How to identify planets
Venus : Bright orange or red
surface, lava oceans, a pinkish,
tan, atmosphere, few craters due
to an atmosphere, about 38,000
km in circumference. There are
two continents on the planet,
made of rough, patchy soil. A
large belt of lava surrounding
the planet. Mars: Grainy, rocky
surface whittled away into most
pebbles and boulders. Large dust
storms cover the planet. Lots of
craters and mountains, including
both the tallest mountain,
Olympus Mons, and the deepest
canyon, the Maris
Vallerinis, in the entire solar
system. It also has polar caps.
How form;Venus was formed by rocks
Surface Features Venus' surface
appears red due to the carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere, but its surface is
covered in lava from volcanic activity,
basaltic rocks, and sulfuric acid. It has
very few craters, since the extremely
heavy atmosphere destroys any
asteroids. Only strong asteroids can
survive, of which there are very few.
There are two continents Ishtar Terra
and Aphrodite Terra. These are the few
parts of Venus with solid land, and are
made of mostly rough, patchy rocks
with valleys and canyons. The rest of
the surface is mostly melted rock- lava
and magma.Mars: Grainy, rocky surface
whittled away into most pebbles and
boulders. Large dust storms cover the
planet. Lots of craters and mountains,
including both the tallest mountain,
Olympus Mons, and the deepest canyon,
the Maris Vallerinis, in the entire solar
system. It also has polar caps.
TRAPPIST-1 is an ultra-cool red dwarf
star in the constellation Aquarius with
a planetary system of seven known
planets. Its mass is about 9% of the
Sun's with a radius slightly larger than
the planet Jupiter and a surface
temperature of about 2,566 K (2,293 °C).
The star is 40.7 light-years (12.5 pc)
from the Sun and is estimated to be 7.6
billion years old, making it older than
the Solar System.The star was
discovered in 2000 and its planets were
discovered in 2016 and 2017 based on
observations from the Transiting
Planets and Planetesimals Small
TelescopeAs many as four of the
planets are potentially hospitable to
life, having orbits in the star's
habitable zone.There is no clear
evidence that any of the planets have
an atmosphere and it is unclear
whether the planets could retain an
atmosphere given TRAPPIST-1's radiation
emission
In astrogeology, chaos terrain, or
chaotic terrain, is a planetary surface
area where features such as ridges,
cracks, and plains appear jumbled and
enmeshed with one another. Chaos
terrain is a notable feature of the
planets Mars and Mercury, Jupiter's
moon Europa, and the dwarf planet
Pluto. In scientific nomenclature,
"chaos" is used as a component of
proper nouns (e.g., "Aureum Chaos" on
Mars).
, VERITAS, Spirit/Opportunity, Phoenix,
Curiosity, Perseverance/Ingenuity, Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, Galileo,
Europa Clipper, Cassini, Dragonfly,
OSIRIS-REx,
Rosetta, Spitzer, Kepler, JWST, and TESS.
Kepler-186 is a main-sequence M1-type
dwarf star, located 178.5 parsecs (582
light years) away in the constellation
of Cygnus. The star is slightly cooler
than the sun, with roughly half its
metallicity. It is known to have five
planets, including the first Earth-sized
world discovered in the habitable zone:
Kepler-186f
TOI 700 is a red dwarf 101.4 light-years
away from Earth located in the Dorado
constellation that hosts TOI 700 d, the
first Earth-sized exoplanet in the
habitable zone discovered by the
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
(TESS)TOI 700 is a red dwarf of spectral
class M (much redder, cooler, and
dimmer than the sun) that is 40% the
mass, 40% the radius and 55% of the
temperature of the Sun. The star is
bright with low levels of stellar
activity. Over the 11 sectors observed
with TESS, the star does not show a
single white-light flare. The low
rotation rate is also an indicator of
low stellar activity.Three exoplanets
have been detected by TESS to be
orbiting the host star TOI 700. All three
exoplanets may be tidally locked to TOI
700. Found by Spitzer
and metals coming together
to form a large planet.
