№
Test
Answer choices
Key words
1.
Histological slide of the biospy material obtained from
epidermis of a healthy adult shows dividing cells in the
basement (basal) layer.
What process occurs due to these cells?
A. Differentiation
B. Apoptosis
C. Physiological regeneration
D. Reparative regeneration
E. Adaptation
What process occurs Differentiation
in division of
epidermis cells?
2.
Histological examination of a tissue sample revealed
that the tissue had no blood vessels, and the cells were
packed tightly together making layers. Specify this
tissue:
A. Epithelial
B. Cartilaginous
C. Osseous
D. Nervous
E. Muscular
What tissue doesn’t
have blood vessels
and cells are packed
tightly?
Epithelial
3.
In course of an experiment an animal had its cornea
injured. What cells will provide the regeneration of
stratified epithelium?
A. Basal epithelium cells
B. Cells of proper substance of cornea
C. Cells of the prickle-cell layer of
corneal epithelium
D. Basal membrane cells
E. Squamous cells
What cells provides
the regeneration of
stratified
epithelium? Basal
epithelium cells
Basal epithelium
cells
4.
Analysis of biopsy material of urinary bladder mucosa
revealed a tumour of epithelial origin. What kind of
epithelium was the source of this tumour?
A. Stratified transitional
B. Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing
C. Simple squamous
D. Multinucleated ciliated
E. Simple cubical
What kind of
epithelium lined
urinary bladder?
Stratified
transitional
Right answer
Stratified
transitional
5.
In microanatomy of some organs, there is a sheet-like
structure, which underlies virtually all epithelia. It
consists of basal lamina (made of type IV collagen,
glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) and reticular lamina.
Under the microscope, you can see it as pink line under
the epithelial cells. Which of the following is described
above?
A. Nucleus
B. –
C. Plasma membrane
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
E. Basement membrane
Which structure
lined under the
epithelial cells?
Basement
membrane
6.
A histological specimen shows terminal secretory parts
A. Serous
What is type of
Serous
of glands made by conic (columnar) cells with
basophilic cytoplasm and a roundish nucleus in the
centre. Specify the type of terminal secretory parts by
the type of secretion:
B. Sebaceous
C. Combined
D. Mucous
E. Seromucous
secretion of cells
with basophilic
cytoplasm?
7.
A person with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
developed headache, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
These signs are caused by a drop in blood levels of a
certain compound. Name this compound:
Oxyhemoglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
Methemoglobin
Deficiency of which
compound causes
carbon monoxide
(CO) poisoning?
Oxyhemoglobin
8.
An employee was working with radioactive substances
and as a result of an incident he was irradiated with 4
Gy. He complains about headache, nausea, dizzyness.
What changes of blood formula can be expected 10
hours after irradiation?
A. Neutrophilic leukocytosis
B. Lymphocytosis
C. Leukopenia
D. Agranulocytosis
E. Neutropenia
What changes of
blood formula
expects after
irradiation?
Neutrophilic
leukocytosis
9.
A patient developed punctate hemorrhages after a
tourniquet had been applied. It occurred due to
functional disturbance of the following blood
corpuscles:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Neutrophils
Which blood
corpuscles form
hemorrhages?
Platelets
10.
A patient has petechial hemorrhages on the gums, hard
and soft palate, buccal mucosa. This is caused by the
dysfunction of the following blood corpuscles:
A. Platelets
B. Eosinophils
C. Monocytes
D. Lymphocytes
E. Erythrocytes
Which blood
corpuscles form
hemorrhages?
Platelets
11.
A blood smear of a patient who has recently recovered
from flu contains 10% of roundish cells 4,5-7
micrometer large with a big round nucleus and
basophilically stained cytoplasm in form of a narrow
border around the nucleus. What blood status are they
typical for?
A. Lymphocytopenia
B. Thrombopenia
C. Leukopenia
D. Lymphocytosis
E. Monocytopenia
What are changes of
blood cells (4,5-7
micrometer) large
with narrow border
basophilic
cytoplasm around
big round nucleus
after flu?
Lymphocytopenia
12.
A 10-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his
parents because of fever, cough, and fatigue. He has
been admitted to the hospital five times because of
pneumonia. Attempts to induce immunity using the
pneumococcal vaccine have failed. The first
hospitalization was at the age of 12 months. Laboratory
findings show marked reduction in all classes and
subclasses of serum immunoglobulins. Which of the
following immune cells is most likely to be reduced in
the peripheral blood of this patient?
NK-cells
T-cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B-cells
Which cells produce B-cells
immunoglobulins?
13.
During postembryonal haemopoiesis in the red bone
marrow the cells of one of the cellular differons
demonstrate a gradual decrease in cytoplasmic
basophilia as well as an increase in oxyphilia, the
nucleus is being forced out. Such morphological
changes are typical for the following haemopoiesis
type:
A. Erythropoiesis
B. Lymphopoiesis
C. Neutrophil cytopoiesis
D. Eosinophil cytopoiesis
E. Basophil cytopoiesis
What haemopoiesis
cells change
basophilic on
oxyphilic
cytoplasm
Erythropoiesis
14.
A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea,
weight loss within several months, low-grade fever,
enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV
infection. What immunocompetent cells must be studied
in the first place?
A. Helper T-lymphocytes
B. Suppressor T-lymphocytes
C. B-lymphocytes
D. Monocytes
E. Plasma cells
What
immunocompetent
cells must be
studied under HIV?
Helper Tlymphocytes
15.
An examination of a 26-year-old patient involved
histological analysis of bone marrow punctate which
revealed a significant decrease in the number of
megakaryocytes. At the same time the following blood
corpuscles should be decreased in number:
A. Platelets
B. Erythrocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils
E. B-lymphocytes
What blood
corpuscles are
produced with
megakaryocytes?
Platelets
16.
A chemical burn of esophagus caused it’s local
constriction as a result of scar formation. What cells of
loose connective tissue take part in scar formation?
A. Mature specialized fibroblasts
B. Immature nonspecialized fibroblasts
C. Fibrocytes
D. Miofibroblasts
E. Fibroclasts
What cells of loose
connective tissue
take part in scar
formation?
Mature
specialized
fibroblasts
17.
Wound healing is accompanied by the development of a
connective tissue cicatrice which is formed on the site
of the tissue defect. What cells are responsible for this
process?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Macrophages
C. Fibrocytes
D. Mastocytes
E. Melanocytes
What cells are
responsible for
wound healing?
Fibroblasts
18.
An inflammation is characterized by the dilatation of
blood capillaries in the region of injury, reduced
circulation, increased permeability of vessel walls.
What cells play the main part in the development of
these changes?
A. Tissue basophils (mast cells)
B. Fibroblasts
C. Plasmocytes
D. Eosinophils
E. Macrophages
Tissue basophils
(mast cells)
19.
During allergic rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal
mucosa) the number of basophils in the connective
tissue of the mucosa increases, which is accompanied
by a tissue edema. This phenomenon is associated with
the following function of tissue basophils:
A. Histamine synthesis
B. Production of intercellular substance
C. Phagocytosis
D. Antibody formation
E. Heat production
What cells dilate
blood capillaries,
reduce circulation,
and increase
permeability of
vessel walls?
What is function of
basophils under
allergy?
20.
Throughout a year a 37-year-old woman periodically
got infectious diseases of bacterial origin, their course
was extremely lingering, remissions were short.
Examination revealed low level of major classes of
immunoglobulins. The direct cause of this phenomenon
may be the following cell dysfunction:
A. Plasmocytes
B. Phagocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Macrophages
E. Lymphocytes
Which cells produce Plasmocytes
immunoglobulins?
21.
Recovery of an organism from an infectious disease is
accompanied by neutralization of antigens by specific
antibodies. What cells produce them?
A. Plasmocytes
B. Fibroblasts
C. Tissue basophils
D. Eosinophils
E. T-lymphocytes
Which cells produce Plasmocytes
antibodies?
22.
When a wound heals, a scar takes its place. What
substance is the main component of its connective
tissue?
A. Collagen
B. Elastin
C. Keratan sulfate
D. Chondroitin sulfate
E. Hyaluronic acid
What substance is
the main component
of its connective
tissue?
Histamine
synthesis
Collagen
23.
On the second year of his life a boy started developing
frequent respiratory diseases and ulcerative skin lesions.
