Communication Studies
Module 3: Speaking and
Writing
Communication
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Communication Definition
Communication is a process that involves the exchange of information, thoughts,
ideas and emotions. It involves a sender who encodes and sends the message,
which is then carried via the communication channel to the receiver where the
receiver decodes the message, processes the information and sends an appropriate
reply via the same communication channel.
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Elements of Communication
Dynamic
Layers
Continuous
Communicating even
when we sleep
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Irreversible
Inevitable
What is said, can never
be unsaid
Communication is a
must! Always find a way
Elements of Communication
Inherent
Contextual
Changes based on the situation and
other variables
We can’t help ourselves, we were
created to speak
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Elements of the
Communication Process
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Elements of the Communication Process
Define the
following
terms
Sender
Conceptualization
Encoding
Medium
Channel
Receiver
Decoding
Feedback
Barriers
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The Communication Process
Communication Process Model
Food for Thought
Why is Feedback vital in the
Communication Process?
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MEDIUM VS CHANNEL
Medium is the HOW
the message is
transferred
Channel is by WHAT
means the message
will be transferred
Oral or Written
The channel is via: a
device, internet,
projectorblah
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Use the link or code to enter
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/62a034a7cbd
342001d04feb1/communication-process?sour
ce=MainHeader&page=QuizPage&interacted=
false&scrollDepth=1&searchLocale=&fromSear
ch=true
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Barriers and Facilitators
to Communication
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Barriers
Barriers are stimuli, tangible
or intangible; that hinder the
communication process
from being successfully
completed.
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Types of Barriers/ Noise
Internal
barriers/noise
Are those conditions peculiar to the receiver
that may affect his/her ability to focus on
and/ or interpret the message accurately or
even at all.
External
barriers/noise
These are condition outside the receiver’s
control that may have a negative impact on
his/her ability to interpret the message
accurately.
Semantic
barriers/noise
This stems from barriers in language use.
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Internal barriers/ noise
Lack of interest
Physical discomfort
Daydreaming
Emotional Disturbance
Obstruction to seeing or
hearing
Inattentiveness
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External barriers/ noise
Overload of Channels
Inaudibility
Outside distractions
Conditions causing
discomfort
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Semantic barriers/ noise
Language Differences
Use of jargons
Offensive Vocabulary
Complicated syntax
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Accent
This refers to how
words sound.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
1mj-ISoGcuQ
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Other Barriers/ noise
Stereotyping
Wrong Channel
Poor Listening Skills
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Facilitators
A facilitator refers to
anything that helps the
communication process or
contributes to effective
communication.
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Facilitators
Appropriate message
format
Aids that enhance the
encoding of the message
Appropriate language
Accessible channel
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Ambiguous messages
Visiting friends can be
annoying.
(It can either mean that the act of visiting one’s
friends can lead to annoyance or that visiting
friends can feel annoying).
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Let's Discuss
Failure to
Communicate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ox5LhI
JSBE-A Failure to Communicate - YouTube
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Instructions
Graded
Assignment
Collaborate in groups of 3-4 and
create a 3D realistic, yet creative and
appropriate example of the
communication process highlighting
and labeling the role of each
element in the process.
Due 2 weeks later from assigned
date.
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Context of
Communication
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What is meant by context of
communication?
Whether or not we are aware of it, we are constantly
communicating, with ourselves and with others.
Communication is not confined to a particular time and or place
and can happen even when it is not our intention to do so.
The circumstances, nature and style within which
communication takes place is referred to as the context.
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The Contexts of Communication
1. Intrapersonal
6. Mass
2. Interpersonal
7. Academic
3. Small Group
8. Public
4. (Large Group)
9. Intercultural
5. Organizational
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Intrapersonal Communication
Making sense of stimuli
originating with one's
own body.
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Interpersonal Communication
Face to face, in-person
discourse among multiple
parties
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Small Group
Persons who share common
interests or goals
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Public Group
Communication that is geared towards mass
consumption.
Advantage: Numerous persons receive similar
info
Disadvantage: Feedback will be a challenge to
disseminate.
For example: Town Hall meeting
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Mass Communication
Usually a one-time transmission of a
message to a large number of receivers.