However, solar winds are
too weak to blow away
Venus' atmosphere, and the
heat has led to a
greenhouse gas effect,
causing the planet to be
especially hot, even more so
than Mercury, though being
further away.Mars was
most likely very similar to
Earth, and it had formed the
same way as well. It
possibly even had large
oceans. However, for
unknown reasons, they have
dried up
Kepler’S LAWS - Every planet orbits in
an ellipse
All planets cover equal distances in
equal times, despite being in an ellipse
The motions of the planets in the solar
system. They were derived by the
German astronomer Johannes Kepler
Techniques used to tell if a planet is
habitable Scientists use four main
techniques to find exoplanets: radial
velocity measurements, transit
searches, gravitational lensing, and
direct detection. Each technique has
strengths and limitations, but all
currently fall short of finding the
necessary data to evaluate the true
habitability of an exoplanet. Here is a
brief rundown of each technique.
Curiosity
Curiosity's mission is to determine
whether the Red Planet ever was
habitable to microbial life. The rover,
which is about the size of a MINI Cooper,
is equipped with 17 cameras and a
robotic arm containing a suite of
specialized laboratory-like tools and
instruments.
DragonFLy
Nucleaar Powered, is a planned
spacecraft and NASA mission, which will
send a robotic rotorcraft to the
surface of Titan, the largest moon of
Saturn. It would be the first aircraft
on Titan and is intended to make the
first powered and fully controlled
atmospheric flight on any moon, with
the intention of studying prebiotic
chemistry and extraterrestrial
habitability. It will then use its
vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL)
capability to move between exploration
site
Kepler's Laws of Planetary
Motion
They describe how (1) planets move in
elliptical orbits with the Sun as a
focus, (2) a planet covers the same
area of space in the same amount of
time no matter where it is in its orbit,
and (3) a planet's orbital period is
proportional to the size of its orbit (its
semi-major axis).
Divinci+
DEFINITIONS:Hydrostatic equilibrium =
The state where the thing is a solid or
liquid, and where external forces (like
gravity) are balanced by a pressure
gradient force. Pressure gradient
force: a force that is created when
there is pressure across a surface.
Magnetometer: Detects magnetic fields,
for example, can detect a subsurface
ocean because of the different
magnetic fields.
Limb darkening : a phenomenon where
the center of the diskappears brighter
than the outer portions. Tidal heating;
The frictional heatcoming from the
gravitational pull of its parent planet
or maybe even another satellite
Thermal equilibria where 2 systems
have the same temperature without a
thermal connection. Ejecta: is The
material that blasted out during
impacts
Interiors: Mars
has a core
relatively larger
than Mars'
mantle is made of
rocky peridotite,
a rock made of
silicon, oxygen,
iron, and
magnesium
venus: made up of
iron and nickel!
Proxima Centauri is a small, low-mass
star located 4.2465 light-years (1.3020
pc) away from the Sun in the southern
constellation of Centaurus. Its Latin
name means the 'nearest [star] of
Centaurus'. It was discovered in 1915 by
Robert Innes and is the nearest-known
star to the Sun. With a quiescent
apparent magnitude of 11.13, it is too
faint to be seen with the unaided eye.
Proxima Centauri is a member of the
Alpha Centauri star system, being
identified as component Alpha Centauri
C, and is 2.18° to the southwest of the
Alpha Centauri AB pair. It is currently
12,950 AU (0.2 ly) from AB, which it
orbits with a period of about 550,000
years.
Missions:
Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of
Saturn (19th largest in the Solar
System). It is about 500 kilometers (310
miles) in diameter, about a tenth of
that of Saturn's largest moon,
Titan.two Voyager spacecraft, Voyager 1
and Voyager 2, flew by Saturn in 1980
and 1981.
