Assisting Cows
With Calving
Developed by
Jennifer Keuning
Kewaunee County UWUW-Extension Agriculture Agent
UWUW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Worker’s Training
Dairy Herdsmanship Skills Module
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division
of Cooperative
Extension
of the
University
niversity
of WisconsinUUniversity
Wisconsin
doing business
as the Division of Cooperative
Extension
of the
-Extension.-Extension.
University of WisconsinWisconsin
Beginning the program:
Welcome everyone and introduce yourself, speaker(s) and/or interpreter if one is necessary.
Briefly describe the agenda for the program.
Beginning the presentation:
Today we are going to cover the basics of how to assist a cow during calving.
Assistance or interference in the birth process, which is sometimes needed to save
the calf or cow, must be done at the appropriate time, as calf mortality increases
even with slight assistance. Remember, parturition is one of the most critical stages
in the life of a cow, and the one with the highest death rates. During calving, not
only the calf, but the mother can be severely injured, and therefore compromise
future reproduction and production efficiency. This period, therefore, is of vital
importance to the dairy producer who has a large economic investment in these
animals.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
1
Maternity Areas
‘ Sterile environment for the calf
‘ Good footing for the cow
‘ Ability to restrain cows for routine treatment
‘ Locate near normal traffic areas for ease of
observation
‘ Dedicated to maternity cows only
‘ Clean and easy to keep clean
‘ Good lighting
‘ Well ventilated
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Keeping dairy calves alive and healthy starts with the right environment in the
maternity area. Maternity pens should be well bedded, clean and dry. The ideal
bedding material is long straw. Sawdust is sometimes used, but has several
disadvantages: it does not absorb as much moisture; it can be ingested or inhaled by
the calf, which can cause respiratory and digestive problems and can also serve as a
vehicle for pathogenic organisms into the digestive tract. Sawdust use in the
calving pen can also lead to uterine infections if contaminated particles enter the
cow’s vagina.
The calving pen should have a good footing surface for the cow; a grooved floor is
recommended. Pens should also be well ventilated, have good lighting and should
have a headgate in case we need to restrain the cow for routine treatment or to
conduct a vaginal exam. Ideally, the maternity pen should be used for maternity
cows only, and it should be located near normal traffic areas, but as far away from
noisy areas like the parlor as possible; that way cows approaching calving can stay
undisturbed.
Remember to clean the maternity pen after the cow and calf are moved to another
pen! Remove all manure and bodily fluids after each calving and clean and disinfect
the floor, walls and gate surfaces. Make the pen ready and clean for the next
freshening cow.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
2
Signs of Calving
‘ Shape changes
– Barrel shape (last 3 weeks)
– Pear shape (1 wk) prior to
freshening
– “Disappears” (day of calving)
‘ Vulva swells
– Mucus discharge consistency
changes
– Sticky to clear and free flowing
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
The signs of approaching calving are inconsistent between individual animals and
between consecutive calvings; therefore we cannot trust all signs as predictors of the
exact time of calving. Signs are useful indicators as to the approximate time.
The shape of the cow is determined by the position of the calf. For most of the dry
period, the cow has a barrel shape when viewed from behind. Later on, during the
final week of gestation, the calf grows and moves towards the abdominal cavity,
making the cow look pear shaped. On the day of calving, the calf bulge seems to
“disappear” as it moves into the birth canal.
The vulva also goes through physical changes. It becomes progressively more soft and puffy.
The amount and characteristics of the mucus discharge changes from cloudy and opaque to
clear as the cervical seal liquefies.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
3
Signs of Calving
‘ Udder
– Fills with colostrum
– Teats fill last
– Udder edema front to back
‘ Pelvic relaxation
– Hormone Relaxin causes
ligaments around the tailhead
to loosen
– Pins loosen
– Tail becomes more flexible
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Another sign of calving involves the udder, which becomes enlarged and full of
edema. In heifers, the enlargement begins around the fourth month of gestation, but
in older cows udder enlargement may not be noticeable until shortly before calving.
This edema can be serious, extending forward on the abdominal floor or caudally
above the udder and interfere with blood circulation to the skin in that region. Just
prior to calving, the udder secretion becomes yellow and thick and is called
colostrum or “first milk”. Sometimes the teats are so distended or swollen that they
leak. The pelvic ligaments become progressively more relaxed and loose, probably
caused by a increased levels of the hormone relaxin. This relaxation of the
ligaments is noted by the elevation and flexibility of the tail head.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
4
Stage 1 Labor
‘ Cow behavior changes
–
–
–
–
Increased restlessness
Circling behavior
Mucus discharge
Increased defecation and
urination
– Relaxation of pelvic
ligaments
The cervix is closed at the beginning of Stage 1.
