SIWT 3
1. Practical exercises
1.
Divide the next statements of linguists. Analyze their statements and
explain the difference between them.
Julie Thompson Klein attests that "the roots of the concepts lie in a number of
ideas that resonate through modern discourse—the ideas of a unified science,
general knowledge, synthesis and the integration of knowledge"
Giles Gunn says that Greek historians and dramatists took elements from other
realms of knowledge (such as medicine or philosophy) to further understand
their own material.
2.
Fill in the gaps with missing information and explain your point of view.
The term interdisciplinary
The adjectiveinterdisciplinary
It is about creating something by
thinking across boundaries. It is
related to an interdiscipline or an
interdisciplinary field, which is an
organizational unit that crosses
traditional boundaries between
academic disciplines or schools of
thought, as new needs and
professions emerge.
The adjective is most often used in
educational circles when researchers
from two or more disciplines pool
their approaches and modify them so
that they are better suited to the
problem at hand, including the case of
the team-taught course where students
are required to understand a given
subject in terms of multiple traditional
disciplines.
3.
You have studied the theme The progressive development of Discourse
Analysis and its correlation with subordinated, superordinated, or simply
non-ordinated, proper linguistics branches of sciences. Here your task is
to fill in the gaps with missed sets of categories to be submitted to
correlative analysis
Sciences
Sets of categories to be submitted to correlative
analysis
SYNTAX
In a sentence with an appeal, correlation establishes
the relationship between the meaning of the appeal
and the main utterance using intonation: Дорогая,
сядем рядом (С. Есенин).
PHONOLOGY
Phonological correlation is a system of phonological
oppositions connected by a common differential a
feature called correlative.
SEMANTICS
Semantic correlation can be considered both within
one language and between languages. It is also
considered between different parts of speech
(prepositions, nouns, verbs, adverbs and
conjunctions).
Examples of semantic compatibility correlation are: a
floating hotel (steamship), a house on the water
(yacht), an air vehicle (airplane), a smokeless train
(electric train), a floating ice mountain (iceberg), etc.
PSYCHOLINGUISTI
CS
the task of the psycholinguistic approach to
translation is to describe the mental processes
occurring in the translator's cerebral cortex at the
time of translation, and to explain a particular
translation choice. Thus, within the framework of the
psycholinguistic approach, translation can be
considered as a special speech-thinking process
consisting of multi-stage mental operations.
SOCIOLINGUISTICS Typical for sociolinguistics are correlations in which
there are social parameters (social variables),
parameters of the communication situation
(situational variables) and various linguistic
phenomena (linguistic variables), while one of the
variables - extralinguistic ("independent"),
determines the signs of the second variable linguistic ("dependent").
THEORY OF
LANGUAGE
TEACHING
the contrastive-cognitive approach is indispensable in
teaching languages. In the process of mastering
languages, changes occur in the structure of students'
linguistic consciousness associated with the
coexistence of several language systems. It is aimed
at the full and competent formation of language and
cognitive abilities of students. Its implementation in
the learning process contributes to the development
of the skill of using the possibilities of positive
transference when learning foreign languages and
minimizing the negative effect of interference
THEORY OF
TRANSLATION
comparing different translations with the same
original shows how the "spirit" of the original is
conveyed by the "letter" of the translation, since the
purpose of the translation is not to reproduce the sum
of the meanings of the signs that make up the text to
convey the meaning of the text, which is given by the
information explicated and implicated by the text.
Operational translation units, therefore, should be
text segments containing information components
that define the meaning of the text.
POETICS
Through the categories of modality and
definiteness/uncertainty, deixis and its projections in
a literary text correlate with textual semanticpragmatic categories that include paradigmatic
characteristics: addressability, informativeness,
intentionality, interpretability, intertextual
orientation, author, etc. The categories of author's
modality and certainty/uncertainty associated with
deictic projections have an outlet in one of the
components of the artistic text - the reality of action.
DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
possible correlations between discourse and
communication can be summarized in five main
positions: for discourse, categorization in the
categories of communication is relevant; linguistic
correlation of three phenomena can be represented as
a correlation between discourse, event, analysis,
which form one system - social communication
(these are the most common traditions of theorization
in the French school of discourse analysis; discourse
can be defined within the framework of
communication through the modus of an event - as a
"concrete communicative event in a typologically
conditioned communicative space" or as a
communicative event occurring in the process of a
communicative action in a certain temporal, spatial;
discourse correlates with various spheres of
interpersonal, social communication.
SEMIOTICS
Depending on whether differences in the meaning of
words are allowed at all, and if so, which ones are
allowed, varieties of synonymy and synonyms are
distinguished, denoted by the same term, but
provided with a clarifying definition.
1) The correlation of complete (exact) synonymy
connects words that do not reveal any semantic
differences (they do not differ either in denotative, or
in significative, or in pragmatic, or syntactically).
Exact synonymy is a rare phenomenon. Examples:
throw-throw; look- look; everywhere- everywhere.
2) If the signified of two words coincide in
everything except the expressive-evaluative elements
of their pragmatic layer, then the relation connecting
them is called expressive-stylistic synonymy.
Examples: to run away- to run away or English,
policeman — cop.
3) Syntactic synonymy can be said when words differ
only in their syntactic meaning, i.e. by certain
grammatical or lexical restrictions on compatibility
with other words. Thus, the syntactic synonym of the
word full in the meaning of the highest degree
(complete delight / failure / orphan) is the word
round, which expresses the same meaning only with
two words — orphan and fool.
4.
You have studied the theme The progressive development of Discourse
Analysis and its correlation with subordinated, superordinated, or simply
non-ordinated, proper linguistics branches of sciences. Now explain the
following scheme. Give examples.
Branches of sciences
5.
Study the interdisciplinarity of discourse theory. Present your findings in
the following table:
Science
Connection with discourse theory
Example
Theory of
translation
When translating, one of the most
difficult problems is overcoming cultural
barriers. This is due to the differences in
the pictures of the world that exist among
different peoples. The peculiarities of the
everyday and spiritual culture of one
people cannot be fully perceived by
representatives of other cultures, only an
approximate understanding is possible.
There are cultural realities that are similar
to the realities of other cultures only
For example,
Hercule Poirot, after
the investigation,
tells the killer: “I
shall do everything I
can to induce the
authorities to grant a
posthumous free
pardon to Caroline
Crale… I shall lay
my conclusions
externally, on the basis of the presence of
a stable lexical correspondence, and the
translator's efforts are needed to help the
reader understand the differences.
Another group consists of cultural
phenomena that have no close analogues
in other cultures. They are usually the first
to catch the eye when it comes to cultural
barriers. However, these contrasting
realities, strange as it may seem at first
glance, rarely lead to misunderstanding
during contacts and need only a
sufficiently detailed explanation.
Phraseological units can be a great
difficulty in translating a literary text.
They are used to add more expressiveness
to the work.
before the necessary
people. If they
decide there is the
possibility of
making out a case
against you, then
they may act”
2 .Critical incidents
1. Analyze and comment on the statements of Julie Thompson Klein and
Giles Gunn.
Julie Thompson Klein attests that "the roots of the concepts lie in a number of
ideas that resonate through modern discourse — the ideas of a unified science,
general knowledge, synthesis and the integration of knowledge", while Giles
Gunn says that Greek historians and dramatists took elements from other realms
of knowledge (such as medicine or philosophy) to further understand their own
material. Interdisciplinary programs sometimes arise from a shared conviction
that the traditional disciplines are unable or unwilling to address an important
problem.
2. Match the following sets of categories to appropriate science: verbal vs
non-verbal in the whole range of discourse, syntactics & pragmatics, encoding
processes, sign production?