Disadvantage: Little or no feedback
Business / Organizational Communication
Communication within a specific organization or
company.
Vertical Communication
Communication generating from the top of the
organizational hierarchy and filtered down
****Horizontal Communication
Communication among peers
Intercultural Communication
This may also be referred to as crosscultural communication and happens when
information is shared between members of
different cultures or social groups.
Instructions
In the groups students will select
a context of communication and
asked to create a situation in
which that context of
communication is displayed.
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Types of Speaking and
Writing
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Forms/Types of Communication
VERBAL
Oral/ Speaking
Written
Non Verbal Cues (NVC)
Poise/Posture
Gestures/Gesticulations
Facial Expression
Eye Contact
Body Language
Paralanguage
Proxemics
Chronemics
Artifacts
What is Oral Communication?
Oral or verbal communication is the use of any linguistic
symbols- spoken, sign, or written language- to accomplish
message goals.
Types of Verbal Communication
Face to face conversations
Public addresses
Interviews
Oral presentations
Meetings
Telephone calls
Oral briefings
Conferences
Advantages of Oral Communication
●
Direct medium of
communication
●
Instantaneous
feedback
●
Advantages of physical
proximity
●
Easier to convince or
persuade
●
Instant interchange of
opinion, views and
attitudes
●
Allows for contribution
and participation from
all present
Disadvantages of Oral Communication
●
●
●
●
More difficult to hold
ground in face of
opposition
Quality of decision
making maybe inferior.
●
More difficult to
control when a number
of people take part.
Often no written
record of what was
said..
●
Sometimes disputes
result over what was
agreed..
Lack of time to think
things out.
What is Written Communication?
Written communication is information conveyed through
writing.
WRITING is the representation of language in a textual
medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols such as
letters that express some meaning.
Types of Written Communication
Memorandums
Articles
Reports
Press Releases
Abstracts
Proposals (not marriage)
Minutes
Letters
Advantages of Written Communication
●
Provides written
record
●
Capable of relaying
complex ideas
●
Provides analysis,
evaluation and summary
●
Disseminates
information to
dispersed receivers
●
Confirms, interprets
and clarifies oral
communication
●
Forms basis of
contract or
agreement
Disadvantages of Written Communication
●
Can take time to
produce
●
Instant feedback is not
possible
●
Can be expensive
●
●
Communication tends
to be more formal and
distant
Once dispatched, difficult
to modify message
●
It does not allow for
exchange of opinion,
views or attitudes except
over period of time
●
Can cause problems
of interpretation
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◎ Communication existsthere are other languages
besides words that convey
messages.
◎ All nonverbal behaviour
has communicative value.
◎ Nonverbal communication
is primarily relational- it
defines the relationship
we want to have with
others.
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What is Non- Verbal Communication?
Nonverbal communication refers to body movements or
vocal variations that communicate without words. “Messages
expressed by other than linguistic means.”
(Adler& Towne, 228)
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Kinesics
Chronemics
Proxemics
Haptics
Paralanguage
Artifacts
Body language
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Kinesics
are the body movements we use to communicate. Kinesic behaviours such as
leaning or pressing your index finger to your lips to signal others to be
quiet, can regulate conversation, illustrate verbal points, reduce anxiety
and express emotion.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Examples of Kinesics
Facial expressions- smiles, frowns, narrowed eyes transmitting
emotions;Gestures- pointing fingers, shakes of the head; Movements- quick
pacing up and down, finger drumming, leisurely strolling.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Proxemics
This is the study of how people use space and distance.
Different cultures have different rules about what distance to maintain.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Examples of Proxemics
Physical contact- shaking hands, clapping on the back, transmitting
greetings, insistence or friendship.
Posture- standing straight and erect, lounging, leaning forward,
transmitting alertness and care, self confidence, nervousness or ease.
Positioning- keeping a respectful distance, looking over someone's
shoulder, transmitting awareness of differing status, a close working
relationship or relaxed mutual trust.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Paralanguage/ vocalics
This involves vocal sounds other than words. It is how you say something
rather than what the words mean. In our interactions with others vocal
pitch (highness or lowness of tone), speech rate (speed), volume (loudness)
and rhythm (timing and emphasis) can express a variety of meanings.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Paralanguage in use
you present a speech to your class and your speech is hesitant, your rate of
speech is slow, and you repeatedly use vocal interferences such’ as “um,”
“er,” “uh,” and “like, you know” to fill some of the dead air. Your
classmates may interpret this paralanguage as insecurity or limited
knowledge of the subject matter.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Chronemics
This is the study of how people use and perceive time.
