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Filum Porifera (Hewan Berpori)
Marine Demospongiae on Caribbean coral reefs. A, Pseudoceratina crassa is a colorful sponge growing at moderate
depths. B, Ectyoplasia ferox is irregular in shape and its oscula form small, volcano-like cones. It is toxic and may cause skin
irritation if touched. C, Monanchora unguifera with commensal brittle star, Ophiothrix suensoni (phylum Echinodermata,
class Ophiuroidea).
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Introduction
• Sponges belong to phylum Porifera (po-rif´-er-a) (L. porus, pore, + fera, bearing).
Sponges bear myriads of tiny pores and canals that constitute a filter-feeding
system adequate for their inactive life habit.
• They are sessile animals and depend on water currents carried through their
unique canal systems to bring them food and oxygen and to carry away their body
wastes.
• Their bodies are little more than masses of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix
and stiffened by a skeleton of minute spicules of calcium carbonate or silica and
collagen.
• They have no organs or true tissues, and even their cells show a certain degree of
independence. As sessile animals with only negligible body movement, they have
not evolved a nervous system or sense organs and have only the simplest of
contractile elements.
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Introduction
• So, although they are multicellular, sponges share few of the characteristics of
other metazoan phyla. For this reason they are often called Parazoa (Gr. para,
beside or alongside of,+ zo¯on, animal).
• Sponges vary in size from a few millimeters to the great loggerhead sponges,
which may reach 2 m or more across.
• Many sponge species are brightly colored because of pigments in their dermal
cells. Red, yellow, orange, green, and purple sponges are not uncommon.
However, color fades quickly when sponges are removed from water.
• Some sponges, including the simplest, are radially symmetrical, but many are
quite irregular in shape. Some stand erect, some are branched or lobed, and
others are low, even encrusting, in form. Some bore holes into shells or rocks.
Giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) is the largest species of sponge found growing on Caribbean coral
reefsIt is common at depths greater than 10 metres (33 ft) down to 120 metres (390 ft) and can reach a
diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet).
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Some growth habits and forms of
sponges.
Some growth habits and forms
of sponges.
(a) A vase-shaped sponge. (b) Structural framework
of Venus’s fl ower basket (Euplectella). In this marine sponge, fused-together
silica spicules form a rigid network. A thin layer of fl attened cells stretches over
its outer surface. A tuft of spicules anchors the sponge to a surface. (c) A basket
sponge releasing a cloud of sperm. (d) Encrusting sponge growing on a ledge in
a temperate sea.
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• Sponges are an ancient group, with an abundant fossil record extending back to
the early Cambrian period and even, according to some claims, the
Precambrian.
• Living poriferans traditionally have been assigned to three classes: Calcarea
(with calcareous spicules), Hexactinellida (six-rayed siliceous spicules), and
Demospongiae (with a skeleton of siliceous spicules or spongin [a specialized
collagen] or both). A fourth class (Sclerospongiae) was created to contain
sponges with a massive calcareous skeleton and siliceous spicules.
• Some zoologists maintain that known species of sclerosponges can be placed in
the traditional Classes of sponges (Calcarea and Demospongiae); thus, we do
not need a new class.
Position in Animal Kingdom
• Multicellular organisms (metazoa) are
typically divided into three grades: (1)
Mesozoa (a single phylum), (2) Parazoa
(phylum Porifera, sponges; and phylum
Placozoa), and (3) Eumetazoa (all other
phyla).
• Although Mesozoa and Parazoa are
multicellular, their plan of organization is
distinct from that in the eumetazoan
phyla. Such cellular layers as they possess
are not homologous to the germ layers of
the Eumetazoa, and neither group has
developmental patterns resembling those
of other metazoa.
• The name Parazoa means the “besideanimals.”
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Biological Contributions
• Although the simplest in organization of all metazoa,
these groups do compose a higher level of morphological
and physiological integration than that found in protozoan
colonies. Mesozoa and Parazoa may be said to belong to a
cellular level of organization.
• Sponges (poriferans) have several types of cells
differentiated for various functions, some of which are
organized into incipient tissues of a low level of
integration.
• Developmental patterns of poriferans are different from
those of other phyla, and their embryonic layers are not
homologous to the germ layers of Eumetazoa.
• Sponges have developed a unique system of water
currents on which they depend for food and oxygen.
Characteristics of Phylum Porifera
o Porifera animals are multi cellular, sessile and
sedentary animals.
o Some of them show radial symmetry, but a few
are asymmetrical.
o These are cellular grade metozoan animals.
o They are mainly marine, but 'spongillidae' is a
fresh water family.
o Poriferans may show different colours because of
lipochrome in chromocyte ccDs.
