of an openness to the other nations.
George Ritzer asserted that Globalization as the process by which people, objects, and
information flow across the planet as well as any form of structures they encounter that may
act as barriers or catalysts to the said flow or it is a trans planetary process or set of
processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people,
objects, places, information including structures they encounter and create that are barriers
to, or expedite, those flows.
Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization, states
that globalization: is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things
moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the
world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world.
On the legacy of Robert Cox specified that "The characteristics of globalization trend
include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new
migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that
accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state"
The State of Globalization today is that cross-border flows plummeted in 2020 as the Covid19 pandemic swept the world, reinforcing doubts about the future of globalization. As we
move into 2021, the latest data paint a clearer — and more hopeful — picture. Global
business is not going away, but the landscape is shifting, with important implications for
strategy and management.
William Edward Hall or mostly known as W.E. Hall argued that international law is a
product of the special civilization of modern Europe and forms a highly artificial system of
which the principle cannot be understood or recognized by differently civilized countries.
Adam Smith is an eighteenth-century political economist, who defined “division of labor” as
the specialization of workers in different parts of the production process, usually in factory
setting.
John Stuart Mill a philosopher who took a hold of an account of utilitarianism that is the
greatest good of the greatest number that led him believed that civilization was singular and
hierarchical.
Gary Gereffi is an emeritus Professor of Sociology and Director of the Global Value Chains
Center at Duke University that mentioned that the global changes are attributed to how the
global economy is organized and governed and he discusses these ideas to his journal
entitled, “The Global Economy: Organization, Governance, and Development”.
Roland Robertson in his book Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture defined
globalization as the “understanding of the world and the increased perception of the world
as a whole.
Major-General John Frederick Charles Fuller or J.F.C Fuller was a senior British Army
officer, military historian, and strategist, known as an early theorist of modern armoured
warfare, including categorising principles of warfare. He emphasized in smaller wars against
uncivilized nations, the form of warfare to be adopted must tone with the shade of culture
existing in the land. It implies when warring with uncivilized states, the opposing state must
observe the culture of the nation it is warring with.
According to World Health Organization, globalization can be defined as the increased
interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries
Ideologies in Globalization:
Cultural Hybridization – it is the mixing of cultures and the integration of the global and
local which leads to unique combinations. The convergence of different elements of various
cultures. These elements, such as food, language, fashion, or music, are modified from one
culture to adhere to cultural norms of another.
Homogeneity – It is an aspect imperialism of cultural globalization, listed as one of its main
characteristics, and refers to the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization
and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols—not only physical objects but customs,
ideas and values. Example of this is the McDonaldization as the process of Western
companies to spread and dominate the fast-food business all over the world.
Semi- periphery – it is a world system theory that these are the countries that have
organizational characteristics of both core countries and periphery countries and are often
geographically located between core and peripheral regions as well as between two or more
competing core regions.
Heterogeneity - meaning “race” or “type, class.” An aspect of glocalization is generally used
to describe a quality of cultural diversity, mostly as antidote of the cultural convergencethesis, which proposes an increasing homogenization of culture through globalization. It is
seen in the creation of multifarious cultural practices, new economies and political groups as
the product of interactions of societies.
Cultural Imperialism – It signifies when one culture imposes itself on and furthers to smash
a part of another culture. It is most broadly to the exercise of domination in cultural
relationships in which the values, practices, and meanings of a powerful foreign culture are
imposed upon one or more native cultures.
Idealism - In general is the belief in a perfect system. In reference to globalization, this can
mean many things. One view of idealism in globalization is the eventual creation of a world
government. Another is creating a worldwide economy that benefits all the peoples of the
world.
Technology - has played a pivotal role in speeding up globalization, while globalization
itself has been a constant driving force for the newer technologies to surface. Thus, it can be
said that the globalization and technology have evolved as a twin phenomenon.
Division of Labor - the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, with each task
performed by a separate person or group of persons.
Solidity – a stumbling blocks and these are people, things, information, and places "harden"
over time and therefore have limited mobility.
Liquidity – is to ease as increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and
places in the global age.
World Systems Theories:
a. Core countries - are wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant social power and
colonial power.
b. Peripheral countries - are poor, have exploitable resources, and do not possess great
social stability or government.
c. Semi-peripheral countries - have some of the characteristics of core and peripheral
countries.
d. External areas - are countries or regions that fall outside of the scope of world
systems theory.