‘ Cervical dilation
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Although calving is a continuous act, just for purposes of definition it is divided into
three stages.
The 1st stage is characterized by the relaxation of the cervix and active contractions
of the uterine wall. Uterine contractions increase in frequency, moving the fetus and
its membranes toward the birth canal. This causes the cervix to start dilating, and by
the end of the first stage, it can be dilated three to six inches in diameter.
The symptoms of abdominal pain or discomfort are reflected in the cow through
behavioral changes, which may go unnoticed if the cow is not observed frequently
during this beginning stage of calving. These symptoms include: increased
restlessness, circling behavior, excess mucus discharge from the vulva, and
increased defecation and urination. The cow may also stand with an arched back
and raised tail, strain occasionally or lie down and stand up frequently.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
5
Stage 1 Labor
‘ Fluid-filled placenta
and membranes
pushed through cervix
into vagina
‘ Stage 1 Labor lasts
2 to16 hours and
varies with breed and
parity
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Toward the end of this stage and due to the uterine contractions, the fetal
membranes push through the partially dilated cervix into the vagina, and appear as a
translucent swollen membrane. This stage can last from 2 to 16 hours, but will vary with
breed and parity. In general, it takes longer in heifers than in older cows.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
6
Stage 2 Labor
Normal Calf Presentation
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Once the fetus enters the pelvis, reflex stimuli result in straining labor. Now we have not only
uterine but also abdominal contractions. This marks the beginning of the second stage of
labor.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
7
Stage 2 Labor
‘Calf rotates into normal presentation
‘Fetus enters the cervix
‘Stretching of birth canal
‘Oxytocin release stimulated by pressure
receptors in cervix (cervical stretching)
– Receptors increase greatly during calving
– Disappear within hours after calving
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Stage 2 labor is characterized by uterine and abdominal contractions, the entrance of
the fetus into the dilated birth canal, and the expulsion of the fetus through the
vulva. Here both fetal and maternal movements and activity result in the turning or
rotation or the calf into normal presentation when passing through the cervix.
The release of oxytocin during this stage is stimulated by pressure receptors located in the
cervix, which in turn are stimulated by cervical stretching due to the passing of the fetus.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
8
Stage 2 Labor
‘Oxytocin causes uterine contractions and
abdominal straining that help complete cervical
dilation
‘Speed of calving depends on the rate of
cervical dilation
‘Abdominal contractions occur in combination
with uterine contractions to propel fetus through
the birth canal
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Stretching of the birth canal triggers the release of oxytocin, which increases 30 to
50 fold as the calf passes through the cervix. This is very important as the length of
this stage depends on the rate of cervical dilation. In other words, the faster the
cervical dilation, the shorter the calving process.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
9
Stage 2 Labor
‘ Clusters of 5 to 8 contractions
increase in frequency as
calving approaches
– Contractions are 1 to 2 seconds
in duration)
‘ Each cluster of contractions
lasts 1 to 1.5 minutes
separated by 2 to 3 minute rest
periods
‘ Feet should appear after about
7 to 8 clusters of contractions
(~ 30 min)
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Contractions during this period occur in clusters of 5 to 8, with each individual contraction
lasting 1 to 2 seconds. Each cluster of contractions should last 1 to 1.5 minutes separated by
periods of rest lasting 2 to 3 minutes. Intermittent straining occurs as the feet appear at the
vulva. This happens after about 7 to 8 clusters of contractions, which often lasts 30 minutes.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
10
Stage 2 labor
‘ Intensity and frequency of
contractions increase
(2 to 3 second contractions
with shorter rest periods
between clusters)
‘ Total time for Stage 2
Labor varies with parity
and breed
– Mature cow: 30 minutes
to 2 hours
– Heifer: 3 to 4 hours
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
After the feet appear at the vulva, there is a slowing down in the birthing process as
the cervix needs further dilation for the head to pass through. Approximately 45
minutes after the appearance of the feet, abdominal contractions increase in
intensity and frequency as the shoulders and hip of the fetus pass through the pelvis.
Now the fetal head passes through the vulva and at this point the strongest
abdominal straining usually occurs, with shorter rest periods between clusters of
contractions. Remember that as the head is being forced through the vulva, the chest
is entering into the pelvic canal. After the head passes the vulva, the cow will again
rest for a few minutes before beginning straining again as the chest passes through
the birth canal and vulva. The hips follow through easily, and then the feet.