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o Poriferans are diploblastic animals, they show
outer pinacoderm, (dermal layer), inner choanoderm
(gastral layer) and in between them mesenchyme
is present.The mesenchyme contains
Amoebocytes and Spicules.
o On the body of sponges a number of dermal ostia
are present.
o In sponges the centre of the body paragastric
cavity is present.
o The skeletal system of sponges include spicules.
They are made by CaC03 or silicon or spongin.
o In the body of sponges canal system is present. By
the action of flagella water current is brought in. It is
called incurrent water current. It is respiratory
and nutritive.
o The water that flows out through osculum is called
excurrent water. It takes away waste materials.
o The choanocytes or collar cells will filter the water
and-catch the prey. They digest the food. They are
nutritive cells.
o Definite digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems
are absent.
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o The archaeocytes will produce sex cells.
o Asexual reproduction is carried on by budding,
gemmule formation etc.
o Porifera animals are bisexual and protandrous.
Fertilization is internal.
o in sponges two types of larva are
seen, parenchymula and amphiblastula larva.
o Sponges show high capacity of regeneration.
Form & Fuction
• The only body openings of these unusual
animals are pores, usually many tiny ones
called ostia for incoming water, and one to
a few large ones called oscula (sing.,
osculum) forwater outlet.
• These openings are connected by a system
of canals, some of which are lined with
peculiar flagellated collar cells called
choanocytes, whose flagella maintain a
current of environmental water through
the canals.
• Water enters the canals through a
multitude of tiny incurrent pores (dermal
ostia) and leaves by way of one or more
large oscula.
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• Terdiri dari nukleus, sebuah vakuola atau
lebih dan flagelum, mempunyai struktur
menyerupai krag bersifat transparan,
mengelilingi pangkal fagelum
• Gerakan flagelum menyebabkan partikel
padat yang datang bersama air melekat di
bagian luar leher.
• Selanjutnya protoplasma leher mengalirkan
makanan ke pangkal leher dan terjadilah
ingesti dan terbentuklah vakuola makanan.
• Flagelum juga berfungsi untuk menangkap
makanan
• Makanan terdiri dari plankton, hewan
mikroskopis dan bahan organik.
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Sponge structure
(a) Tube sponges
(Spinosella plicifera) from
the Caribbean, attached to
the coral reef substrate.
(b) Diagram of a simple
sponge cut to expose
its organization. Collar
cells (choanocytes) beat
their flagella, producing a current of water that
enters through the pores.
The water passes
through the spongocoel
and exits through the
osculum. Food particles
in the stream of water are
trapped by the collars.
• Choanocytes not only keep the water
moving but also trap and phagocytize food
particles that are carried in the water. Cells
lining the passageways are very loosely
organized. Collapse of the canals is
prevented by the skeleton, which, depending
on the species, may be composed of
needlelike calcareous or siliceous spicules, a
meshwork of organic sponging fibers, or a
combination of the two.
• Sessile, or almost sessile, animals make few
movements and therefore need little in the
way of nervous, sensory, or locomotor parts.
Sponges apparently have been sessile from
their earliest appearance and have never
acquired specialized nervous or sensory
structures, and they have only the very
simplest of contractile systems.
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Types of Canal Systems
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Types of Canal Systems
Most sponges have one of
three types of canal systems—
asconoid, syconoid, or
leuconoid.
Tipe Askonoid: Air masuk
kedalam tubuh spons melalui
ostium, langsung ke
spongosoel yg diselaputi
koanosit dan keluar melalui
oskulum
Tipe Sikonoid
• Air masuk melalui ostium
secara berturut-turut ke kanal
inkuren yg teratur secara radial
→ porosit → kanal radial
berflagelum (kamar
berflagelum) → apopil →
spongosoel → oskulum.
• Spongosoel dari tipe in dilapisi
oleh epitel pipih dan bukan
koanosit
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Tipe Leukonoid
Pada tipe in terdapat mesenkhim dan
badan sangat tebal serta banyak kanal
Kamar flagelum terbagi menjadi banyak
kamar oval, sistem kanal lebih
kompleks.
Tipe leukonoid ada bermacam macam:
• Leukonoid euripil sederhana
• Leukonoid kompleks
• Leukonoid apodal
• Leukonoid diplodal
Pinacocytes
Types of Poriferans Cells
Sponge cells are loosely
arranged in a gelatinous
matrix called mesohyl (also
called mesoglea, or
mesenchyme).
