𝐷𝐷 =
𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉
ℎ𝑐𝑐
𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃 = ℎ𝜈𝜈 =
𝜆𝜆
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (𝑀𝑀) =
9
𝑇𝑇℉ = 𝑇𝑇℃ + 32
5
𝑐𝑐 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆
𝑀𝑀1 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑀𝑀2 𝑉𝑉2
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
% 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
𝑇𝑇𝐾𝐾 = 𝑇𝑇℃ + 273.15
1
1
2 − 2�
𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖
𝑍𝑍 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Δ𝐸𝐸 = −𝑍𝑍 2 𝑅𝑅𝐻𝐻 �
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
× 100
𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
∘
∆𝐻𝐻𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
≈ � 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) − � 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
Soluble Ionic Compounds
1. Group 1A(1) ions (Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) and ammonium (NH4+)
2. NO3–,CH3CO2–, and ClO4–
3. Cl–, Br–, I– except with Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+
4. SO42– except with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ag+, and Pb2+.
Bond Enthalpies:
Bond
C–C
C=C
C≡C
C–H
O–H
H–H
C–O
C–N
C – Cl
Bond Energy (kJ/mol)
347
614
839
413
467
432
358
305
339
Avogadro’s Number: NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
Speed of light: c = 2.99792458 x 108 m/sec
Planck’s constant: h = 6.626 x 10-34 J sec
Rydberg constant: RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
R = 0.0821 L⋅atm/K⋅mol
R = 8.314 J/ K⋅mol
STP: 1.00 atm & 0˚C
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 ft = 12 inches = 0.3048 m
1 km = 0.62137 miles
1 atm = 760 torr = 1.01325 bar
1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J
1 cm3 = 1 mL
Insoluble Ionic Compounds
1. OH– except with Group 1A(1), NH4+, and larger
Group 2A(2)(beginning with Ca2+)
2. CO32– except with Group 1A(1) and NH4+
3. S2– except with Group 1A(1) and NH4+
4. C2O4–2 except with Group 1A(1), and NH4+.
5. PO43– except with Group 1A(1) beginning with Na+, and
NH4+.
Bond
C = O (in CO2)
C=O
C≡O
O=O
N–H
N≡N
N – Cl
N–O
C≡N
Bond Energy (kJ/mol)
799
745
1070
498
391
945
200
201
891