This stage can last from 15 minutes to 3 hours, depending on breed and parity. In general,
for adult cows it can last from 30 minutes to two hours, meanwhile for heifers this stage can
last 3 to 4 hours.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
11
Stage 3 Labor
‘ Expulsion of placenta or
fetal membranes
– Should be delivered within
2 to 6 hours after calf is
born
‘ Failure to deliver fetal
membranes within 12
hours is called retained
placenta (RP)
‘ RPs occur in 1 out of 10
deliveries
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
The third stage of calving consists of the expulsion of the fetal membranes. With the
birth of the fetus, the blood vessels in the fetal placenta collapse and shrink and the
uterus will contract strongly; this is both to prevent hemorrhage and help with the
expulsion of the placenta. This stage takes two to three hours. If the fetal membranes are
not expelled within 12 hours they are arbitrarily called retained placenta, which, on average,
occurs one in every 10 births. In general, the healthier the cow, the faster is the expulsion of
the fetal membranes.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
12
Stage 3 labor
‘ Cows with bull calves
retain placentas for a
longer period of time
‘ Dystocia, twinning,
calving induction and
abnormally long or short
pregnancies increase
the incidence of RPs
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Failure to expel the fetal membranes is due to the failure of the cotyledons (the fetal
part of the placenta) to detach from the maternal carucles. Factors associated with
retained placenta are: early calving, twins, dystocia and delivering large calves.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
13
Calf Birth Weights
‘ Average calf birth weight is 6.5% of the dam’s
weight
– A 1400 lb. cow will have a 91 lb. calf
‘ Dystocia and stillbirth rates increase when
calves are larger or smaller than average
‘ 20% of births need some kind of assistance
‘ Calf hoof size correlates with calf size
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
The average weight of the calf is roughly 6.5% of the mother’s weight. For
example, if the dam weighs 1400 pounds, the calf should weigh around 91 pounds.
Calf weights have been increasing during the last twenty years, which lead to more
dystocias or difficult births. Even with more access to calving ease data to select
the sire, we still can’t solve the problem. If we use a service sire with a high index
calving ease, the cow will deliver a small calf, but this small calf may grow into a
small heifer that can have problems calving in the future. Even though not perfect,
genetic selection is still the best way to manage calf weight.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
14
Dystocia
‘ Abnormal or difficult delivery process
‘ Short and long-term implications
‘ True economic costs difficult to estimate
‘ Calf death loss relates directly to calving difficulty
‘ A stressful birth can affect calf health
‘ 40% of calves highly stressed at birth die by 3
weeks of age
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Dystocia is defined as any abnormal or difficult delivery. If at any time the normal progression
of the fetus into and through the birth canal fails, assistance is usually needed. This is true
when the frequency or intensity of the abdominal contractions declines before the calf is born,
or if the feet of the fetus appear and disappear with each contraction without progress in the
passage of the fetus.
There are some scenarios where we can expect dystocia to happen. These include
delivering a dead calf, twins or delivering a large calf through a narrow maternal
pelvis. Dystocia is more common in heifers than in older cows. Remember, calving
is one of the most critical stages in the life of a cow. If not assisted correctly the
cow can either be severely injured, compromising her future productive and
reproductive performance or may result in the death of the calf. Both result in great
economic losses for the dairy.
It is important to note that calf death directly relates to calving difficulties. A calf
that suffered stress during birth has a 40% more chance to die than a calf that had a
normal delivery. After a difficult delivery, the calf may have problems regulating
body temperature or may have respiratory problems, both which can lead to death.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
15
When to Assist
‘ How long do you wait before providing assistance?
‘ Monitor all calvings
– Record the time when calving is first noted – write it on the
stall or another central location in the maternity area
‘ Determine position of the calf early in labor
– Reposition if necessary
‘ Watch for signs of progression in the calving process
– Check back every 30 minutes
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
How long do we have to wait before providing assistance?
We should know when to assist or not, as calf mortality also increases even with
slight assistance at calving. First, take note of the time that the calving process
started, and post it on the stall or in the maternity area. It is very important to keep
these animals under close observation, because a simple dystocia that goes
undetected can become more severe, endangering the life of the cow and calf.
