1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Concept Review Winter 2023 Study Hall 01/16/2023 @ 1900 Identify cellular regulation in maintaining homeostasis. Ribosomes: Mitochondria Homeostasis 3 stages of GAS RAAS Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solutions Isotonic Solutions Electrolytes: Potassium Sodium Magnesium Phosphorus What is increased capillary permeability? 1. Explain the general process that maintains fluid and electrolytes and acid-base balance. What is osmosis? Osmosis causes fluid movement between the intravascular, interstitial, and 2. intracellular fluid compartments based on solute concentration. What is diffusion? the movement of individual molecules of a substance through a semipermeable barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration What is active transport? the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy. Requires ATP What is pH? H in pH is hydrogen What is the normal range for: 7.35 to 7.45, with the average at 7.40. pH CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) What body system does this regulate/indicate? regulation of blood pH, respiratory drive, and affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (O2) 35- 45 HCO3 (Bicarbonate) What body system does this regulate/indicate? regulates your body's pH, or acid balance. 22-26 Kidneys What is acidic or alkalotic for each of the above three readings Module 02 – Cellular Responses, Adaptations and Dysfunctions 2 Describe cellular responses of compensation during the inflammatory and infection processes What chemicals are released during the inflammatory process? histamine, leukotrienes, and 1. prostaglandins. What is causes vasodilation? What is the clinical manifestation of this? blood vessels in your body widen, allowing more blood to flow through them and lowering your blood pressure. What is capillary permeability. What is the clinical manifestation of this? capability of capillary walls to allow the selective flow of substances and cells into and out of the vessel. What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? redness, fever, pain Type I Hypersensitivity anaphylaxis and allergic rhino conjunctivitis. Food allergies, bee stings, med allergy Type II Hypersensitivity blood transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity immediate reaction Type IIII Hypersensitivity serum sickness, farmer's lung and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immune complex mediated , slow reaction Type IV Hypersensitivity cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to contact with certain allergens resulting in what is called contact dermatitis or in response to some diagnostic procedures as in the tuberculin skin test. Differentiate immunity and immune responses at the cellular level. What is the role of the Immune System? protects your body from outside invaders. These include 2. germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and toxins What is the innate immune system? he defense system with which you were born What is the adaptive immune system? A type of immunity that develops when a person's immune system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism, such as after an infection or vaccination. What is passive immunity For example, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother's antibodies through the placenta or breast milk. What is active immunity through vaccinations What is artificial active immunity? Common examples of vaccines include Polio, Hepatitis B, Chickenpox, and Smallpox 3. Summarize altered cellular regulation in cancer development What are the warning signs of cancer? Abnormal periods or pelvic pain. Most women have the occasional irregular period or cramps. ... Changes in bathroom habits. ... Bloating. ... Breast changes. ... Chronic coughing. ... Chronic headache. ... Difficulty swallowing. ... Excessive bruising. 3 What are the three steps of cancer development? initiation, promo- tion, and progression. What are the characteristics of cancer cells? Looks like regular cells What are the characteristics of benign tumors? Looks different than the other cells What are the characteristics of malignant tumors? cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites What is cachexia? loss of 5% or more of body weight over the preceding 6 months muscle wasting and weight loss. Wasting away Module 03 – Skin and Musculoskeletal Disorders 1. Describe etiologies of disorders of the integumentary system. Psoriasis an immune system problem where infection-fighting cells attack healthy skin cells by mistake auto immune reaction. Pressure injuries when pressure cuts off the blood supply to the skin for a long period of time. Burn an inflammatory reaction leading to rapid oedema formation, due to increased microvascular permeability, vasodilation and increased extravascular osmotic activity. 2. Analyze clinical signs and symptoms of disorders that affect the integumentary system. Psoriasis immune cells enter the skin through blood vessels and cause the epidermis to grow very rapidly and to stop shedding properly Pressure injuries Lack of blood flow to the skin leads to skin cells dying. This first starts as a red, painful area. It then turns purple. Left untreated, the skin can break open and the area can become infected. Burns Blisters. Pain. Swelling. White or charred (black) skin. Peeling skin. 3. Identify etiologies of disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Rheumatoid Arthritis an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, Osteoarthritis causes the symptoms of rheumatoid Fibromyalgia a chronic (long-lasting) disorder that causes pain and tenderness throughout the body, as well as fatigue and trouble sleeping. 4 Gout common form of inflammatory arthritis that is very painful. It usually affects one joint at a time (often the big toe joint). There are times when symptoms get worse, known as flares, and times when there are no symptoms, known as remission. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- Lupus SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. Ankyloses Spondylitis type of arthritis that causes inflammation in the joints and ligaments of the spine. Normally, the joints and ligaments in the spine help us move and bend. If you have ankylosing spondylitis, over time, the inflammation in the joints and tissues of the spine can cause stiffness. Rickets softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Rare inherited problems also can cause rickets. Osteomalacia Osteomalacia is softening of the bones. It most often occurs because of a problem with vitamin D, which helps your body absorb calcium. Your body needs calcium to maintain the strength and hardness of your bones. A condition in adults in which bones become soft and deformed because they don't have enough calcium and phosphorus. Osteogenesis Imperfecta caused by defective genes. These genes affect how the body makes collagen, a protein that helps strengthen bones. The condition can be mild, with only a few fractures during a person's lifetime. In more severe cases, it can involve hundreds of fractures that occur without any apparent cause. 4. Explain clinical signs and symptoms of disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system. Rheumatoid Arthritis causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once. Osteoarthritis Fibromyalgia Gout Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)- Lupus Ankyloses Spondylitis Rickets Osteomalacia Osteogenesis Imperfecta