It was determined that immunoglobulins of all classes
are partically absent in the child’s blood. The described
syndrome is based on decreased functional activity of a
certain cell population. Name this cell population:
Macrophages
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells
Neutrophils
Which cells produce B lymphocytes
immunoglobulins?
24.
Hemopoietic stem cells were damaged by radiation
exposure, which resulted in disturbed formation of
certain connective tissue cells. Name these connective
tissue cells:
Melanocytes
Macrophages
Osteoblasts
Adipocytes
Fibroblasts
Which connective
tissue cells have
hemopoietic
origine?
25.
À specimen of connective tissue of derma was stained
with Sudan III and hematoxylin. There are clusters of
big polygonal cells that turned orange. Their nuclei are
flattened and located on periphery. What tissue is it?
A. White adipose
B. Brown adipose
C. Reticular connective
D. Hyaline cartilaginous
E. Lamellar osseous
26.
As a result of a chest trauma the costal cartilage was
damaged. The cartilage regenerates due to the following
layer of perichondrium:
A. Chondrogenic
B. Fibrous
C. Elastic
D. Collagen
E. Sharpey’s fibers
What tissue has
White adipose
polygonal cells with
clusters orange was
stained with Sudan
III with peripheral
flattened nuclei?
Which layer of
Chondrogenic
perichondrium
regenerates cartilage
?
27.
Elderly people often complain of joint pain that can be
associated with agerelated changes of tissue covering
the joint surface. What tissue is it?
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Bone tissue
C. Connective tissue proper
D. Epithelial
E. Elastic cartilage
What tissue forms
joint surface?
Hyaline cartilage
28.
A patient with a serious trauma of his upper extremity
has an impaired regeneration of cartilaginous tissue as a
result of a damage done to poorly differentiated cells of
cartilage lineage. What cells has been damaged?
A. The cells of the internal
perichondrium
B. The cells of the external
perichondrium
C. The cells constituting isogenic groups
D. The cells of the young cartilage
Which cells of
perichondrium
regenerates
cartilage?
The cells of the
internal
perichondrium
Macrophages
E. The cells coming from the blood
vessels
29.
Calcification of the intercellular substance of bone
tissue is accompanied by the deposition of
hydroxyapatite crystals along the collagen fibers. This
process requires the presence of alkaline phosphatase in
the intercellular substance. What cell produces this
enzyme?
A. Osteoblast
B. Osteocyte
C. Osteoclast
D. Chondroblast
E. Chondrocyte
What cell produces
alkaline
phosphatase
Osteoblast
30.
A histological specimen presents the tissue that contains
cells having no processes and a few tens of nuclei each.
One of cell surfaces has a corrugated (ruffled border)
zone that provides secretion of hydrolytic elements.
What tissue is it?
A. Osseous tissue
B. Cartilaginous tissue
C. Epithelial tissue
D. Nerve tissue
E. Muscular tissue
Which tissue has
multinucleated cells
and produce
hydrolytic
enzymes?
Osseous tissue
31.
A 14-year-old girl was brought to the emergency
department for evaluation of an “infected leg”. She said
she had no traumas but mentioned that she had a history
of sickle cell disease. On physial examination, the upper
part of her right skin is very painful, red, swollen, and
hot. Her body temperature is 39.2’C. X-ray shows focal
bone lysis and loss of trabecular architecture in the
metaphysis of the right tibia. Increased activity of which
of the following cells is the most likely cause of bone
reabsorption in this patient?
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts
Which cells
reabsorb bone?
Osteoclasts
32.
An excessive bone tissue loss is often observed in older
people, which indicates osteoporosis development.
What bone tissue cells are activated, resulting in the
development of this disease?
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Tissue basophils
Macrophages
Osteoclasts
Which cells
reabsorb bone under
osteoporosis?
Osteoclasts
33.
The symptoms of regeneration process (callus) on the
place of fracture were revealed in the histologic
specimen of tubular bone.
What tissue forms this structure?
A. Fibrous bone tissue
B. Loose connective tissue
C. Reticular tissue
D. Epithelial tissue
What tissue forms
callus of tubular
bone?
Fibrous bone
tissue
E. Lamellar bone tissue
34.
Examination of a histological specimen of tubular bone
revealed signs of regeneration process (callus). What
tissue is this structured formed of?
A. Rough fibrous osseous
B. Loose connective
C. Reticular
D. Epithelial
E. Lamellar osseous
35.
On the electronic microphotography of the human
connective tissue the biology student sees an organelle
near the cell nucleus. The organelle consists of two
cylinders perpendicular to each other. The cylinders are
made of microtubules. The main function of this
organelle is to enable the formation of mitotic
apparatus. Name the described organelle.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Centrosome
Ribosome
One of the cell organelles is the place, where protein
molecules are being built and packaged with
carbohydrates and fats, before they are transported from
the cell via exocytosis. What organelle is it?
A.
B.
C.
Peroxisomes
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Goldi apparatus
Electronic microscopy of the pancreatic cells shows the
structures that separate the cell into a large number of
sections, canals, and cisterns and are connected to
plasmalemma. Name these organelles:
A.
B.
C.
A cell with vitamin E deficiency was exposed to
ionizing rediation. It resulted in intensified release of
hydrolytic enzymes into the cytoplasm and a complete
destruction of intracellular structures – autolysis. What
organelles caused this phenomenon?
A.
B.
C.
36.
37.
38.
39.
D.
E.
D.
E.
D.
E.
Centrosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi complex
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Goldi apparatus
Microbodies
Lysosomes
Electron microscopic study of a cell revealed roundish
A. Lysosomes
bubbles confined by a membrane and containing a lot of B. Centrosomes
various hydrolytic enzymes. It is known that these
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
What tissue forms
callus of tubular
bone?
Rough fibrous
osseous
Centrosome
Two cylinders
perpendicular to
each other. made of
microtubules
Cell organelles,
where protein
molecules are being
built and packaged
with carbohydrates
and fat before
exocytosis
Canals and cisterns
are connected to
plasmalemma.
Name these
organelles
Goldi apparatus
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Name of organelles
which release
hydrolytic enzymes
into the cytoplasm
causing autolysis
Roundish bubbles
with hydrolytic
enzymes provide
Lysosomes
organellas provide intracellular digestion and protective
functions. These elements are:
40.
D. Ribosomes
E. Mitochondria
Analysis of an electron diffraction pattern of a cell
A. Oxidation of organic substances
revealed mitochondrion destruction. This might result in B. Nuclear division
abnormal course of the following cell process:
C. Crossingover
D. Cleavage
E. –
Microscopic analysis of human heart cells revealed
some oval oganellas, their tunic being formed by two
membranes: the external one is smooth, and the internal
one forms crista. Biochemical analysis determined the
presence of ATPsynthetase enzyme. What organellas
were analysed?
A. Mitochondrions
B. Lysosomes
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
E. Centrosomes
A 36-year-old male comes to the dental for extraction of
the tooth. Two weeks after the procedure is performed,
the stratified squamous epithelium regenerates at the
site of extraction. Which of the following organelles is
most likely involved in the mucosa regeneration?
A. Centrosomes
B.
Mitochondria
C.
Ribosomes
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E. Lysosomes
In process of the secretory cycle secretion granules
come and go in the apical part of cytoplasm of pancreas
cells. These granules relate to the following structure
elements:
A. Inclusions
B. Microfilaments
C. Lysosomes
D. Exocytic vacuoles
E. Granular endoplasmic reticulum
44.
Microscopical examination of exudate obtained from a
rat with aseptic peritonitis and mixed with bird’s
erythrocytes revealed macrophages surrounded by
foreign erythrocytes. What stage of phagocytosis is it?
A. Adherence
B. Uncomplete phagocytosis
C. Approaching
D. Immersion
E. Intracellular digestion
45.
A patient has a chromosomal disorder – Klinefelter
syndrome – with the total number of chromosomes
being 47 (karyotype XXY). The patient’s somatic cells
41.
42.
43.
A.
B.
C.