Check the position of the calf early in labor. It is much easier to correct an abnormal
presentation at the beginning of labor when the calf is still in the birth canal. If the
calf is in a normal presentation, then we only have to assist if we see that calf is in
distress. Check as often as every 30 minutes for signs of progression of the calving
process.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
16
When to Assist
‘If progress stops at any point during calving
check the cow for problems
‘Calving should always be progressive
No Progress = Problem
‘Assistance should only be provided when the
cow or calf is in distress
‘Watch for signs of distress
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
The calving process is continuous, so if at any point you see that progress stops, check the
cow for problems. If a portion of the fetus protrudes from the vulva, observe the position. Do
another vaginal exam to check the position of the calf, check the cow’s parameters. Is she
too exhausted? Are her pulse and temperature elevated? What is the color of her mucus
membranes? Sometimes pale mucus membranes means bleeding from ruptured uterine
vessels or shock. All of these signs can suggest that the cow is in distress and needs
assistance.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
17
When to Assist
‘Do not provide assistance based on the length
of time a cow is in labor
– Cows become distracted and often stop active labor
for hours
‘Cervical dilation is the key factor in the birthing
process
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Sometimes cows become distracted during labor and can stall labor for quite some
time. This is true especially when the water bag breaks because there is less pressure
on the cervix. The calf’s head and shoulders must fill this space in order for active
labor to resume. Other causes of normal stalled labor include when the cow
consumes all fluids when her water bag breaks. We need to be patient. As with
human deliveries, speed depends on the rate at which the cervix dilates; if it is not
completely dilated and we try to pull the calf, we can injure both the calf and the
cow.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
18
Signs of Distress
‘Look for
bleeding around
the cow’s rectum
‘Look for a dark
or purple tongue
‘Look for blood
and cotyledons
in the fetal
membranes
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Some signs of distress to look for include: bleeding around the cow’s rectum, the calf’s
tongue is dark or purple or there is blood or pieces of cotyledons in the fetal membranes.
Bleeding around the cow’s rectum can imply that there is a rectal laceration due possibly to
the calf’s hoofs. A dark or purple tongue on the calf may indicate it is not receiving enough
oxygen. Blood or pieces of cotyledons in the fetal membranes may indicate the placenta
ruptured.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
19
Additional Signs of Distress
‘ Check for tongue reflex
– Pinch tongue and calf will
respond by pulling its
tongue back
‘ Check color of tongue
– Tongue should be pink
– Dark or purple tongue
indicates a problem
– Tongue may be dark
during contractions and
lightens in color during
rest periods
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Observe the reflex of the tongue. If you pinch the tongue, the calf must retrieve it, if not; this
is an indication of a distressed calf. The color of the tongue should be pink but may be purple
or dark during contractions. The color of the tongue should return to normal in between
contractions. A blue tongue indicates that the calf is not getting enough oxygen through the
umbilical cord.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
20
How to Help
‘Examination of the cow
‘Determine dilation of
– Vulva
– Cervix
‘Determine position of the calf
– Normal
– Abnormal
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Once we decide to assist with the birthing process, we need to do a thorough examination of
the cow. Observe her physical condition and measure her parameters including temperature,
respiration rate, and observe mucus membranes. Determine if the vulva and cervix are fully
dilated and determine the position of the calf.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
21
Examine the Cow
‘Restrain the cow
‘Clean the cow with
soap and water to
minimize uterine
infections later
‘Use plenty of
lubrication in the birth
canal and on arms
Betadine and clean water
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
To conduct the examination, the cow should be properly restrained so that she will
not injure you. Wash her external genitalia and surrounding areas thoroughly with
soap and warm water to avoid possible infections. Use gloves and then lubricate
your hands and arms and also the birth canal. Do not use soap and water for
lubrication since they irritate the mucus membranes. An obstetric gel or lubricant
used for AI breeding should be used. If possible, the animal should be standing at the
time of examination. Conducting an examination and handling a dystocia is much more
difficult if the cow is lying down.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
22
Assist with Vulva Dilation
‘ When head and feet are
present
‘ Place hands on either
side of head
‘ Move in and out to stretch
vulva
‘ Take up to 5 minutes if no
signs of calf distress
‘ Use plenty of lubrication
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
When the head and feet are present, you can help with the dilatation of the vulva. If
traction is applied when the vulva is still not dilated, we can cause a laceration of
the vulva and surrounding structures like the perineum.
First, thoroughly lubricate your hands, and place them on either side of the head.