The mesohyl is the “connective
tissue” of the sponges; in it are
found various ameboid cells,
fibrils, and skeletal elements.
Several types of cells occur in
sponges.
Porocytes
Choanocytes
Archaeocytes
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Pinacocytes
The nearest approach to a true
tissue in sponges is arrangement of
the pinacocyte cells of the external
epithelium. These are thin, flat,
epithelial-type cells that cover the
exterior surface and some interior
surfaces. Some are T shaped, with
their cell bodies extending into the
mesohyl. Pinacocytes are
somewhat contractile and help
regulate the surface area of the
sponge. Some pinacocytes are
modified as contractile myocytes,
which are usually arranged in
circular bands around the oscula or
pores, where they help regulate the
rate of water flow. Myocytes
contain microfilaments similar to
those found in muscle cells of other
animals.
Porocytes
Tubular cells that pierce the
wall of asconoid sponges,
through
which water flows, are called
porocytes (see figure 6.3).
Choanocytes
Choanocytes, which line
flagellated canals and
chambers, are ovoid cells with
one end embedded in mesohyl
and the other exposed. The
exposed end bears a flagellum
surrounded by a collar.
Electron microscopy shows
that the collar is made up of
adjacent microvilli, connected
to each other by delicate
microfibrils, so that the collar
forms a fine filtering device for
straining food particles from
the water
Food trapping by
sponge cells. A,
Cutaway section
of canals showing
cellular structure and
direction
of water flow. B, Two
choanocytes. C,
Structure
of the collar. Small red
arrows indicate
movement
of food particles.
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Archaeocytes
• Archaeocytes are ameboid cells
that move about in the mesohyl
and carry out a number of
functions. They can phagocytize
particles at the external
epithelium and receive particles
for digestion from choanocytes.
• Archaeocytes apparently can
differentiate into any of the other
types of more specialized cells in
the sponge. Some, called
sclerocytes, secrete spicules.
Others, called spongocytes,
secrete the spongin fibers of the
skeleton, and collencytes secrete
fibrillar collagen.
Arkeosit; Sel yang mampu berkembang menjadi sel kelamin
dan sel yang terspesialisasi seperti sklerosit (spikula), spongosit
(serabut sponging dari skeleton), dan kolensist (serabut
kolagen).
Kolensit; Sel-sel berbentuk bintang dan merupakan jaringan
ikat
Miosit ; Sel-sel kontraktil yg membentuk springter di sekitar
ostium, apopil dan oskulum
Skleroblas ; Sel yg menghasilkan serabut spongin, di sekitar
serabut organik. Menurut hasilnya bisa disebut kalkoblas
(membentuk kapur), silikoblas (membentuk silika dan
spongioblas (membentuk spongin)
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Types of Skeletons
• Its skeleton gives support to a sponge,
preventing collapse of canals and
chambers.
• The major structural protein in the
animal kingdom is collagen, and fibrils
of collagen are found throughout the
intercellular matrix of all sponges.
Callyspongia (Callyspongia roosevelti )
ectosomal skeleton
• In addition, various Demospongiae secrete a form of
collagen traditionally known as spongin. Demospongiae
also secrete siliceous spicules. Calcareous sponges secrete
spicules composed mostly of crystalline calcium carbonate
that have one, three, or four rays.
• Glass sponges have siliceous spicules with six rays
arranged in three planes at right angles to each other.
• There are many variations in the shape of spicules, and
these structural variations are of taxonomic importance.
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Type of spicules found in sponges. There is amazing diversity,
beauty, and complexcity of form among the many types of
spicules
Spikula
Grantia
compressa
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Reproduction and Development
• Aseksual: Pembentukan tunas, sesudah tunas
terbentuk akan terlepas dan tetap bergabung dng
induknya sehingga koloni mjd besar anggotanya.
Pembentukan tunas dalam (gemul) biasanya terjadi
pada keadaan tidak baik, dlm musim dingin atau
kering.
• Seksual ;Beberapa spons bersifat dioesius sebagian
besar bersifat monoesius. Ovum berkembang di dlm
arkeosit atau koanosit. Ovum tetap dlm mesenkhim
induk dan dibuahi di tempat tersebut. Sperma
tersebar bersama aliran air, dan bila masuk ke dalam
spongosoel melekat pada koanosit yg melepaskan
krag dan flagelum dan migrasi ke ovum, terjadilah
zigot
Sperm arise from
transformation of
choanocytes. In Calcarea
and at least some
Demospongiae, oocytes
also develop from
choanocytes; in other
demosponges oocytes
apparently are derived
from archaeocytes.