Cabot rings
Mallory bodies
Doehle bodies
intracellular
digestion
Mitochondria
distruction result in
abnormal course of
process
Oxidation of
organic
substances (for
energy
production)
Mitochondrions
Oganellas with two
membranes:
external - smooth,
internal forms crista
Ribosomes
Organelles most
likely involved in
the mucosal
epithelium
regeneration
Inclusions
Secretory cycle,
secretion granules
relate to:
Macrophages
surrounded by
foreign
erythrocytes. Stage
of phagocytosis?
Adherence
Barr’s bodies
In somatic cells, sex
chromatin is called
contain sex chromatin in the amount equal to X
chromosome number minus 1. In somatic cells, sex
chromatin is called:
D.
E.
Jolly bodies
Barr’s bodies
46.
An electronic micrograph presents a cell that has no
nucleole and nuclear membrane. Chromosomes has free
position, centrioles migrate to the poles. What phase of
cell cycle is it typical for?
A. Prophase
B. Anaphase
C. Metaphase
D. Telophase
E. Interphase
47.
An electronic microphotography represents a cell
without nucleoli and nuclear membrane. Chromosomes
are loosely scattered, centrioles migrate to the poles.
What phase of cell cycle is it?
A. Prophase
B. Anaphase
C. Metaphase
D. Telophase
E. Interphase
48.
Sdudying the mitotic cycle phases of an onion root the
researchers revealed a cell with chromosomes lying in
equatorial plane in form of a star. What phase of mitosis
is it?
A. Metaphase
B. Prophase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
E. Interphase
In chromosomal disorders, to study the karyotype, the
cell culture during mitosis is processed with colchicine.
This substance blocks contractions of the fibers that
form mitotic spindle (destroys tubulins) . At what stage
will the mitosis be interrupted?
A.
B.
C.
50.
During the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle the
synthesis of tubulin proteins was disturbed. These
proteins take part in construction of division spindle
(mitotic spindle). It can lead to the disturbance of:
A. Chromosomes’ disjunction
B. Spiralization of chromosomes
C. Cytokinesis
D. Despiralization of chromosomes
E. Mitosis duration
Chromosomes lying
in equatorial plane
in form of a star.
Phase of mitosis
Substance blocks
contractions of the
fibers of mitotic
spindle
Interrupted stage of
mitosis
Tubulin proteins of
mitotic spindle was
disturbed. It can
lead to the
disturbance of:
51.
By producing a number of hormones placenta plays a
part of temporary endocrine gland. What hormone may
be detected in woman’s blood on the third or the fourth
day after begin of implantation, that is used in medicine
A.
Chorionic gonadotropin
B. Somatostatin
C. Progesterone
D. Vasopressin
Hormone may be
Chorionic
detected in woman’s gonadotropin
blood on the third or
the fourth day after
49.
D.
E.
Prophase
Interphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Anaphase
Chromosomes have
free position,
centrioles migrate to
the poles. Phase of
cell cycle
Chromosomes are
loosely scattered,
centrioles migrate to
the poles. Phase of
cell cycle
Prophase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Chromosomes’
disjunction
for early pregnancy detection?
E. Oxytocin
inplantation
52.
Implantation process has two stages: adhesion and
invasion. Morphological manifestation of blastocyst
adhesion is:
A. Attachment of blastocyst to the
endometrium
B. Destruction of endometrium
epithelium
C. Destruction of connective tissue of
endometrium
D. Destruction of endometrium vessels
E. Formation of lacunes
Blastocyst adhesion
is
53.
At a certain stage of development of a human embryo
one can observe formation of a cavity in its structure,
small light blastomeres on the periphery and large dark
blastomeres at one of the poles. The embryo at this
stage of development is called:
A. Blastocyst
B. Morula
C. Zygote
D. Gastrula
E. Blastodisk
54.
Examination of uterine cavity revealed an embryonated
ovum that wasn’t attached to the endometrium. The
embryo is at the following stage of development:
A.
B.
C.
Small light
Blastocyst
blastomeres on the
periphery and large
dark blastomeres at
one of the poles.
The embryo is
called
Name of
Blastocyst
embryonated ovum
in uterine cavity that
wasn’t attached to
the endometrium.
D.
E.
55.
56.
A specimen of a 10-day-old human embryo shows two
interconnected sacs (amniotic and yolk sacs). Name the
structure located in the place where these two saca
connect:
Blastocyst
Zygote
Morula
Gastrula
Neurula
A. Extraembryonic mesoderm
B. Amniotic stalk
C. Roof of the amniotic sac
D. Embryonic shield (disc)
E. Bottom of the amniotic sac
For an unknown reason the fertilization membrane of an A. Embryo implantation into the
embryo dissolved in the fallopian tube in the first
Fallopian tube
critical period. What complication of pregnancy is
B. Embryonic death
possible in this case?
C. Invagination of the blastocyst wall
D. Return of blastocyst back to the
ampullary portion of the tube
E. Formation of two blastocysts
Attachment of
blastocyst to the
endometrium
Name of embryo
structure located in
the place where two
saca are
interconnected
Embryonic shield
(disc)
Possible
complication of
pregnancy when
fertilization
membrane is
dissolved in the
fallopian tube
Embryo
implantation into
the Fallopian tube
57.
Examination of a pregnant woman who has been taking
alcohol revealed disturbed anlage of ectoderma during
the fetal life. What derivatives of this leaf (germ layer)
have defects?
A. Neural tube
B. Kidneys
C. Bowels (intestinal) epithelium
D. Liver
E. Sexual glands
Taking alcohol by a
pregnant woman
disturbes anlage of
ectoderma. What
structure have
defects?
Neural tube
58.
A newborn child has microcephalia. Doctors consider
that this is the result of mother’s taking actinomycin D
during the pregnancy. What embryonal leaf (embryonic
germ layer) was influenced by this teratogen?
A. Ectoderma
B. All leaves (germ layers)
C. Entoderma
D. Mesoderma
E. Entoderma and mesoderma
Ectoderma
59.
During gastrulation, three germ layers are being formed
(ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm). Later they
develop into tissues and organs. Ectoderm, in particular,
develops into:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Disorders of what
embryonic layer
(leaf) may cause
microcephalia
(small brain and
head)?
Ectoderm develops
into
60.
Microspecimen of a child’s finger skin reveals
subnormal development of epidermis. What embryonic
leaf was damaged in course of development?
A. Ectoderm
B. Mesoderm
C. Entoderm
D. Mesenchyma
E. Ectomesenchyma
61.
A child has a hereditary skin contidion – no sweat
glands (anhidrosis) – which impairs important skin
functions – perspiration and thermoregulation. This
contidion results from maldevelopment of the following
structure during embryogenesis:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
62.
As a result of a development anomaly a newborn has
malformation of major salivary glands. This anomaly is
caused by the damage of the following embryonal
A. Ectoderm
B. Splanchnotom
C. Somites
Intestinal epithelium
Blood and lymph
Skeletal muscles
Neural tube
Hepatic cells
Ectoderm
Splanchnotome
Sclerotome
Endoderm
Dermatone
Neural tube
Damage of what
Ectoderm
embryonic leaf
(germ layer) reflect
in subnormal
development of
epidermis?
Maldevelopment of Ectoderm
which structure
reflect in –
anhidrosis (no sweat
glands)?
Damage of which
embryonal structure
results in
Ectoderm
structure:
D. Entoderm
E. Mesenchyme
malformation of
major salivary
glands?
63.
An embryo has signs of disturbed process of dorsal
mesoderm segmentation and somite generation. What
part of skin is most likely to have developmental
abnormalities?
A. Derma
B. Hair
C. Sebaceous glands
D. Epidermis
E. Sudoriferous glands
Derma
64.
An embryo has a disturbed development of bloodvascular system caused by a teratogenic factor. This
disturbance occurred in the following germ layer:
A. Mesoderm
B. Entoderm
C. Exoderm
D. Ento- and mesoderm
E. Ento- and ectoderm
65.
During gastrulation the Hensen’s node remained
underdeveloped in the embryo. Which axial organ will
slow down its development?
A. Chord (notochord)
B. Neural crests
C. Neural groove
D. Neural tube
E. Mantle layer of the neural tube
What part of skin
has developmental
abnormalities when
process of dorsal
mesoderm
segmentation is
disturbed?
Disturbance of
which germ layer
may
disturb development
of blood-vascular
system?
Underdevelopment
of Hensen’s node
result in slow down
of?
66.