With gentle but firm movements, start stretching the vulva by sliding both of hands
up and down and in and out around the calf’s head. This maneuver can last as long
as 5 minutes. During this time, check for any of the signs of calf distress, such as
tongue color and reflex response.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
23
Dilation of the Cervix
‘Make sure the cervix is fully open before
trying to pull the calf
‘If not, wait for fluid-filled membrane to push
it open
‘There is no need to break water bag
‘If the water bag has broken and the cervix
is still closed – vet assistance is necessary
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
The next step is to assess the degree of dilatation of the cervix. The cervix must be
fully dilated before attempting to pull the calf! Applying traction before the cervix
is fully dilated pulls this structure gradually into the vagina, making the diameter of
the birth canal even smaller. Use plenty of lubrication and put your arm around the
calf’s body and with palms up, try to feel the cervix. Usually if the cervix is fully
dilated, you’ll feel the smooth vaginal wall; but if instead you find a cord like
structure all around the calf’s body, then you’ll have to wait until more contractions
and the pressure of the fluid filled membranes push the cervix open. It is neither
desirable nor necessary to rupture the fetal membranes, remember the structure of
the membranes aid in the progression of the birthing process by helping with the
dilatation of the cervix. Therefore, if you find that the water bag broke and the
cervix is not fully dilated, call the veterinarian, as this can be a life-threatening
situation for the calf.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
24
Normal Calf Presentations
Forward or Anterior
Backwards or Posterior
Although considered normal,
this presentation will most
often require assistance.
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Normal birth in the cow will proceed only with the fetus in these two presentations:
forward/anterior, or backward/posterior. If the calf has a different presentation, it
must be corrected before attempting to pull the calf. When each part of the fetus it
returned to its normal position, the dystocia is usually relieved and the calving
process can proceed normally or it may be completed by pulling the calf.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
25
Which Feet are They?
‘Determine front from back legs
‘Check the number of joints on the leg
‘Check to see which way the joints bend
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Once we have the feet of the calf in the birth canal, we should determine if they are front or
hind feet. Do both feet belong to the same calf or maybe we are in the presence of twins?
First, check the number of joints in the legs: front legs have three joints and the rear legs
have two joints. Then, check to see which way the joints bend: In the front leg, the first two
joints bend downwards, meanwhile in the rear legs, the first joint bends downward and the
second joint bends upwards.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
26
Which Feet are They?
‘Front legs = 3 joints
– The first 2 joints bend downwards
Two joints bend
downward
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Here we have a picture of the front leg. Observe that there are three joints:
In the front leg we have 3 joints: the first two bend downwards and the third one (the elbow)
bends upwards.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
27
Which Feet are They?
‘Rear leg = 2 joints
– First joint bends downward
– Second joint bends upwards
Down
Up
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
And here we have a picture of the rear leg: We only have two joints and the first bends
downward and the second bends upward.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
28
Normal Feet Positions
‘Front feet = soles
pointing down
‘Rear feet = soles
pointing up
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Another way of checking the presentation of the calf is by looking at the soles of the
feet. In a normal presentation, if the feet are protruding through the vulva with the
soles pointing downwards, we know that they are the front feet. If the soles are
pointing upward, they are the rear feet.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
29
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Abnormal presentations must be
recognized early
– Easier to correct when the calf
can be moved around in the
uterus
‘ Always protect the uterine wall
from being damaged by teeth or
hooves by cupping nose or hoof
with hand
‘ If the calf presentation cannot be
corrected call a veterinarian
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
We must examine the fetus to determine if it’s in an abnormal presentation or not.
The sooner we do this the better. It is much easier to correct an abnormal
presentation early in the birthing process where the body of the calf is still in the
uterus, the cow is not exhausted yet and her mucus membranes are not swollen or
dry.
Sometimes in order to correct an abnormal presentation, we must push the calf out of the
birth canal and back into the uterus where there is more room to maneuver. This is usually
necessary as the birth canal and pelvic cavity are very narrow, making it impossible to
manipulate the fetus or its long legs. When doing so, we must always protect the vaginal wall
from being damaged by the calf’s teeth or hoofs. These structures are very sharp and injure
the delicate vaginal tissue. We can do this by cupping the hoof and/or teeth with our hand
while trying to correct the presentation. If the presentation cannot be successfully corrected,
call the veterinarian so he/she can make a decision of how to proceed.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
30
Abnormal Presentations
Feet have turned down into pelvis
One leg back
Head turned back
Breech
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
These are all abnormal presentations and must be corrected before attempting to
pull the calf. All these presentations are produced by a combination of weak
maternal contractions and a reduced fetal viability. These examples include: head
and neck turned backward where the feet are protruding from the vulva but the head
and neck are still in the birth canal, one leg protruding from the vulva and the other
trapped in the birth canal, just the head outside of the cow and both feet still in the
birth canal, or the breech presentation with just the tail showing.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
31
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Head turned back
– Feet are present
but the head has
turned back into
pelvis
‘ To Correct: Push
feet back in and
pull head up and
around to normal
position
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Now we are going to see how to correct the abnormal presentations in order to
deliver the calf. Remember to use plenty of lubrication! If we do not use enough
lubrication at the beginning of these procedures, then it will be almost impossible to
add more once the calf is halfway outside the cow and constrained by the vaginal
wall. In this presentation, the deviation of the head could just be sideways, or it
could be upward or downward.