Sperm are released into
the water by one
individual and are
taken into the canal
system of another.
There choanocytes
phagocytize them, then
transform
into carrier cells and
carry the sperm through
the mesohyl to the
oocytes.
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Development of demosponges.
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Phylum Porifera: Class # 1. Calcarea or Calcispongiae— (Calcareous Sponges):
[Calcarea, L. Calcarious = limy, Calcispongiae, L. Calcis = genitive of calx =
lime or chalk]-
 Exclusively marine, shallow coastal water species, restricted to depth less
than 100 metres and require hard substratum for attachment.
 Small-sized sponges, about 10 cm in height.
 Cylindrical or vase-like in shape.
 Osculum narrow and placed terminall
 Osculum provided with oscular fringe.
 Comparatively large collared cells.
 Skeleton represented by free calcareous spicules.
 Spicules contain more CaCO3 (87%) than MgCO3 (7%) reported in
Leucandra sp. and often differentiated into megascleres and microscleres.
Organic matters in traces.
 Megascleres are monaxon, triaxon or tetraxon.
 Canal system is asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid type. Asconoid type of
canal system is found only in the class Calcarea.
Order 1. Homocoela:
 Asconoid sponges with small bodies.
 Thin body wall and usually not folded internally.
 Spongocoel is lined with choanocytes.
 Typical examples of this order are Clathrina, Leucosolenia, Ascute, Ascyssa
and Dendya.
Order 2. Heterocoela:
•
•
•
•
Syconoid and leuconoid sponges, comparatively with large bodies.
Thick body wall and folded internally.
Only the radial canals are lined by choanocytes.
Typical examples are Sycon (= Scypha), Grantia, Leucandra.
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Dendya
Leucosolenia
Clathrina clathrus
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Sycon quadrangulatum
Grantia compressa
Leucandra aspera
Order 1.
Heterocoela:
• Syconoid and
leuconoid
sponges, comparatively with
large bodies.
• Thick body
wall and folded
internally.
• Only the radial
canals are lined
by
choanocytes.
• Typical
examples are
Sycon (=
Scypha),
Grantia,
Leucandra.
Order 2. Heterocoela
• Syconoid and
leuconoid sponges,
comparatively with
large bodies.
• Thick body wall and
folded internally.
• Only the radial canals
are lined by
choanocytes.
• Typical examples are
Sycon (= Scypha),
Grantia, Leucandra.
Scypha compressa
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Phylum Porifera: Class # 2. Hexactinellida or Triaxonida or Hyalospongiae—
(Glass sponge): [Hexactinellida, Gk. Hex = six, Gk. aktis = ray, L. ell – suffix
added to form diminutives; Triaxonida, Gk. Treis = three, Gk. axon = an axle;
Hyalospongiae, Gk. Hyaleos = glassy]
 Large sized sponge and on average 10 to 30 cm in height, live mainly in the deep waters of
sea and can grow in firm and soft sediments. The deep sea forms live at the depths between
200 m and 1000 m.
 Usually cup, vase or urn (vase with foot)-like shape.
 Skeleton of six-rayed (triaxon) siliceous spicules (SiO2) or their modifications present either
as separate entity or as networks.
 Chemical analysis in Monoraphis reveals that the spicule contains SiO2 86%, water 9%,
inorganic elements 3% and spiculin (a protein) 2%.
 Megascleres (skeletal spicules) and microscleres (flesh spicules) always distinguished.
 Choanocytes restricted to finger-like simple or folded chambers.
 Wall encloses a spongocoel (- atrium) which opens by a wide osculum.
 Canal system may be either syconoid or leuconoid type.
 There is no cellular dermal epithelium.
 Commonly called “glass sponge”.
Order 1. Hexasterophora
• The spicules are hexasters and never amphidiscs.
• Radial canals or flagellated chambers are simple and lie radially in the
sponge wall.
• The typical example is Euplectella (Venus’s flower basket).
Order 2. Amphidiscophora
• The hexaster spicules are absent and the spicules are amphidiscs.
• The typical examples are Hyalonema (Glass rope sponge), Pheronema
(Bowl sponge).
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Order 1. Hexasterophora
Hyalonema
Euplectella aspergillum
Pheronema globosum
Pheronema carpenteri
Phylum Porifera: Class # 3. Demospongiae: [Gk. demos = people + spongos =
sponge]
• Mostly marine but a few are freshwater or brackish water forms. In sea they live from shallow
water to great depths. 90% existing species fall under this class.