Europa primarily made of silicate rock
and has a water-ice crust the Juno
spacecraft flew within about 200 miles
of Europa for a more recent close-up
view.
PERSEVERANCE & INGENUITY
Ingenuity was initially designed as a
technology demonstration that would
only pursue five flights on Mars after
hitching a ride to the red planet with
the Perseverance rover, which has been
exploring the Martian landscape since
February 2021. It would see if flight on
Mars is possible.
Titan
Titan
Internal FeaturesVenus'
internal surface is
mostly normal, with a
metallic core, rocky
mantle and crust.about
300-500 million years
ago, there seems to have
been a resurfacing in
which large amounts of
magma rose from the
mantle to the surface
causing lava oceans
along the surface
Cassini–Huygens commonly called
Cassini, was a space-research mission
by NASA, the European Space Agency
(ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI)
to send a space probe to study the
planet Saturn and its system, including
its rings and natural satellites. The
Flagship-class robotic spacecraft
comprised both NASA's Cassini space
probe and ESA's Huygens lander, which
landed on Saturn's largest moon,
Titan.[8] Cassini was the fourth space
probe to visit Saturn and the first to
enter its orbit, where it stayed from
2004 to 2017. The two craft took their
names from the astronomers Giovanni
Cassini and Christiaan Huygens.
DAVINCI+DAVINCI is the first mission to
study Venus using both spacecraft
flybys and a descent probe. DAVINCI, a
flying analytical chemistry laboratory,
will measure critical aspects of Venus'
massive atmosphere-climate system for
the first time, many of which have been
measurement goals for Venus since the
early 1980s.DAVINCI (Deep Atmosphere
Venus Investigation of Noble gases,
Chemistry, and Imaging) is a planned
mission for an orbiter and atmospheric
probe to the planet Venus. Together
with the VERITAS mission, which will
also study Venus, it was selected by
NASA on 2 June 2021 to be part of their
Discovery Program.
VERITAS will be the first NASA
spacecraft to explore Earth’s sister
planet Venus since the 1990s. The
spacecraft will discover the secrets of
a lost habitable world on Venus,
gathering data to reveal how the paths
of Venus and Earth diverged.
101955 Bennu is a carbonaceous
asteroid in the Apollo group discovered
by the LINEAR Project on 11 September
1999. OSIRIS-REx successfully touched
down on the surface of Bennu
Enceladus
MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a
spacecraft designed to study the
geology and climate of Mars, provide
reconnaissance of future landing sites,
and relay data from surface missions
back to Earth. It was launched on
August 12, 2005, and reached Mars on
March 10, 2006.
Trappist 1
Kepler 186
OSIRIS-REx
OSIRIS-REx traveled to near-Earth
asteroid Bennu and is bringing a small
sample back to Earth for study. The
mission launched Sept. 8, 2016, from
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The
spacecraft reached Bennu in 2018 and
will return a sample to Earth in 2023.
Curiosity
Mars Reconnaissance orbiter
Toi 700
A low density hot gas creates what type
of spectra - emission specta
Rosetta
Proxima Centauri
The doppler shift
The Doppler shift, also known as the
Doppler effect, is defined as the change
in the wavelength or frequency of the
SPIRIT/OPPORTUNITY NASA's Mars
Exploration Rover mission was a
robotic space mission involving two
Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity,
exploring the planet Mars. It began in
2003 with the launch of the two rovers
to explore the Martian surface and
geology; both landed on Mars at
separate locations in January 2004.
Mission highlights included the initial
90-sol mission, finding meteorites such
as Heat Shield Rock (Meridiani Planum
meteorite), and over two years of
exploring and studying Victoria crater.
Phoenix was an uncrewed space probe
that landed on the surface of Mars on
May 25, 2008, and operated until
November 2, 2008.[2] Phoenix was
operational on Mars for 157 sols (161
days). Its instruments were used to
assess the local habitability and to
research the history of water on Mars.