To correct the head turned back, we must make some more room, so we must push
the feet back into the uterus and pass the hand and arm as far as possible alongside
the calf’s body and locate the head and grab the head either from the jaw, corner of
the mouth, eye socket(s) or anything that we can get a hold on, and pull it up and
around to a normal position. We must guard the calf’s teeth with our hand during
these procedures to avoid any vaginal tearing.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
32
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Elbow Lock
– The calf is forward
with a flexed forelimb
‘ To Correct: Push
head back and extend
one limb at a time.
Pull head back into
position
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
For the elbow lock, where the calf is in a normal forward presentation but with a
flexed forelimb, we must push the head back and extend one limb at a time. Once
we’ve corrected the limbs, we must pull the head back into normal position. This
presentation is easy to diagnose, because we can feel the head of the calf resting on
the fetlock joints rather than in the middle of the cannon bones.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
33
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Carpal Flexion
– The calf is in the
forward position
with front legs
bent
‘ To Correct: Grasp
cannon bone and
flex leg dorsally;
cup the hoof in
your hand to
extend the front
leg
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Here we have a carpal flexion. This is when the calf is in a normal presentation but
its forelimbs are bent. To correct, we must grasp the cannon bone and flex the bent
leg upward, then cup the hoof with your hand and extend the leg outward into the
birth canal.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
34
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Shoulder Flexion
– The calf is in the forward position with only the head in the
birth canal.
‘ To Correct: Push head back and bring legs up into the birth
canal by reaching beyond the elbow and work your hand
down the surface of the radius. Pull forward to create carpal
flexion.
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In this case, the forelimbs are extended underneath the calf’s body and only the head is
present in the birth canal. This is called a shoulder flexion. To correct this abnormal
presentation, we need to push the head back into the uterus and bring the legs up into
position by reaching beyond the elbow and working your hand down the calf’s leg towards
the radius; then pull forward to create a carpal flexion, and cup the hoof with your hand and
extend it into the birth canal.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
35
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Breech
– The calf is
presented butt first
‘ To Correct: Cup
your hand over hoof
and flex the leg
while pushing
forward on the rump.
When the leg is fully
flexed pull feet back
into position in the
birth canal.
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In the breech presentation, the only thing that we see is the calf’s buttocks and tail present in
the birth canal. The rear limbs are usually completely extended underneath the calf’s body.
To correct, we must first push the calf into the birth canal and cupping your hand over the
hoof, flex the leg while pushing forward on the hoof. When the leg is fully flexed, pull the feet
back into normal position in the birth canal. Proceed the same way with the other leg.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
36
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Nape
– The calf’s neck is
turned downward and
only the front leg is
presented
‘ To Correct: Push the
calf’s leg and head
back in, cup the chin
in your hand and pull
the head into position
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In a nape presentation, the calf’s neck is turned downward and we can only see the front legs
protruding from the vulva. In mild cases, only the chin is caught on the brim of the pelvis and
the forehead is in the pelvic inlet; but sometimes the head is flexed all the way down and we
can only feel the ears and the top of the head. To correct this presentation, push the calf’s
leg and head back in and grab the calf’s muzzle or chin cupping it with your hand, and pull
the head into position.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
37
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Dorso-Pubic
– The calf is either
frontward or backward
upside down
‘ To Correct: The calf
must be rotated 180º.
To rotate, the calf must
be freely movable
inside the uterus.
‘ This presentation must
be detected and
corrected early.
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In the dorso-pubic presentation, the calf is “belly up”, either frontward or backward. To
correct, the calf must be rotated 180° to a normal presentation before being delivered. It is
very important to diagnose this presentation early in the birthing process, as we must have a
lot of room for the calf to move freely in order to correct it. We must also make sure that the
cause of this presentation is not a torsion of the uterus, which will require a different
approach.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
38
Abnormal Presentations
‘ Ventral
– The head is down with the
shoulder and one leg in
position
‘ To Correct: Push the
shoulders and/or one limb
in, cup the nose and pull
head up and around into
normal position
‘ Very difficult delivery!