Normally, the maternal and fetal blood circulation has
no direct connection. The fetal blood flows through the
vessels in the chorionic villi, while maternal blood
circulates through the intervillous space of the
endometrium. What separates fetal and maternal blood?
A.
Hemochorial barrier
B.
Closing plate of the decidua
basalis
C.
Fibrinoid oxyphilic mass
(Langhans fibrinoid)
D.
Connective tissue septa
E.
Rohr amorphous fibrinoid
What separates fetal
and maternal blood?
Hemochorial
barrier
67.
As a result of a development anomaly a newborn has
malformation of major salivary glands. This anomaly is
caused by the damage of the following embryonal
structure:
A. Ectoderm
B. Splanchnotom
C. Somites
D. Entoderm
Malformation of
major salivary
glands is caused by
the damage of the
following
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Chord
(notochord)
E. Mesenchyme
embryonal
structure:
68.
A histological specimen shows an extraembryonic
organ in form of a vesicle linked to the entodermal
canal. Its wall is lined with epithelium, exteriorly it is
made up by connective tissue. In the early stages of
embryogenesis this organ has hematopoietic function.
Name this organ:
A. Vitelline sac (yolk sac)
B. Allantois
C. Amnion
D. Umbillical cord
E. Placenta
Extraembryonic
organ in form of a
vesicle linked to the
entodermal canal.
Name this organ
Vitelline sac
(yolk sac)
69.
During embryogenesis trophoblast develops into an
organ rudiment that has endocrinal function. What
rudiment is it?
A. Villous chorion
B. Amnion
C. Yolk sac
D. Allantois
E. Umbillical cord
What is rudiment of Villous chorion
trophoblast with
endocrinal function?
70.
There is a specimen of soft palate where both oral and
nasal surfaces can be seen. It was revealed that oral
cavity had damaged epithelium. What epithelium is
damaged?
A. Multistratal (stratified) squamous
nonkeratinizing
B. Multistratal cubical nonkeratinizing
C. Multistratal prismatic nonkeratinizing
D. Multistratal squamous keratinizing
E. Multirowed ciliated epithelium
Which epithelium
forms oral surface
of soft palate?
Multistratal
(stratified)
squamous
nonkeratinizing
71.
A patient with an acute rhinitis has hyperemia and
excessive mucus formation in nasal cavity. What
epithelial cells of mucous membrane have the
intensified activity?
A. Goblet cells
B. Ciliated cells
C. Microvillous cells
D. Basal cells
E. Endocrine cells
Which epithelial
cells of nasal cavity
produce mucus?
Goblet cells
72.
Study of a tubular organ revealed that its median
membrane consists of solid hyaline rings. What
epithelium lines mucous membrane of this organ?
A. Multinuclear (pseudostritified)
prismatic (columnar) ciliated
B. Monostratal prismatic glandular
C. Monostratal prismatic with a border
D. Multistratal squamous nonkeratinizing
E. Monostratal cubical
Which epithelium
lines tubular organ
with hyaline rings?
Multinuclear
(pseudostritified)
prismatic
(columnar)
ciliated
73.
Premature infants have syndrom of respiratory failure.
Failure of what aerohematic barriere component
underlies this pathology?
A. Surfactant
B. Capillary endothelium
C. Basal membrane of endothelium
D. Basal membrane of alveolocytes
E. Alveolocytes
What component of
aerohematic barrier
underlies syndrom
of respiratory
failure?
Surfactant
74.
Premature babies often develop respiratory distress
syndrome. This pathology is caused by the deficiency of
a certain component of the blood-air barrier. Name this
component:
Capillary endothelium
Surfactant
Alveolar basement membrane
Alveolocytes
Endothenial basement membrane
Deficiency of what
component of the
blood-air barrier
causes respiratory
distress syndrome?
Surfactant
75.
An electronic microphotograph of the biospy material
shows structures containing surfactant, type I
alveolocytes, bassement membrane, and fenestrated
capillary endothelium. What histogematic barrier of the
human body has such structures?
Blood-air barrier
Blood-brain barrier
Blood-testis barrier
Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Blood-thymus barrier
Blood-air barrier
76.
Morphological examination revealed in histological
specimen of biopsy material an irregular-shaped vessel.
Its middle membrane (tunica media) is formed by
bundles of smooth myocytes and layers of connective
tissue. What type of vessel is it?
A. Vein of muscular type
B. Artery of muscular type
C. Lymphatic vessel
D. Venule
E. Arteriole
What barrier has
surfactant, type I
alveolocytes,
basement
membrane, and
fenestrated capillary
endothelium?
What irregularshaped vessel has
middle membrane
(tunica media) with
smooth myocytes?
77.
Obliterating atherosclerosis causes changes in the
vessels of the lower extermities. A histological
specimen of such a vessel evidently presents both
internal and external elastic membranes, middle
membrane (tunica media) contains a lot of myocytes.
What vessel is affected in case of this disease?
A. Artery of muscular type
B. Artery of elastic type
C. Artery of mixed type
D. Vein with strongly developed muscles
E. Lymph node
78.
A specimen of the pia mater shows a vessel with no
middle membrane (tunica media) in its wall, its outer
A. Fibrous vein
B. Muscular vein with weakly developed
Vein of muscular
type
What vessel has
Artery of
internal and external muscular type
elastic membranes,
middle membrane
(tunica media)
contains a lot of
myocytes
What vessel doesn’t Fibrous vein
have tunica media?
membrane adheres to the surrounding tissues, the inner
membrane is made up of the basal membrane and
endothelium. Specify this vessel:
muscular elements
C. Muscular artery
D. Arteriola
E. Mixed artery
79.
A histological specimen demonstrates a vessel with the
wall that consists of endothelium, basement membrane,
and loose connective tissue. What type of vessel is it?
Lymph capillary
Non-muscular vein
Hemocapillary
Muscular vein
Artery
What vessel has
Non-muscular
endothelium,
vein
basement membrane
and loose
connective tissue?
80.
A microspecimen of heart shows rectangular cells from
50 to 120 mcm large with central position of nucleus,
developed myofibrils. The cells are connected by
intercalated discs. These cells are responsible for the
following function:
A. Function of heart contractions
B. Function of impulse conduction
C. Endocrine
D. Protective
E. Regeneratory
Function of
contractile
cardiomyocytes is
heart contractions
81.
An electronic microphotograph of the myocardium
shows appendaged cells with few organelles. These
cells have secretory granules and well-developed
endoplasmic reticulum. Name these cells:
His bundle cells
Secretory cardiomyocytes
Ventricular cardiomyocytes
Transitional atypical cells
Pacemaker cells
What is function of
rectangular heart
cells with central
position of nucleus,
developed
myofibrils and
connected by
intercalated discs?
What is name
ofmyocardium cells
with secretory
granules?
82.
For diagnostic purposes a parenchyma sample of the
patient’s blood forming organ was obtained. The
sample contained megakaryocytes. What organ is it?
Tonsil
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Lymph node
Spleen
What blood forming
organ has
megakaryocytes?
Red bone marrow
83.
While playing a child got a punch in the presternum
region. As a result of this trauma an organ located
behind the presternum was damaged. Name this organ:
A. Thymus
B. Thyroid gland
C. Heart
D. Pericardium
Wich organ located
behind the
presternum?
Thymus
Secretory
cardiomyocytes
E. Larynx
84.
The influence of negative factors upon an organism
results in the thymus change that is accompanied by
mass loss of thymocytes,
their drive out to the peripheral organs, proliferation of
epithelioreticulocytes. How is this phenomemon called?
A. Accidental thymus involution
B. Age thymus involition
C. Thymus hypotrophy
D. Thymus distrophy
E. Thymus atrophy
What is results in
the thymus change
due to negative
factors ?
Accidental
thymus
involution
85.
Medullary substance of a hemopoetic organ’s lobule in
a histological specimen is lighter coloured and contains
epithelial bodies. What organ are these morphological
preperties typical for?
A. Thymus
B. Lymph node
C. Spleen
D. Liver
E. Kidney
What hemopoetic
organ has lighter
coloured and
contains epithelial
bodies?
Thymus
86.
A patient consulted an immunologist about diarrhea,
weight loss within several months, low-grade fever,
enlarged lymph nodes. The doctor suspected HIV
infection. What immunocompetent cells must be studied
in the first place?
