Joints: A joint is formed where the two body part meet.
Tendon: a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue
attaching a muscle to a bone.
Ligaments: a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue
which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
Cartilage: A strong calcified tissue which is work as a coverage of a bone
and protect them against the wear and tear of daily life.
Bones: Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton of the body. It is
composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
Spine: a series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the small of the
back, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax
and abdomen; the backbone.
1. Skull: - it is a bone structure of the head. It supports and protects the face and the brain. The adult skull has a
total of 22 individual bones. They don’t move and united into a single unit.
2. Mandible: - lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the
lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.
3. Cervical vertebras: - the cervical vertebras of the spine consist of seven bony rings that reside in the neck
between the base of the skull and thoracic vertebras in the trunk. Among the vertebrae of the spinal column,
the cervical vertebrae are the thinnest and most delicate bones.
4. Thoracic vertebrae: - the thoracic vertebrae are a group of twelve small bones that form the vertebrae spine in
the upper trunk its support ribs.
5. Lumbar vertebrae: - the lumbar vertebrae are bones that make up the spinal column or back bone. Specifically
within the lower back. These bones are below the cervical and thoracic vertebrae but above the sacrum or
pelvis.
6. Pelvis: - in human anatomy bones that connects the trunk and the legs. Supports and balance the trunk and
contains and supports the in testing the urinary bladders and the internal sex organs.
1. Sacrum: - the sacrum is a shield shaped bony structure that is located at the base of the lumber vertebrae and
that is connected to the pelvis. The sacrum strengthens and stabilized the pelvis.
2. Coccyx: - the coccyx also known as the tailbone is a small, triangular bone resembling a shortened tail located at
the bottom of the spine.
3. Clavicle: - the clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that comes between the shoulder blade and the breast bone.
There are two clavicle one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies
horizontal.
4. Scapula: - in anatomy the scapula also known as the shoulder bone. This bone connects the upper arm bone with
the clavicle (collar bone)
5. Sternum: - the long flat bone in the middle of your chest that the seven top pairs of curved bones (ribs) are
connected to.
6. Ribs: - the ribs are a set of twelve bones which form the protective cage of the thorax. As a part of the bony
thorax, the ribs protect the internal thoracic organs.
7. Humerus: - the humerus is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the
scapula and two bones of the lower arm.
1. Ulna: - the ulna is located on the opposite side of the fore arm from the thumb. It joins the humerus on its larger and to
make the elbow joint and joins with the carpal bones of the hand at its smaller end.
2. Carpals: - the carpal bone are the eight small bones that make up the wrist that connects the hand to the forearm.
3. Metacarpals:- in human anatomy , the metacarpal bones form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located
between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist which forms the connection to the forearm.
4. Phalanges: - the phalange are the bones that makes up the fingers of the hand and the toe of the foot. There are 56
phalanges in the human body with fourteen on each hand and foot.
5. Femur: - the femur is the only bone located within human thigh. It is the longest and the strongest bone in the human
body, extending from the hip to the knee.
6. Patella: - the patella also known as the knee cap, is a flat, circular-triangular bone. Which protects the surface of the knee
joint.
7. Fibula: - the fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below.
8. Calcaneus: - the calcaneus also called the heel bone is a large bone that forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot.
9. Tarsals: - in the human ankle there are seven tarsal bones.
10. Metatarsals: - the metatarsals bones, are a group of five long bones in the foot located between the tarsal bone and the
phalanges of the toes.
TYPES OF BONES:
1) FIXED: Joints which are fixed and cannot move freely e.g. parietal temporal (eye
suture)
2) MOVABLE: Joints which are easily movable e.g. hinge joint (elbows, knees); Ball &
socket (shoulder & hips)
MUSCLES:
A band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement
in or maintaining the position of parts of the body.
It classified into three groups.
1) Skeletal muscles: Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardio muscle and
smooth muscle. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bone by bundle of collagen fibres known as tendons.
2) SMOOTH MUSCLES: Smooth muscle or “involuntary muscle” is found within the walls of organs and structures
such as the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, and blood vessels, and unlike
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
3) CARDIAC MUSCLE: Cardiac muscle is also an “involuntary muscle” but is a specialized kind of muscle found
within the heart.