The mission was part of the Mars Scout
Program
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
(abbreviated as 67P or 67P/C–G) is a
Jupiter-family comet, originally from
the Kuiper belt, with a current orbital
period of 6.45 years a rotation period of
approximately 12.4 hours and a
maximum velocity of 135,000 km/h (38
km/s; 84,000 mph).
Churyumov–Gerasimenko is
approximately 4.3 by 4.1 km (2.7 by 2.5
mi) at its longest and widest
dimensions.It was first observed on
photographic plates in 1969 by Soviet
astronomers Klim Ivanovych Churyumov
and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko,
after whom it is named. It most
recently came to perihelion (closest
approach to the Sun) on 2 November
2021, and will next come to perihelion
on 9 April 2028
waves with respect to the observer
who is in motion relative to the wave
source.
Spitzer
The Spitzer Space Telescope, formerly
the Space Infrared Telescope Facility
(SIRTF), was an infrared space telescope
launched in 2003. Operations ended on
30 January 2020.[5][9] Spitzer was the
third space telescope dedicated to
infrared astronomy, following IRAS
(1983) and ISO (1995–1998). It was the
first spacecraft to use an
Earth-trailing orbit, later used by the
Kepler planet-finder.
Kepler Space Telescope
The Kepler space telescope is a disused
space telescope launched by NASA in
2009 to discover Earth-sized planets
orbiting other stars. Named after
astronomer Johannes Kepler, the
spacecraft was launched into an
Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit. The
principal investigator was William J.
Borucki. Wikipedia
The radial velocity or line-of-sight
velocity, also known as radial speed or
range rate, of a target with respect to
an observer is the rate of change of the
distance or range between the two
points. It is equivalent to the vector
projection of the target-observer
relative velocity onto the relative
direction connecting the two points. In
astronomy, the point is usually taken to
be the observer on Earth, so the radial
velocity then denotes the speed with
which the object moves away from the
Earth (or approaches it, for a negative
radial velocity).
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a
spacecraft designed to study the
geology and climate of Mars, provide
reconnaissance of future landing sites,
and relay data from surface missions
back to Earth. It was launched on
August 12, 2005, and reached Mars on
March 10, 2006. In November 2006, after
five months of aerobraking, it entered
its final science orbit and began its
primary science phase
MAVEN is an American spacecraft
orbiting Mars to study the loss of its
atmospheric gases to space, providing
insight into the history of the planet's
climate and water.[4] The spacecraft
name is an acronym for "Mars
Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution" and
also a word that means "a person who
has special knowledge or experience;
an expert".[5][6] MAVEN was launched
on an Atlas V rocket from Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on
18 November 2013 UTC and went into
orbit around Mars on 22 September
2014 UTC. The mission is the first by
NASA to study the Mars atmosphere. The
probe is analyzing the planet's upper
atmosphere and ionosphere to examine
how and at what rate the solar wind is
stripping away volatile compounds.
Jwst
Tess
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
is a space telescope for NASA's Explorer
program, designed to search for
exoplanets using the transit method in
an area 400 times larger than that
covered by the Kepler mission
Galileo was an American robotic space
probe that studied the planet Jupiter
and its moons, as well as the asteroids
Gaspra and Ida. Named after the Italian
astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted
of an orbiter and an entry probe. It was
delivered into Earth orbit on October
18, 1989, by Space Shuttle Atlantis,
during STS-34. Galileo arrived at Jupiter
on December 7, 1995, after
gravitational assist flybys of Venus and
Earth, and became the first spacecraft
to orbit an outer planet.[5]
Europa Clipper[11] (previously known
as Europa Multiple Flyby Mission) is an
interplanetary mission in development
by NASA comprising an orbiter. Planned
for launch in October 2024, the
spacecraft is being developed to study
the Galilean moon Europa through a
series of flybys while in orbit around
Jupiter.