A. Helper T-lymphocytes
B. Suppressor T-lymphocytes
C. B-lymphocytes
D. Monocytes
E. Plasma cells
What
immunocompetent
cells must be
studied in the first
place under HIV?
Helper Tlymphocytes
87.
A histological specimen presents an organ that has both
cortical and medullary substance. Cortical substance
consists of an external zone that contains lymph nodules
as well as of a paracortical zone. Medullary substance
contains medullary cords, sinuses and trabecules. What
organ possesses these morphological signs?
A. Lymph node
B. Spleen
C. Kidney
D. Thymus
E. Adrenal glands
What organ has
Lymph node
cortex with lymph
nodules and medulla
with medullary
cords and trabecules
88.
Histological slides of spleen and lymph node show
enlargement of lymphoid tissue, which can indicate
activation of immune responses. Where in these organs
can be found a zone of antigen-independent
proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes (B
zone)?
Paracortical zone
Germinal center of a lymph node
Pariarterial zone
Mantle zone
Brain sinuses
Where is antigenindependent
proliferation and
differentiation of B
lymphocytes?
Germinal center
of a lymph node
89.
Histological specimen shows parenchyma of an organ
that consists of lymphoid tissue that forms lymph
nodules; the nodules are located diffusely and have a
central artery. What anatomical structure has such
morphological characteristics?
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Tonsil
Spleen
Lymph node
What organ has
diffusely located
nodules with central
artery?
Spleen
90.
Examination of a patient who was exposed to the
ionizing radiation revealed damage of wight (white)
pulp. What cells of white pulp undergo pathological
changes?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Neutrophilic leukocytes
C. Basophilic leukocytes
D. Monocytes
E. Tissue basophils
What are cells of
white pulp?
Lymphocytes
91.
An electronic microphotography shows epidermis with
some dendritic cells among common cubic cells. These
cells have a well developed Golgi complex, a lot of
ribosomes and melanosomes. These cells are called:
A. Melanocytes
B. Keratinocytes
C. Langerhans’ cells
D. Merkel’s cells
E. Tissue basophils
What dendritic cells
of epidermis have
melanosomes?
Melanocytes
92.
Histological study of a microslide of human skin found
only dense irregular connective tissue. Which layer of
this organ was analysed?
A. Reticular dermis
B. Papillary dermis
C. Subcutaneous adipose tissue
D. Epidermis
E. Basal layer of epidermis
What layer of skin
is made of dense
irregular connective
tissue?
Reticular dermis
93.
Study of epidermal rigdes on fingers (i.e. dactyloscopy)
is used in criminalistics for person identification. It also
can be used for diagnosing genetic disorders,
particularly Down syndrome. Which of the following
skin layers creates the unique fingerprint picture?
Basement membrane
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Reticular layer
Papillary layer
What layer of skin
forms epidermal
rigdes?
Papillary layer
94.
A child has a hereditary skin contidion – no sweat
glands (anhidrosis)
– which impairs important skin functions – perspiration
and thermoregulation. This contidion results from
maldevelopment of the following structure during
Ectoderm
Splanchnotome
Sclerotome Endoderm
Dermatone
What is
embryogenesis of
skin?
Ectoderm
embryogenesis:
95.
After a person had drunk 1,5 liters of water, the amount
of urine increased significantly, and its relative density
decreased to 1,001. These changes are a result of
decreased water reabsorption in the distal nephron
portion due to reduced secretion of:
A. Vasopressin
B. Aldosterone
C. Angiotensin II
D. Renin
E. Prostaglandins
Which hormone
control water
reabsorption
Vasopressin
96.
A 26-year-old woman at 40 weeks’ gestation was
admitted to the maternity ward. Examination revealed
that the cervix was open, but uterine contractions were
absent. The doctor gave her a hormonal drug to induce
labor. Specify this drug:
A. Oxytocin
B. Hydrocortisone
C. Estrone
D. Testosterone
E. ACTH
Which hormon
induces labor?
Oxytocin
97.
Examination of a 32 year old patient revealed
disproportional skeleton size, enlargement of
superciliary arches, nose, lips, tongue, jaw bones, feet.
What gland’s function was disturbed?
A. Hypophysis
B. Epiphysis
C. Pancreas
D. Thyroid
E. Suprarenal
What gland control
disproportional
skeleton size?
Hypophysis
98.
Examination of a patient revealed enlargement of some
body parts
(jaw, nose, ears, feet, hands), but body proportions were
conserved.
It might be caused by intensified secretion of the
following hormone:
A. Somatotropin
B. Somatostatin
C. Tetraiodothyronine
D. Triiodothyronine
E. Cortisol
Which hormone
enlarges some body
parts?
Somatotropin
99.
The aim of the morphological study was to investigate
an endocrine gland with parenchyma consisting of
epithelium and neural tissue. In the epithelial trabeculae
the study revealed two types of cells: chromophile and
chromophobe. Identify this organ:
A. Pituitary gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Hypothalamus
D. Thyroid gland
E. Parathyroid gland
What endocrine
gland consists of
epithelium and
neural tissue?
Pituitary gland
100. A child has disturbed enamel and dentine formation as a A. Thyreocalcitonin
result of decreased content of calcium ions in his blood.
What hormone deficiency may cause such changes?
101. Microscopic study of an endocrine gland revealed that
its parenchyma consisted of follicular structures. Their
wall was formed by monolayer cubic epithelium, and
their cavity was filled up with oxyphilic substance.
What hormon is secreted by this gland?
102. A 24-year-old man underwent a surgery. During the
operation, an organ was excised and sent for
histological evaluation. Light microscopic examination
shows an organ encased in a thin connective tissue
capsule that enters the substance of the organ as septa,
to divide it into lobules. Each lobule is a strucrural unit
of this organ and contains follicles filled with colloid.
Follicular epithelium consists of low columnar,
cuboidal, or squamous cells, depending on the activity
of the follicle. This histological structure corressponds
the most with:
103. A 37-year-old patient has lost 5 kg in weight over the
past three months, he complains of hand tremor,
excessive sweating, exophthalmos, tachycardia. These
changes might have been caused by the increased
secretion of the following hormone:
104. Clinical examination of a female patient revealed
reduction of basal metabolism by 40%, gain in body
mass, drop of body temperature, face puffiness, sexual
B. Somatotropin
C. Thyroxin
D. Parathormone
E. Triiodothyronine
What hormone
Thyreocalcitonin
deficiency decreases
calcium ions in
blood?
A. Thyroxin
B. Aldosterone
C. Cortisol
D. Parathyrin
E. Oxytocin
What hormone is
secreted by gland
with follicles?
Thyroxin
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Parathyroid gland Pancreas
Parotid gland
Which organ has
follicles filled with
colloid?
Thyroid gland
A. Thyroxine
B. Cortisol
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon
E. Thyrocalcitonin
What hormone
causes loss of
weight, hand
tremor, excessive
sweating,
exophthalmos,
tachycardia?
What hormone
reduces basal
metabolism, gain in
Thyroxine
A. Hypofunction of thyroid gland
B. Hypofunction of parathyroid glands
C. Hypophysis hyperfunction
Hypofunction of
thyroid gland
disfunctions, inertness and apathy, lowered intelligence.
These symptoms are caused by disfunction of the
following endocrine gland:
105. After a surgical procedure an experimental animal died
from intense convulsions. What endocrinal glands were
extracted?
106. A patient has the sudden decrease of Ca2+ content in
blood. What hormone secretion will increase?
107. A child has abnormal formation of tooth enamel and
dentin as a result of low concentration of calcium ions
in blood. Such abnormalities might be caused by
deficiency of the following hormone:
108. There is a 9 year old boy in endocrinological
department, who has already had a few fractures of
extremeties caused by fragility of bones. Malfunction of
what endocrinous glands (gland) takes place?
109. Microscopic examination of a parenchymatous organ
revealed that its epithelial cords formed glomerular,
fascicular and reticular zones. The central part of the
organ was presented by accumulations of chromaffin
D. Epiphysis hypofunction
E. Hyperfunction of thyroid gland
A. Parathyroid
B. Thyroid
C. Adrenal
D. Ovaries
E. Testicles
body mass, drop of
body temperature,
face puffiness,
sexual disfunctions,
inertness and
apathy, loweres
intelligence?
Deficiency of which
endocrinal gland
causes intense
convulsions?