3. Explain when disciplines were rigorously segmented into university
departments.
Discipline is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "a branch of learning
or scholarly instruction." Fields of study as defined by academic discipline
provide the framework for a student's program of college or postbaccalaureate
study, and as such, define the academic world inhabited by scholars.
The earliest universities in Europe in the 1000-1100s taught such disciplines
that were occupationally based, especially in a religious sense. Through the
evolution of the disciplines, a mere 200 years after the first universities in
Europe were established, it was determined that higher education should involve
either theology, law, or medicine, as well as the arts. With the growth of
education, the universities started to see the development of professional
schools which specialized in law or medicine. Academic societies and journals
emerged, and today, universities hire Ph.D.’s in specific disciplines to direct the
curriculum and teach students who are learning the foundational knowledge of
each field.
Janice Beyer and Thomas Lodahl have described disciplinary fields as
providing the structure of knowledge in which faculty members are trained and
socialized; carry out tasks of teaching, research, and administration; and
produce research and educational output. Disciplinary worlds are considered
separate and distinct cultures that exert varying influence on scholarly behaviors
as well as on the structure of higher education.
4. Explain why became more essential departmental and disciplinary
boundaries in the late twentieth century.
5. Differ between Discourse Analysis and Discourse Studies. Are they
adjacent disciplines?
Discourse analysis is associated with the use of language in various forms of
communication such as written, spoken or signs of language. It helps in
analysing how people say things, its impact on the audience, and how it affects
the society, or the way society influences language/communication
Discourse analysis is defined “as a discursive formation in which the structures
of sayability prompt the language of critical intervention with a much greater
probability than in mainstream scholarship” (Nonhoff, 2017, p. 6). There are
many concepts and definitions associated with the word discourse. Chilton
(2014) defined it as ‘the use of language’ in any form of communication such as
written, spoken, or sign language. The language plays an important role in
communicating or transferring messages and knowledge across society, time,
culture, and customs.
Critical Discourse Studiesis an interdisciplinary journal for the social sciences.
Its primary aim is to publish critical research that advances our understanding of
how discourse figures in social processes, social structures, and social change.
Discourse Studies is a field that has been developing dynamically at the
intersection of language and society. While discourse analysis is an established
subfield within linguistics, discourse designates an object of investigation and
topic of controversial debate in many other fields of the social sciences and
humanities: sociology, political science, education, history, anthropology,
literary criticism, cultural studies, philosophy and beyond.
6. Examine the main issues in the study of discourse in modern science. Give
your specific characteristics on each issue and say which of them do you mostly
close to and why. Evaluate each issue.
Scientific Discourse in Sociohistorical Context represents the intersection of
knowledge and method, examined from the perspective of three distinct
disciplines: linguistics, rhetoric-composition, and history. Herein, Dwight
Atkinson describes the written language and rhetoric of the Royal Society of
London, based on his analysis of its affiliated journal, The Philosophical
Transactions, starting with the 17th century advent of modern empirical science
through to the present day. Atkinson adopts two independent approaches to the
analysis of written discourse--from the fields of linguistics and rhetoriccomposition--and then integrates and interprets his findings in light of the
history of the Royal Society and British science.
Atkinson's study provides the most complete and particular institutional account
of a scientific journal, which in this case is a publication that stands as an icon
of scientific publication. He supplies his readers with important material found
nowhere else in the historical literature, including details about the operation of
the journal and its relation to the society. The work embeds the history of the
journal and its editors within the history of the Royal Society and other
developments in science and society. The synthesis of historical, linguistic,
rhetorical, and cultural analysis makes visible certain complex communicative
dynamics that could not previously be seen from a single vantage point.
The work presented here reinforces how deep historical examinations of
linguistic and rhetorical practices have direct bearing on how and what scholars
read and write now. Most significantly, this volume demonstrates how these
historical activities need to inform current teaching of and thinking about
language.