‘ Vet assistance usually
necessary
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In the ventral presentation, the head is down against the calf’s sternum or abdomen,
with the neck extending between the forelimbs. To correct, push the shoulders or
forelimbs back in and cup the nose and pull the head up and around into normal
position. Alternatively, after pushing the calf in, you can flex one of the forelimbs
alongside the body and correct the position of the head and neck by moving them
laterally beneath this leg. This is very difficult delivery, and veterinary
assistance is usually necessary.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
39
Twins
‘ Twins occur in 6 of 100 births
– Triplets occur in 1 of 10,000
births
‘ Identical twins have one
placenta
– Fraternal twins have two
placentae
‘ Multiple births result in more
dystocia and calf deaths than
single births
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
There are two types of twins: identical twins, where both fetuses share the same
placenta, and fraternal twins, in which each calf has its own placenta. Twins occur
in about two out of every 100 births, and require extra attention. In general, some
assistance is needed, especially with the second fetus, which can be less vital. In
many cases, the first fetus is in a normal forward presentation, meanwhile the
second is in a posterior or breech presentation.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
40
Twins
‘Individual twin calf weights are 20-30% less
than single calves
‘Two calves are trying to be born at one
time
– Push one back so the calves can be delivered
ONE AT A TIME!
‘It’s likely the first-born calf needs no
assistance and the second is not
positioned correctly and will likely need
assistance
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Even though individual calf weight is 20 to 30% less than a single calf, the weight
of both calves combined is much more than one, a situation that can lead to
dystocia. Twin dystocia can be diagnosed by finding three limbs attached to two
separate fetuses. If both twins are present in the birth canal, we must pull the one that is
nearer the vulva and push the other in. Identical twins in general arrive very fast one after the
other, meanwhile in fraternal twins, there can be a delay of up to an hour between births.
There is no need to rush the birth of the second twin. The uterus needs time to close down
enough to expel it.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
41
Providing Assistance
‘Before attempting
delivery
– Lubricate the birth canal
before pulling the calf
– Difficult to add lubricant
after the calf is stuck in the
birth canal
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
If we decide that assistance is needed, we must first clean the cow’s vulva and
surrounding area with soap and water to prevent infections. Then we must
thoroughly lubricate our hands and arms with the appropriate lubricant (do not use
soap and water, it is very irritating!). Lubrication helps reduce the force needed for
pulling. Remember, it is much more complicated to lubricate later in the process
when the calf is stuck in the birth canal.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
42
Force of Assistance
‘Pulling force should not exceed 150
pounds for Holsteins and 75 pounds for
Jerseys
–
–
–
–
one person pulls with 150 pounds of force
two people pull with 300 pounds of force
600 pounds of force will fracture a femur
calf jacks generate 1500-2000 pounds of force
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Now, we are going to talk about how much force is needed when assisting the birthing
process. We must understand that pulling too hard will not speed up the calving process, and
it can lead to injury both to the dam and the calf. The pulling force should not exceed 150 lbs.
for Holsteins and 75 lbs. for Jerseys. As an example, note that only one person can produce
150 lbs. of pulling force; two people 300 lbs. and a calf jack can generate 1500 to 2000 lbs. of
force – enough to break a human leg bone.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
43
Force of Assistance
‘ Assist in dilation prior to
pulling the calf
–
For at least 5 minutes unless
the calf is in distress
‘ Use appropriate lubricant
(not soap and water)
‘ Monitor time and constantly
assess the calf’s condition
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Before attempting to pull the calf, we must make sure that the cow’s cervix and
vagina are fully dilated. Start dilating the vulva as explained before, placing your
hands at the side of the calf’s head and moving them up and down and in and out,
gently stretching as you go. Again, use plenty of lubrication. Continue dilating the
vulva for as long as five minutes, always checking to see that the calf is not in
distress. Now determine the degree of cervical dilation. Is the vaginal wall smooth
or can you feel a ring constraining the fetus? The latter means that the cervix is still
not fully dilated and we must not attempt to pull the calf.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
44
Force of Assistance
‘ Apply delivery force during
contractions and rest
between contractions
‘ Pull calf straight out until
the head is delivered
‘ Deliver shoulders and body
at a 30 to 400 angle
‘ Stop assistance after the
last rib is delivered and
then allow the dam to expel
the fetus
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In cows, the fetus passes through an arch from the abdominal cavity upward, into
and through the pelvis and then downward again as it passes through the vulva. This
arc-like direction of the fetus as it passes through the maternal pelvis is to push the
fetal pelvis high into the maternal pelvis where the diameter is greater, to prevent a
hiplock condition.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
45
Too Much Assistance
‘Assistance prior to full cervical dilation or the
use of excessive force can injure the calf and
cow
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
In this table we have, on the left side column, the calf’s body parts, and on the right hand
column, the cervical dilation in inches needed for this body parts to pass through safely.