Parathyroid
A. Parathormone
B. Thyrocalcitonin
C. Aldosterone
D. Vasopressin
E. Somatotropin
What hormone
increases Ca2+
content in blood?
Parathormone
A. Parathormone
B. Thyrocalcitonin
C. Thyroxin
D. Somatotropic hormone
E. Triiodothyronine
What hormone
lowers
concentration of
calcium ions in
blood?
Parathormone
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Thyroid gland
C. Thymus
D. Adrenal glands
E. Epiphysis
Malfunction of what Parathyroid
endocrine glands
glands
causes fragility of
bones?
A. Adrenal gland
B. Thyroid gland
C. Epiphysis
D. Liver
Which organ has
epithelial cords
formed glomerular,
fascicular and
Adrenal gland
cells. Specify this organ:
110. In a histological specimen of adrenal cortex there are
petite polygonal cells that form roundish clusters and
contain some lipidic inclusions. What part of adrenal is
presented in this histological specimen?
111. A histological specimen of kidney shows a structure
consisting of a glomerulus of fenestrated capillaries and
a bilayer epithelial capsule. Specify this structure:
E. Hypophysis
reticular zones?
A. Glomerular zone
B. Intermedial zone
C. Fasciolar zone
D. Reticular zone
Which zone of
adrenal cortex has
roundish clusters?
A. Renal corpuscle
B. Proximal tubule
C. Distal tubule
D. Henle’s loop
E. Receiving tube
Which structure
Renal corpuscle
consists of a
glomerulus of
fenestrated
capillaries and a
bilayer epithelial
capsule?
Which epithelial
Podocyte
cell of renal
corpuscle has
numerous
appendages attached
to the basement
membrane of the
capillaries?
Which tubule lined
Proximal tubule
by columnar
epithelium with
brush border and
deep plicae of
plasmolemma in its
basal part?
112. An electronic microphotograph shows a fragment of the Podocyte
renal corpuscle. In the photograph there is a large
epithelial cell with numerous appendages. The
appendages are attached to the basement membrane of
the capillaries. What type of cell is it?
Mesangial cell
Endothelial cell
Juxtavascular cell
Smooth muscle cell
113. Electron-microscope investigation of cortical substance
A. Proximal tubule
of a kidney reveals some structures lined with prismatic B. Distal convoluted tubule
(columnar) epithelium that normally has brush border
C. Henle’s loop
and deep plicae of plasmolemma in its basal part. There D. Renal corpuscle
is a big number of mitochondrions between these plicae. E. Distal straight tubule
These structures belong to the following part of a
nephron:
114. A month after surgical constriction of rabbit’s renal
artery the considerable increase of systematic arterial
pressure was observed. What of the following
regulation mechanisms caused the animal’s pressure
A. Angiotensin-II
B. Vasopressin
C. Adrenaline
D. Noradrenaline
Which renal
hormone increases
arterial pressure?
Glomerular zone
Angiotensin-II
change?
115. Electron micrograph of a kidney fragment presents an
afferent arteriole with big cells under endothelium.
These cells contain secretory granules. Name this type
of cells:
116. An electronic microphotography shows a renal
corpuscle with dendritic cells between the capillaries of
choroid glomus (glomerulus). Their cytoplasm contains
a large number of filaments. Specify these cells:
E. Serotonin
A. Juxtaglomerular
B. Mesangial
C. Smooth muscular
D. Juxtavascular
E. Interstitial
Which cells with
secretory granules
located next to
afferent arteriole of
kidney?
Juxtaglomerular
Proximal part of nephron
Renal corpuscle
Distal part of nephron
Loop of Henle
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Which dendritic
cells located
between the
capillaries of
glomerulus?
Juxtaglomerular
apparatus
Which part of
kidney has cells
with large secretory
granules and located
between afferent
and efferent
arterioles?
What kind of
epithelium lined
urinary bladder?
Juxtaglomerular
apparatus
Which tubules of t
esticle lined with
spermatogenetic
epithelium?
Convoluted
seminiferois
tubules
117. An electronic microphotography of a part of a kidney
Proximal part of nephron
shows cells with large secretory granules in their
Renal corpuscle
cytoplasm in the wall of afferient and efferent arterioles. Distal part of nephron
What renal structure has such cells?
Loop of Henle
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
118. Analysis of biopsy material of urinary bladder mucosa
revealed a tumour of epithelial origin. What kind of
epithelium was the source of this tumour?
119. A married couple complains of inability to have
children. Examination revealed that the husband had his
spermatogenetic epithelium of a testicle damaged,
which caused absence of spermatozoons in his sperm
and infertility as a result. Which part of testicle was
damaged?
A. Stratified transitional
B. Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing
C. Simple squamous
D. Multinucleated ciliated
E. Simple cubical
A. Convoluted seminiferois tubules
B. Straight seminiferois tubules
C. Network of testis
D. Epididymis ducts
E. Efferent ducts
Stratified
transitional
120. A patient consulted a doctor about difficulties with
A. Prostate
B. Bulbourethral gland
C. Bulb of penis
D. Epididymis
E. Seminal vesicles
What organ is
proximal part of
urethra located in?
Prostate
A. Neuromuscular synapses
B. Central synapses
C. Ganglionic synapses
D. Membrane conduction of excitement
E. Proprioceptors
Curarelike
substances
(dithylinum) block
Neuromuscular
synapses
A.
B.
C.
Bipolar
arches. What type of neurons are these cells?
Unipolar
Multipolar
D.
–
E.
Pseudounipolar
A. Pseudounipolar
123. A sensory nerve ganglion consists of roundish
neurocytes with one process that divides (branches) into B. Unipolar
axon and dendrite at a certain distance from perikaryon. C. Bipolar
What are such cells called?
D. Multipolar
E. Apolar
Type of cells of
sensory spinal
ganglions
Pseudounipolar
Sensory. nerve
ganglion consists of
roundish neurocytes
Pseudounipolar
124. It was established that the conduction velocity in the
A. Motoneuron axons
B. Preganglionic sympathetic
C. Preganglionic parasympathetic
D. Postganglionic sympathetic
E. Postganglionic parasympathetic
Specify fibers with
conduction velocity
120 m/sec
Motoneuron
axons
A. Axons of motoneurons and axons of
neurons of lateral horns
B. Central processes of sensitive neurons
of spinal ganglions
C. Peripheral processes of sensitive
spinal ganglions
D. Axons of neurons of lateral horns
E. Dendrites of neurons of spinal
Damaged anterior
roots of spinal cord
are built of
Axons of
motoneurons and
axons of neurons
of lateral horns
urinary excretion. Examination revealed hypertrophy of
an organ that encloses proximal part of urethra. What
organ is it?
121. Curarelike substances (dithylinum) make it impossible
for skeletal muscles to contract because they block:
122. Cells of sensory spinal ganglions are a part of reflex
nerve fibers was equal to 120 m/sec. Specify these
fibers:
125. As a result of a trauma a patient has damaged anterior
roots of spinal cord. What structures have been
affected?
ganglions
126. A patient had a trauma that led to the injury of front
spinal roots. Denote the damaged structures:
127. A patient of neurological department has a sensitivity
loss caused by the damage to pseudounipolar
neurocytes. Pseudounipolar neurons are a kind of
bipolar neurons and the only place of their
localizationin the human body is:
A. Axons of motoneurons and lateral
horn neurons
B. Central processes of spinal ganglion
neurons
C. Peripheral processes of spinal
ganglion neurons
D. Axons of lateral horn neurons
E. Axons of motoneurons
Front spinal roots
injury
Axons of
motoneurons and
lateral horn
neurons
A. Spinal ganglions
B. Retina
C. Spiral ganglion
D. Intramural vegetative ganglia
E. Thalamic tubercle
Only place of
pseudounipolar
neurocytes
localization in the
human body is
Spinal ganglions
128. A histological specimen shows parenchyma of a certain A.
organ. The parenchyma is represented by the nervous
tissue with pseudounipolar neurons. The cell bodies of
neurons are located in clusters and covered with glia
and connective sheath. Which of the following is
described?
129. A specimen of cerebral cortex impregnated with silver
nitrate shows some gigantic neurons of pyramidal form.