• Brilliant colouration in most species, for the presence of pigment granules within
amoebocytes.
• Skeleton either absent or silicious (silicious spicules), fibrous (spicules replaced by organic
collagenous fibres— spongin fibres, or both spongin fibres and siliceous spicules).
• Silicious megasclere spicules never triaxon (6-rayed); microscleres are of different types
• Canal system of leuconoid type only. The leuconoid type canal system is derived from a larval
stage, called the rhagon type which does not occur in any adult animals of calcareus sponges.
• Flagellated chambers small and rounded.
• Freshwater species of this class possess contractile vacuoles used for elimination of water
from the cells.
• Parenchymula larva in the life cycle of most demosponges.
• It includes three subclasses and 7 orders.
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Order 1. Myxospongida:
• Structure simple.
• Skeleton or spicules are absent.
• Examples are Oscarella, Halisarca.
Subclass 1. Tetractinellida
Body rounded or flattened
without branches, presence of
tetraxon silicious spicules but
the spongin fibres are absent,
in certain forms the spicules
may be absent, shallow water
forms.
Order 2. Carnosa or Homosclerophora or
Microsclerophora:
• The megascleres and microscleres are not
distinctly separable.
• Spicules are all similar in size.
• Examples are Plakina, Plakortis.
Order 3. Choristida:
• Spicules are long-shafted.
• Megascleres and microscleres are distinctly
differentiated.
• The typical examples are Geodia, Ancorina,
Craniella.
Order 1. Myxospongida
Order 2. Carnosa
Oscarella lobularis
Plakina monolopha
Halisarca caerulea
Plakortis angulospiculatus
Order 3. Choristida
Geodia
Ancorina cerebrum
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Order 1. Hadromerina or Astromonaxonellida:
• Megascleres are mostly tylostyles, i.e., broad end is knobbed.
• Microscleres are usually wanting; when present, they are in the form
of a star.
• Spongin is absent.
• The examples are Tethya, Cliona (Boring sponge), Poterion
(Neptune’s goblet sponge).
Subclass 2. Monaxonida:
• Body form varies from rounded mass
to branching forms or stalked with
funnel or fan-shaped.
• Spicules are of monaxonial megascleres.
• Spongin may or may not be present.
Order 2. Halichondrina:
• Megascleres are always of more than one kind.
• Microscleres are usually absent.
• Spongin is very scanty.
• The example is Halichondria (Crumb- of-bread sponge).
Order 3. Poecilosclerina:
• Megascleres are usually of two or more kinds and are localised.
• Microscleres include the C-shaped, curved and bow-shaped types.
• The examples of the order are Myxilla, Microciona.
Tethya aurantium
Cliona delitrix
Potaria neptuni
Order 1. Hadromerina
Order 4. Haplosclerina:
• The megascleres are always diactinal, i.e., growth takes place at both
directions and are not localised in distribution.
• Microscleres may or may not be present.
• Spongin is usually present.
• Examples are Haliclona, (Finger sponge)), Chalina (Mermaid’s gloves
sponge), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge), Ephydatia (Freshwater
sponge).
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Order 2. Halichondrina
Halichondria sp.
Halichondria panicea
Halichondria bowerbanki
Halichondria panicea
Halichondrica japonica
Microciona cf. armata
Order 3. Poecilosclerina
Myxilla incrutans
Halichondria sp.
Myxilla rosacea
Microciona spinarcus
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Order 4. Haplosclerina
Chalina sp.
Haliclona cinerea
Haliclona lacustris
Ephydatia fluvidatilis
Subclass 3. Keratosa:
• The skeleton is exclusively composed of spongin fibres.
• The siliceous spicules are usually absent.
• The examples are Spongia, Euspongia (Bath sponge), Hippospongia (Horse
sponge), Phyllospongia (Leaf-shaped sponge).
Hartman and Goreau (1970) created a 4th class Sclerospongiae for some coralline
sponges collected from caves and tunnels of coral reefs in Jamaica. The features of this
class are:
• A small number of species (about 15) of leuconoid sponges with silicious spicules and
spongin fibres.
• Secretion of a supporting mass of calcareous rock like matrix in addition to spicules of
CaCO3, silica and spongin fibres.
• Numerous spicules on their outside surface are slightly raised.
• They are found in deep water.
• Example. Astrosclera, Stromcitospongia, Hispidopetra.
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Subclass 3. Keratosa:
Spongia officinalis
Spongionella pulchella
Euspongia equina
Phyllospongia lamellosa
Astrosclera willeyana
Stromatospongia micronesica
Class4. Sclerospongiae
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