Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
General Directorate of Education Riyadh
Private Education Office
‫مدارس مدينة العلوم العالمية‬
Madinat Al – Oloum International Schools
American Curriculum
Table of Contents
List of Conjunctions………………….........slide 3
What is a conjunction?..............................slide 4
Types of Conjunctions…………….....slides 5-13
Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinate Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverbs
Quiz and Answers…………………....slide 14-15
Conjunctions ! ! !
than
before
if
even though
while
since
wherever
then
although
unless
because
where
whether
until
Let us take a closer look . .
What is a conjunction?
Conjunction is the name for those common words
that are used to join (conjoin) parts of sentences. Also,
conjunctions may be used to begin certain sentences.
 There are two different types of conjunctions:

coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions.
 Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called
correlative conjunctions.
 Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to
provide logical connections in sentences.

Coordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions are seven very common words. They
are very small, made up of three or fewer letters.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:
Reason
Coordinating Conjunction
To communicate addition
To communicate contrast
To communicate a result/effect
To communicate a reason/cause
To communicate a choice
To communicate a negative choice
and
but, yet
so
for
or
nor
Use them between two independent clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions cont….
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words,
phrases, and independent clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears striped ties and polka dotted bow
ties. ( And joins two words.)
Ex. The shoes were not blue suede nor black leather.
(Nor joins two phrases.)
Ex. It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed
as literary villains. (Yet joins two independent clauses.)

Coordinating
Conjunctions...
These are likely used less often; however, they
serve an important function.
When to Use Each Coordinating Conjunction:
Reason
To communicate additional
information
Coordinating Conjunction
consequently
furthermore
however
indeed
moreover
nevertheless
then
therefore
Use them between two independent clauses.
These coordinating conjunctions are used to join
independent clauses.
Examples of coordinating conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. He only wears brown wingtips; consequently, he
does not wear white socks. ( Consequently joins two
independent clauses.)
Ex. The shoes were not suede; however, they were
leather. (However joins two independent clauses.)
Ex. It was not a Halloween party; nevertheless, many
came dressed in costumes. (nevertheless joins two
independent clauses.)
Subordinate Conjunction
These conjunctions are used to express relationships
between a dependent and an independent clause.
When to Use Common Subordinate Conjunctions:
Reason
Regarding time
Subordinate Conjunction
after, before, once, since,
until, when, whenever, while
To communicate a reason/cause
as, because, since
To communicate a result/effect
in order that, so, so that, that
To communicate a conditionif, even if, unless
To communicate contrast
although, even though,
though, whereas
Regarding location
where, wherever
Regarding a choice
than, whether
Subordinate Conjunctions cont….
Subordinate conjunctions often begin a dependent clause. If
the dependent clause begins or interrupts the sentence, then
it is separated from the independent clause by a comma.
Examples of subordinate conjunctions in sentences:
Ex. Once she found the perfect broach, she purchased
three outfits to match it. (Once demonstrates a time context. A
comma is used because the conjunction begins the sentence.)
Ex. He wore the top hat wherever he went. (Wherever
demonstrates a location context. Though wherever begins the
dependent clause, no comma is used because it does not begin the
sentence or interrupt the sentence.)
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are two separate
conjunctions that are often in sentences together.
Common Correlative Conjunctions and Examples:
both, and
Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely.
either, or
Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris.
neither, nor
Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit.
not only, but (also)
Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of
them.
whether, or
Ex. Whether or not you wear nice clothes,
you have to wear clothes.
not, so much as
Ex. It was not that his clothes were
flamboyant so much as they were
florid.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs provide connections and transitions
that clarify or limit the meaning of words.
When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:
Reason
Conjunctive Adverb
To communicate addition
To communicate contrast
also, furthermore, besides
however, still, nevertheless,
instead, otherwise
similarly, likewise
therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
next, then, meanwhile, finally
indeed, certainly
To communicate comparison
To introduce a result/summary
To indicate time
To communicate emphasis
Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a
sentence. They should be followed by a comma and,
when in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a
semicolon.
Examples of conjunctive adverbs in sentences:
Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are
classic! (Furthermore communicates an additional
statement and is followed by a comma.)
Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper;
therefore, his flying ended abruptly. (Therefore
communicates a result and is preceded by a
semicolon because it is in the middle of the sentence.)
A Final Quiz...
Finally, the University Writing Center staff and I hope that
this presentation has helped you develop a better
understanding of conjunctions, since they are vital to the
English language; consequently, you will use them often in
your writing endeavors. Perhaps this online lecture has not
helped with your grammar so much as with enhancing your
fashion awareness. Therefore, challenge yourself to a
conjunction quiz, or call it a review before signing off.
(Review is preferable, because the word quiz often has a
negative connotation.) Whether or not you feel like a
conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if you can
recognize the conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and
conjunctive adverbs. After you are done, click to the next
slide where you will find the answers.
Answers...
cc: correlative conjunction
ca: conjunctive adverb
sc: subordinate conjunction
c2: correlative conjunction
Finally (ca), the University Writing Center staff and (cc)I hope
that this presentation has helped you to develop a better
understanding of conjunctions, since (sc) they are vital to the
English language; consequently (ca), you will use them often in
your writing endeavors. Perhaps this online lecture has not (c2)
helped with your grammar so much as (c2) with enhancing your
fashion awareness. Therefore, challenge yourself to a
conjunction quiz, or call it a review before (sc) signing off.
(Review is preferable, because (sc) the word quiz often has a
negative connotation.) Whether or (c2) not you feel like a
conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if (sc) you can
recognize the conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and
conjunctive adverbs. After (sc) you are done, click to the next
slide where (sc) you will find the answers.