These cells make the following layer of cortex:
130. As a result of punctate retinal hemorrhage a patient lost
ability to see objects in the centre of visual field. In
what part of retina did the hemorrhage take place?
131. A histological specimen of an eyeball shows a structure
in form of a convexoconvex formation connected with
B.
C.
D.
E.
Solar plexus
Cerebellum
Spinal ganglion
Epiphysis
Spinal cord
Parenchyma organ
Spinal ganglion
with pseudounipolar
neurons.
A. Ganglionic
B. Pyramidal
C. Molecular
D. Exterior granular
E. Interior granular
Gigantic neurons of Ganglionic
pyramidal form in
cerebral cortex lie in
layer
A. Yellow spot
B. Ciliary part of retina
C. Iris
D. Blind spot
E. Vascular membrane
Lost ability to see
objects in the centre
of visual field
In Yellow spot
A. Crystalline lens
B. Vitreous body
In eye
convexoconvex
Crystalline lens
the ciliary body by the fibers of ciliary zonule and
covered with a transparent capsule. Specify this
structure:
C. Ciliary body
D. Cornea
E. Sclera
formation connected
with the ciliary
body
A.
B.
C.
Eye specimen
shows multilayer
structure with
pigment epithelium,
rods and cones
Retina
A. Bipolar neurons
seeing color green. What cells are absent in the patient’s B.
Ganglionic neurons
retina, causing the vision іmpairment?
C.
Neurosensory cells – rods
D.
Retinal pigment epithelium
E.
Neurosensory cells – cones
A. Angular acceleration
134. As a result of head trauma a 32 year old man has
damaged ampullas of semicircular ducts. What stimuli
B. Vibration
perception will be disturbed?
C. Gravitation
D. Linear acceleration
E. Vibration and gravitation
What cells are
absent in problems
with seeing color
green.
Neurosensory
cells – cones
What stimuli
perception ampullas
of semicircular
ducts perform?
Angular
acceleration
135. An electronic microphotography of a sense organ shows A. Organ of equilibrium
Sense organ shows
hair cells with short
microvilli stereocilia - and a
polar kinocilium.
Organ of
equilibrium
Structure that
equalizes the
pressure between
the tympanic cavity
and the pharynx
What organ of oral
cavity has anterior
surface lined with
Eustachian tube
132. Histologic examination of an eye specimen shows
multilayer structure. The outermost layer is represented
by special pigment epithelium, which is composed of
cuboidal melanin-containing cells that absorb light. The
photoreceptor layer contains photosensitive outer
segments of rods and cones. Which of the following eye
structures is mentioned?
D.
E.
Ciliary body
Retina
Iris
Choroid
Sclera
133. Examination revealed that patient has problems with
some hair cells with short microvilli - stereocilia located on their apical surface and a polar kinocilium.
What sense organ are these cells typical for?
136. The patient’s examination detected an inflammation of
B. Organ of vision
C. Olfactory organ
D. Acoustic organ
E. Gustatory organ
A.
Inner ear
a certain anatomical structure that equalizes the pressure B.
Internal auditory meatus
between the tympanic cavity and the pharynx. Name
C.
External auditory meatus
thus structure:
D.
Major mastoid air cell
E.
Eustachian tube
A. Soft palate
137. Histological specimen of an oral cavity organ shows
that anterior surface is lined with multilayer flat nonB. Gum
keratinizing epitheliumand posterior surface - with
C. Hard palate
Soft palate
multirow ciliated epithelium. What organ is it?
138. A histological specimen of an oral cavity organ
represents three zones: adipose, glandular and fibrous.
Specify this organ:
D. Lip
E. Cheek
A. Hard palate
B. Gum
C. Soft palate
D. Lip
E. Cheek
1. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen shows a
139.
structure of the oral cavity composed of the bone tissue,
which is covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium and lamina propria. The
specimen has also minor mucous salivary glands. In all
parts of the lamina propria the collagenous fibers form
thick bundles that bind the mucosa to the periosteum.
Based on these findings, which of the following is the
most likely structure?
An electron microphotograph of an enamel organ shows
a prismatic cell with developed granular endoplasmatic
reticulum and Golgi complex. The apical part of the cell
has Tomes process containing secretory granules and
small vesicles. Specify the cell:
A. Secretory active enameloblast
B. Pre-enameloblast
C. External cell of an enamel organ
D. Cell of enamel organ pulp
E. Cell of intermediate layer of enamel
organ
In the process of tooth tissue histogenesis dentin wasn’t
formed in time for some reasons. What process of
further histogenesis will be delayed or will not take
place at all?
140.
141.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A. Cheek
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lip
2. A histologic specimen of the sagittal section of
142.
mandible primordium of a 3,5-month-old human
multilayer flat nonkeratinizing
epitheliumand and
posterior surface with multirow
ciliated epithelium.
Oral cavity organ
has three zones:
adipose, glandular
and fibrous.
Hard palate
Structure of oral
Hard palate
cavity composed of
the bone tissue,
covered by stratified
squamous nonkeratinizing
epithelium and
lamina propria
Secretory active
enameloblast
A. Enamel formation
B. Pulp formation
C. Predentinal space formation
D. Cellular cement formation
E. Acellular cement formation
Enamel organ
shows a prismatic
cell with developed
granular
endoplasmatic
reticulum and Golgi
complex.
If dentin wasn’t
formed what
process will be
delayed or will not
occur?
A. Dental saccule
B. Dental bulb
In mandible
primordium
Dental saccule
Enamel formation
embryo shows an epithelial organ surrounded by
compactly arranged mesenchymal cells. This
mesenchymal formation is called:
C. External enamel organs
D. Internal enamel organs
E. Pulp of an enamel organ
A. Root apex
B. Dental cervix
3. Histological study of two different tooth specimens
C. Superior subgingival part
revealed acellular and cellular cement, respectively. The D. Tooth crown
second specimen comes from the following tooth part:
E. The border between root and crown
143.
144.
4. Histological specimen of mandible shows 10 tooth buds
connected to the dental plate. Which element of tooth
germ will develop out of them?
145.
Histological study of an extirpated pulp revealed some
cylindrical cells in its peripheral layer. What are these
cells called?
146.
5. A histological specimen presents a developed tooth that
has a coating resistant to acids, but it can be found only
on the lateral surfaces of the tooth. What coating is
meant?
6.
7. Histological specimen of a decalcified tooth represents
147.
richly vascularized loose fibrous connective tissue
containing a variety of cells. Pyriform odontoblasts of
this region are arranged in several rows. What kind of
dental structure is it?
8. During the formation of mantle dentin the synthetic
148.
activity of odontoblasts was disturbed, which will have
an effect on the formation of the following fibers:
epithelial organ
surrounded by
compactly arranged
mesenchymal cells.
Cellular cement
location
Root apex
A. Enamel organ
B. Dental bulb
C. Dental sac
D. Enamel spindles
E. Enamel pearls
Tooth buds
connected to dental
plate will create
Enamel organ
A. Odontoblasts
B. Fibroblasts
C. Monocytes
D. Ameloblasts
E. Myofibroblasts
Cylindrical cells in
peripheral layer of
tooth pulp
Odontoblasts
A. Cuticle
B. Dentine
C. Enamel pellicle
D. Enamel
E. Cement
Tooth coating
resistant to acids,
can be found on the
lateral surfaces of
tooth
Cuticle
A. Coronal pulp
B. Root pulp
C. Periodontium
D. Mantle dentin
E. Vasodentin
Richly vascularized
loose fibrous
connective tissue
with odontoblasts
Coronal pulp
A. Radial collagen Korff’s fibers
B. Tangential collagen Ebner’s fibers
C. Reticular
D. Elastic
Disorders of
synthetic activity of
odontoblasts in
mantle dentin
Radial collagen
Korff’s fibers
E. Nerve
149.
150.
A microspecimen of parotid gland presents secretory
acines with serous cells that synthesize mostly enzymes.
According to the chemical composition classification,
the parotid gland relates to the following glands:
A. Serous
B. Mucous
C. Seromucous
D. Enzymatic
E. –
A histological specimen of mandible of an embryo
shows a tooth germ with the made up of small stellate
basophilic cells. What tissue forms this part of the tooth
germ?