Cervical dilation is a dynamic process, which starts early in labor to allow first the nose to
pass through, then a little more dilatation for the head, and the greatest dilatation for the
shoulders. As said before, attempting to pull a calf through a not yet fully dilated cervix can
only lead to injury to both cow and calf.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
46
Providing Assistance
‘ Place one
loop above
the pastern
‘ Place one
loop above
the fetlock
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Once we assess the degree of cervical and vulvar dilation, and have made sure that
the calf is in a normal presentation but either the calf or the cow is in distress, we
must pull the calf with the obstetric chains. What is the correct way of placing the
obstetrical chains? As we can see in this picture, we must make two loops in order
to avoid fractures of the forelimb. We must first find the calf’s pastern and fetlock
and place one loop above the pastern and another loop above the fetlock. The chain
should be tightly fastened around the pastern before applying traction because it can
slide off and onto the hoof and it may be pulled off.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
47
Pulling the Calf
‘ The calf must be in a
normal position
‘ No more force than two
people can apply
‘ Let the cow help you
– Pull with the labor
contractions, rest when the
cow rests
‘ Let the cow do most of
the work
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
Once we have the chains in place, we must apply no more force that the one or two
people can apply. Pull when the cow has the contractions, and rest when she does.
This will make the procedure more efficient. Let the cow do most of the work.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
48
Pulling the Calf
‘Be patient
‘Once the shoulders
are out, pull in a
downward arc toward
the cow’s feet
‘Once the calf is
delivered always
check for another calf
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
When pulling the calf be patient and let the cow do most of the work. Once the calf’s
shoulders are delivered, put in a downward arc toward the cow’s feet. Once the calf is
delivered conduct an exam to make sure there isn’t another one.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
49
Care After Calving
‘ Stimulate the calf to breath
– Don’t hang it upside down
– Instead, use cold water on
the face
– Or rotate your finger or a
piece of straw in the nostril
‘ Remove calf from its dam
‘ Dry off with a towel
‘ Dip umbilical cord with 7%
tincture of iodine
‘ Feed high quality colostrum
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
After the calf is born, we must shift our attention to it. The first thing that we must
do is check to see if the calf is breathing. In normal calvings, respiratory movements
start around 10 to 60 seconds after expulsion, and they may even start before the
calf is completely expelled. If respiration is delayed, there are various procedures
that we can apply. It is necessary for the calf to first gasp. Normal respiration
cannot draw the fluids present in the lungs out into the bloodstream. First, we should
remove the mucus present around the nose and mouth, and then we can stimulate
respiration by applying cold water to the calf’s face or introducing a thick piece of
straw or your little finger into the calf’s nostrils, but not too deep into the nasal
passage. Never hang the calf upside down! Upside down hanging will not help in
eliminating the fluids present in the calf’s lungs; what you see coming out of the
calf’s mouth during this maneuver is the fluid coming from the calf’s stomach and
not from the lungs. Furthermore, with this method, the abdominal organs compress
the calf’s diaphragm, making it more difficult for the gasp to occur. Rub the calf
vigorously with a thick towel and dip the umbilical cord in an antiseptic solution of
7% iodine taking care to cover all the area. Then remove the calf from the dam and
place it in a well bedded, clean and thermo neutral environment, followed by the
feeding of good quality colostrum.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
50
Acknowledgements
‘ Special thanks to:
– Dr. Scott Wiley, DVM
Dairyland Veterinary
Service-Casco, WI
– Dr. Howard Tyler, Iowa State
University Department of
Animal Science
– Pat Hoffman, Professor,
University of Wisconsin
Extension
– Dr. Connie Cordoba, DVM,
MS University of Wisconsin
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
51
Thank You…
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University
University of WisconsinWisconsin-Extension.
End presentation. This slide may be personalized with your name and contact information.
“Best Management Practices for Calves-10 Rules That Cannot Be Broken”
Presentation developed by Patrick Hoffman, Professor-DAA, University of Wisconsin, Department of Dairy Science and Tina
Kohlman, Dairy and Livestock Agent, Sheboygan County UW-Extension
Source for Presenter Notes from 2003 Midwest Plan Service “Raising Dairy Replacements”.
UW-Extension Dairy Team’s Dairy Workers Training-Calf Management Skills Module-Summer 2005
(c) 2005 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
52