Time is of great significance in North American culture. In the United
States, time equals money, so the focus is on adherence to deadlines,
schedules, promptness, and alacrity when making points, all facets of
monochronic time.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Chronemics
From a monochronic time perspective, arriving 10 minutes late to a job
interview may convey a message to the employer that the applicant is
unreliable and may cost the company valuable time. It is not unusual for
business meetings in the United States and England to begin exactly at the
scheduled time.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Chronemics
In many Latin American and Middle Eastern cultures the focus is on
interpersonal relationships and a perception that everything has its own
time. In this polychronic time orientation, schedules are not strictly
observed and expectations about arrival and departure times are less rigid.
Being 20 to 30 minutes late is acceptable because the pace is more relaxed.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Haptics
involves touching behaviours.
Touch can communicate a wide variety of messages. If you inadvertently
bump into someone at work or school, you may apologize and feel a bit
embarrassed because you did not intend to touch the person and touch can
imply intimacy.
Types of Non Verbal Communication
Artifacts
are objects that convey some sort of message about you.
Examples:
clothes,jewelry, home decorations, book bags etc.
Advantages of Non Verbal Communication
Repeating- instructions can
be repeated by using
non-verbal expressions, for
example pointing is a
on-verbal behaviour that
social scientists call emblemsdeliberate non-verbal
behaviours that have a
precise meaning.Substitutingemblems also replace a
verbal message.
Complementing- non- verbal
behaviours that accompany
and support spoken words.
Accenting- Just as we use
italics to highlight an idea in
print, we use non-verbal
devices to emphasize oral
messages. Pointing an accusing
finger adds emphasis to
criticism.Regulating- controlling
the flow of verbal messages.
Disadvantages of Non Verbal Communication
Ambiguity- although non-verbal
behaviour can be very
revealing, it can have so many
possible meanings.Multiple
channels- unlike the spoken
word, nonverbal messages don’t
arrive in a sequential manner,
instead, they bombard us
simultaneously from a multitude
of channels.Continuous- it is
continuous and never ending.
Contradicting- the
unconscious nature of
nonverbal behaviour (smiles,
frown, slumping shoulders)
might convey contradicting
messages.
The Nature of Language
Nature of Language
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The Nature of Language
● Human beings can use language for communication.
● Animals communicate with each other without using
language.
● Point: it’s not the ability to communicate that makes
humans unique, it’s the ability to use language.
● “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot
tell you that his parents were poor, but honest.” •
--Bertrand Russell
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The Nature of Language
What is Language?
● A systematic way of communicating feelings or idea in words and
signs.
● The ability of humans to express themselves through word that
define our inner feelings, describe what we see or hear, explain
how we understand the world around us and express our thoughts.
Group
Work
Nature of Language/Characteristics of Language
Human
Non- instinctive
Symbolic
Systematic
Dynamic
Maturational
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The Nature of Language/
Characteristics of Language
Human
It is only spoken/written/used by humans for communication.
Non- Instinctive/ Naturally Acquired
language has to be learnt.While humans are born with the ability to acquire
language, they can only do so through imitation. The language learnt is culturally
determined.
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The Nature of Language/
Characteristics of Language
Symbolic
Language uses words as representations or symbols of ideas. Most words have an
arbitrary but mutually agreed relationship between the symbol and the
meaning.language gives meaning to these symbols.
Systematic
language is rule governed. It consists of rules and conventions that regulate the
structure, pronunciation and order of words.
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The Nature of Language/
Characteristics of Language
Dynamic/ evolutionary
Language changes over time. New words are invented everyday. words mature, they
change in meaning and even in parts of speech.
Maturational
Not only does language evolve but as individuals grow older their ability to
produce and comprehend language increases. Adults tend to be able to construct
more complex sentences than children and have a greater vocabulary.
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October 10- 14, 2022
Module 3
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Remember to do your
independent readings.
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