A. Mesenchyme
B. Epithelial
C. Reticular
D. Cartilaginous
E. Osseous
Dental papilla is
formed by
Mesenchyme
External layer of
dental saccule
produces
Periodontium
An embryo had its external layer of dental saccule
experimentally destroyed. What dental structure won’t
have any further development?
A. Periodontium
B. Enamel
C. Dentin
D. Cement
E. Pulp
Histological examination of trasverse enamel slice
revealed linear banding in form of concentric circles
that is pointing at an angle to the dentinoenamel
junction. Name these structures:
A. Retsius’ lines
B. Hunter-Schreger’s lines
C. Enamel plates
D. Enamel fascicles
E. Enamel spindles
Concentric circles
that is pointing at an
angle to the
dentinoenamel
junction.
Retsius’ lines
Organ is made up of
skeletal
crossstriated muscle
tissue, has
cutaneous,
intermediate, and
mucosal sections
What cells form
Hertwig’s epithelial
root sheath ,
remnants of which
in periodontium are
Lip
151.
152.
violate the
formation of
Chemical
composition parotid
gland secret
(enzymes)
153. A histological specimen represents an organ made up of A. Lip
skeletal crossstriated muscle tissue. The organ has
cutaneous, intermediate, and mucosal sections. The skin
of the organ is stratified squamous keratinizing
epithelium passing into nonkeratinizing epithelium in
the mucosal section. Specify this organ:
154. During tooth development periodontium preserves
remains of embryonal coleorhiza (Hertwig’s epithelial
root sheath) that are called Malassez’s epithelial rests.
They can be sourse of cyst or tumour development in
the area of tooth radix. What cells form Hertwig’s
B. Hard palate
C. Cheek
D. Gum
E. Tongue
A. Cells of enamel organ
B. Mesenchymal cells
C. Pulpocytes
D. Odontoblasts
Serous
Cells of enamel
organ
E. Cementoblasts
Examination of a patient revealed abnormal
development of enamel. This is caused by damage of
the following structural elements of dental germ:
A. Internal enamel epithelium of enamel
organ
B. External enamel epithelium of enamel
organ
C. Intermediate layer of enamel organ
D. Pulp of enamel organ
E. Cervix of enamel organ
Examination of a tooth slice of a 42 y.o. man revealed
on the dentinalenamel border some solid linear fusiform
structures as long as 1/3 of enamel depth. What
structures were revealed?
A. Enamel spindles
B. Denticles
C. Enamel fascicles
D. "Dead"tracts
E. Carious damage
Solid linear
fusiform structures
on the
dentinalenamel
border
Enamel spindles
During examination of a child’s oral cavity a
pediatrician established presence of inferior medial
incisors. The child’s development is normal. How old is
the child?
A. 6-7 months
B. 8-9 months
C. 10-12 months
D. 13-14 months
E. –
Presence of inferior
medial incisors
corresponds to the
age
6-7 months
High resistance of
enamel depends on
Phtorapatite
Enamel is characterized by high resistance to the
influence of various mechanical and chemical factors.
What component’s synthesis provideds such resistance?
A. Phtorapatite
B. Hydroxyapatite
C. Chlorapatite
D. Collagen
E. Carbonate apatite
What lingual
papillas lie at lateral
surface of tongue
Foliate
A child damaged the lateral surface of his tongue. What
lingual papillas are most likely to be damged?
A. Foliate
B. Conic
C. Vallate
D. Filiform
E. Fungiform
In proper gastric
gland large rounded
cell with numerous
intracellular
Parietal cell
155.
156.
157.
called Malassez’s
epithelial rests?
Abnormal
development of
enamel depends on
damage of
epithelial root sheath?
158.
159.
160. An electronic microphotograph shows a fragment of the A.
proper gastric gland. In the photograph there is a large
irregular rounded cell with numerous intracellular
canaliculi and mitochondria. Name this type of cell:
B.
C.
D.
Chief cell
Parietal cell
Undifferentiated cell
Foveolar cell
Internal enamel
epithelium of
enamel organ
E.
161. A histological microslide shows an organ with mucosal
lamina propria that contains simple tubular glands,
consisting mostly of chief and parietal cells, as well as
of mucous neck cells. What type of gland is it?
162.
Histological examination in the area of neck of fundus
gland reveals small cells that have high nuclearcytoplasmatic ratio and basophilic cytoplasm. Name the
function of these cells:
canaliculi
Mucosal lamina
propria has simple
tubular glands
mostly with chief
and parietal cells
Function of small
cells with high
nuclearcytoplasmatic ratio
and basophilic
cytoplasm in the
neck of fundus
gland
In duodenal
epithelium cell with
electron-dense
granules in the basal
pole
Proper gastric
glands
Regeneration of
glandular
epithelium
An electron microphotograph of duodenal epithelium
clearly shows a cell with electron-dense granules in the
basal pole. What cell is it?
A. Endocrine
B. Prismatic with a limbus
C. Poorly differentiated
D. Goblet
E. Parietal
Liver specimen contains intralobular capillaries that
have broad irregular lumen. The greatest part of the
capillary has no basal membrane. What type of
capillaries is it?
A. Sinusoid
B. Visceral
C. Somatic
D. Precapillaries
E. Postcapillaries
Intralobular
capillaries of liver
Sinusoid
Capillaries in liver
specimen
Sinusoid
Intralobular capillaries of a liver specimen have wide
irregular lumen. Basal membrane is absent in the major
part of the capillary. What type of capillaries is it?
A. Sinusoid
B. Visceral
C. Somatic
D. Precapillaries
E. Postcapillaries
Hormone that
regulates absorption
of glucose from the
blood into the
liver…
Insulin
163.
164.
Endocrine cell
A.
Esophageal glands proper
B.
Proper gastric glands
C.
Esophageal cardiac glands
D.
Pyloric gastric glands
E.
Cardiac gastric glands
A. Regeneration of glandular epithelium
B. Protective
C. Endocrine
D. Secretion of chlorine ions
E. Pepsinogen secretion
165.
166. The researcher investigates human metabolic processes. A.
He studies a peptide hormone that regulates the
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by
promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into
the liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells. Which of the
B.
C.
D.
E.
Adrenaline
Insulin
Thyroxin
Aldosterone
Glucagon
Endocrine
following hormones performs described function?
167. A 55-year-old man was examined by the
endocrinologist because of a disturbance in the
pancreatic endocrine function. This disturbance
manifests as decreased blood glucagon levels. What
cells of this gland do not function properly in this case?
168. A man has considerable disorder of protein, fat and
carbohydrate digestion. Reduced secretion of what
digestive juice is the most probable cause of this
phenomenon?
169. A 35-year-old patient diagnosed with sterility came to
gynaecological department for diagnostic biopsy of
endometrium. Microscopic examination revealed that
mucous membrane is edematous, uterine glands are
convoluted and filled with thick secreta. Such changes
in the endometrium are caused by excess of the
following hormon:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A cells
B cells
D1 cells
PP cells
D cells
171. A woman has hyperemic ovary, increased permeability
of hematofollicular barrier with the following
development of edema, infiltration of follicle wall by
segmentonuclear leukocytes. The follicle volume is
large, its wall is thinned. What period of sexual cycle do
these presentations correspond with?
A cells
A. Pancreatic juice
B. Saliva
C. Gastric juice
D. Bile
E. Intestinal juice
Disorder of protein, Pancreatic juice
fat and carbohydrate
digestion depends
on
A. Progesterone
B. Estrogen
C. Testosterone
D. Somatotropin
E. ACTH
Mucous membrane
(endometrium) is
edematous, uterine
glands are
convoluted and
filled with thick
secreta
170. A histological specimen of ovary cortex shows a follicle A. Tertiary
with a large cavity. The first-order ovocyte is located in
the region of cumulus oophorus, it is surrounded by
transparent zone and radiate crown. Specify the type of
follicle:
What pancreatic
cells are producing
glucagon
B. Secondary
C. Primary
D. Atertiary
E. Primordial
A. Preovulatory stage
B. Ovulation
C. Menstrual period
D. Postmenstrual period
E. Period of relative rest
Progesterone
Type of follicle with Tertiary
a large cavity,
ovocyte on cumulus
oophorus has
transparent zone and
radiate crown
Hyperemic ovary,
Preovulatory
increased
stage
permeability of
hematofollicular
barrier. Follicle
volume is large, its
wall is thinned.
Stage of… cycle