According to Gary Gereffi there are 3 different levels of analysis:
1. Macro Level - establish rules and norms for the global community.
2. Meso Level – the building blocks for the global economy.
3. Micro Level - resistance to globalization or the individuals.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) - deals with the global rules of trade between
nations. Its operations are premised on the neoliberal idea that all nations benefit from free
and open trade and it is dedicated to reducing or ultimately eliminating barriers of trade.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - This organization deals with exchange rates,
balances of payments, international capital flows, and the monitoring of member states and
their macroeconomic policies. It works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all
of its 190 member countries
The World Bank - It is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to
the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital
projects. It provides funds to government-sponsored or guaranteed programs to the member
states that are middle-income or creditworthy poorer nations.
European Union (EU) - This organization was designed to enhance European political and
economic integration by creating a single currency (the euro), a unified foreign and security
policy, and common citizenship rights and by advancing cooperation in the areas of
immigration, asylum, and judicial affairs.
a. The former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton (1999) praised the Eastern European
economic transition towards capitalism by saying, “The emergence of new
businesses and shopping centers in former communist countries should be seen as
the ‘backbone of democracy.’
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - an agreement signed by Canada,
Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. This pact
effectively created a free-trade bloc among the three largest countries of North America that
would bring prosperity through increased trade and production, resulting in the creation of
millions of well-paying jobs in all participating countries.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - is a legal agreement between many
countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or
eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - is an intergovernmental
organization oil demand supply market upstream and downstream.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – It measures the monetary value of final goods and
services—that is, those that are bought by the final user—produced in a country in a given
period of time (say a quarter or a year). It counts all of the output generated within the
borders of a country.
Types of Sectors/Industries:
1. Primary sectors/industries – It focuses on converting and extracting raw materials.
Examples: Mining, forestry, agriculture, etc.
2. Secondary sectors/industries – It performs the function of converting and processing
raw materials into usable goods.
Examples: Bearing, manufacturing, etc.
3. Tertiary sectors/industries – it provide services that are intangible in nature.
Examples: Consulting, financial services, delivery services, etc.
Three categories of humanity or concentric zones of humanity of James Lorimer:
1. Civilized humanity - Having an advanced or humane culture, society, etc. polite;
well-bred; refined. of or relating to civilized people and the civilized world must
fight ignorance.
2. Barbaric/Barbarous humanity – included ‘semi-peripheral’ states such as China,
Turkey and Egypt, which Lorimer recognized as states but not as full members of the
‘civilized’ European family of nations.
3. Savage humanity - referred to the colonized ‘periphery,’ particularly Africa, whose
peoples were not recognized as having any collective legal personality.
Economic integration - is an arrangement among nations that typically includes the
reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal
policies.
Tariffs – It gives a price advantage to locally-produced goods over similar goods which are
imported, and they raise revenues for governments.
The Law of Belligerent Occupation – It is a compact between so-called civilized states not
to unilaterally challenge each other’s legitimate right to rule. Also, it governs the
relationship between the occupying power, on the one hand, and the wholly or partially
occupied State and its inhabitants, including refugees and stateless persons, on the other. It
is applicable only in international armed conflicts.
Transformative Occupation - A rule in which sovereignty resides permanently in the people
or nation not on its head. Introduced by Professor Adam Roberts describe Iraq and other
occupations 'whose stated purpose (whether or not actually achieved) is to change states that
have failed, or have been under tyrannical rule'.
Government - The governing body of a nation, state, or community. It is an agency through
which the state exercises its sovereign power over all persons and things within its
jurisdiction.
People - are human beings in general or considered collectively.
Territory - an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state.
Sovereignty - the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.
Social Group - consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual
expectations and who share a common identity.
2 Types of Governance:
1. Local Governance – It is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration
within a particular sovereign state. This particular usage of the word government
refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-localised
and has limited powers.
2. Global Governance - It encompasses activities that transcend national boundaries
including ways in which global affairs are managed.
Five Areas: Peace & Security, Environment & Sustainable Development, Global
Economy, Global Justice and Global Education.
The Economic Divide:
1. Microeconomics - is the study of individuals and business decisions.
2. Macroeconomics - looks at the decisions of countries and governments.
Multinational Corporation - is a company that does business in a select few countries around
the world and operates facilities such as warehouses or distribution centres in at least one
foreign country.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in
a business, in real estate or in productive assets such as factories in one country by an entity
based in another country.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - is an international standard
development organization composed of representatives from the national standards
organizations of member countries.