PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF Nature ❖ how our surroundings molded us Nurture ❖ how our parents raised us Self-Identity ❖ binding our experiences together ❖ in order to have self-identity, we should have self-awareness Johari Window ❖ Open Self (you and others know) ❖ Blind Self (others know but you don’t) ❖ Hidden Self (you know but others don’t) ❖ Unknown Self (neither you nor others know) Socrates “Know Yourself” ❖ Ancient Greek Philosopher ❖ One of the three greatest figures of the ancient period of Western Philosophy ❖ First Greek Philosopher to seriously explore questions of ethics. ❖ Know Yourself means four things… ➢ You have to know yourself and be able to see yourself objectively. ➢ You know what makes you the same as, and different from the other individual. ➢ Seeing yourself as you are and recognizing your right-size in humanity, you can now find freedom. ➢ Once free, you can decide what to do with your freedom. Plato “The Ideal Self, the Perfect Self” ❖ A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. ❖ Best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence ❖ Founder of Academy 3 PARTS OF THE SOUL ➢ The appetites or appetitive soul ➢ The spirited soul or hot-blooded soul ➢ The mind or rational soul Aristotle ❖ body and soul are not two separate elements but are one thing. ❖ The soul is simply the form of the body; without the body the soul cannot exist 3 KINDS OF SOUL ➢ Vegetative – physical body ➢ Sentient – sensual desire, feeling, emotion ➢ rational – that makes man human; how we think and the decisions we make Rene Descartes “I think, therefore I am” ❖ French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher ❖ “Father of Modern Philosophy”. ❖ He was one of the first to abandon Scholastic Aristotelianism ❖ He formulated the first modern version of mind-body dualism. ❖ “Cogito, ergo sum” ➢ which means “I think, therefore I am” is also the same as “I am, I exist” ➢ The self is a thinking entity distinct from the body. John Locke “Personal Identity” ❖ English philosopher ❖ Works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism ❖ He was an inspirer of both the European Enlightenment and the Constitution of the United States. ❖ Personal Identity theory is the philosophical confrontation with the ultimate questions of our own existence. ❖ Personal Identity is founded on consciousness (memory) and not on the substance of either the soul or the body. David Hume “The Bundle Theory of Self” ❖ A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist ❖ Known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. ❖ For him, man has no clear and intelligible idea of the self. Bundle theory states an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of properties. Immanuel Kant “Respect for Self” ❖ German philosopher during the Enlightenment era of the late 18th century. ❖ the best-known work is the ‘Critique of Pure Reason’. ❖ Respect others as you would respect yourself. ➢ This rule is a plain dictum of reason and justice. ❖ A person should not be used as a tool , instrument, or device to accomplish another’s private ends. ➢ Thus, all men should be treated equally and should exercise the same rights. THE HOLY BIBLE ❖ most printed, most translated book in history and as well as the best selling book for all times ❖ The Bible was recorded by 40 men over 1500 years. ❖ Most importantly, the fact is, it claims to be inspired by God and he is the ultimate author of it. St. Augustine “Love and Justice as the Foundation of the Individual Self” ❖ Greatest Christian philosopher of Antiquity and certainly the one who exerted the deepest and most lasting influence. ❖ He is a saint of Catholic Church as well as the Catholic Bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. ❖ Loving God means loving one’s fellowmen; and loving one’s fellowmen denotes never doing any harm to another or, as the golden principle of justice states, doing unto others as you would have them do unto you. Psychological View of Self Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) ❖ Deficiency Needs ➢ Biological and Physiological Needs (Life) ■ Air, Food, Drink, Sleep, Warmth, Exercise, Sex ➢ Safety Needs (Acceptance) ■ Security, Stability, Health, Shelter, Money, Employment ➢ Belongingness and Love Needs (Bonding) ■ Acceptance, Friendship, Intimacy, Relationships ➢ Esteem Needs (Responsibility) ■ Achievement, Recognition, Respect, Competence ❖ Growth Needs ➢ Cognitive Needs (Meaning/Purpose) ■ Knowing, Understanding ➢ Aesthetic Needs (Values) ■ Order, Beauty, Symmetry ➢ Self Actualization (Completeness) ■ Fulfilling personal potential ➢ Self-Transcendence (Transcendence) ■ The stage where you already have every need Carl Rogers ❖ “Real Self” and “Ideal Self” ❖ 3 Methods to a more positive self-concept ➢ Unconditional positive regard ■ being positive toward another person regardless of the person’s behavior ➢ Empathy ■ one has to listen, understand, and sensitive to other’s feelings ➢ Genuineness ■ being open with our feelings William James ❖ I Self ➢ reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world ❖ Me Self ➢ more subjective and psychological phenomenon ➢ referring to individuals’ reflection about themselves ➢ self-view, self-image, self-schema, and self-concept ➢ material, social, spiritual Edward Tory Higgins ❖ “Self-discrepancy Theory” Daniel M. Ogilvie ❖ Actual Self (what we are) ➢ Ideal Self ➢ Ought Self (undesired self) Sigmund Freud ❖ Psychosexual Theory of Development ❖ 3 Structures of the Mind Erik Erikson ❖ Psychosocial Theory of Development Jean Piaget ❖ Stages of Cognitive Development Lawrence Kohlberg ❖ Theory of Moral Development ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW OF SELF Know thy self, know thy enemy.A thousand battle, a thousand victory. -Sun Tzu Anthropology ❖ is the study of humans, human behavior and societies, past and present. ❖ They study human biological make-up and genetics and they compare and contrast human with other animals to see what makes us unique. 4 subfields ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Archeology Biological Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 1. Archeology ❖ analyzes human culture by studying things what people have, particularly from the past. ❖ They explain the differences and similarities of human societies past and present 2. Biological anthropology ❖ studies how humans adapt to various environments, the causes of diseases and early death, and how humans evolved from animals. 3. Cultural anthropology ❖ study how humans in various places live and make sense of the world around them. The knowledge derived can be used to improve wider human understanding. 4. Linguistics anthropology ❖ explore the varied methods of communication people use around the globe. The language is connected on how people see the word and how they connect to each other. Anthropological Approach to Self ❖ Anthropologists believe that concepts of the self, and who we are is culturally constructed. How culture affects me as an individual? Am I a kind of an individual who can easily adjust to new environment and culture? MARCEL MAUSS ❖ used the concept of self (moi) but was to mean as a person (personne). ❖ He is more focused on the concept of person as a cultural model and leaving the idea of the self to psychology. BRIAN MORRIS Self is not an entity but a process that orchestrates an individual’s personal experiences which make him or her become self-aware and self-reflective about his or her place in society. He further emphasized that the most decisive mode of interaction and exchange is between the self and his or her cultural environment as mediated by social practices. CLIFFORD GEERTZ WESTERN autonomous, unitary, and stable EASTERN more collectivist in form LEON FESTINGER KATERINE EWING ❖ individual selves continuously modify themselves into a new selves as a person to internal and external stimuli. THE SELF IN WESTERN/EASTERN THOUGHT BUDDHISM ❖ Buddhist believes that the self is subject to the law of change. ❖ The goal is to reach the enlightenment by not being ignorant, because ignorance causes sufferings. ❖ The individual must know the four noble truths and practice the eight fold path. The Four Noble Truths ➢ Life has inevitable sufferings. ➢ There is a cause to our sufferings ➢ There is an end to sufferings ➢ The End of sufferings is contained in the eight-fold path. The Eight-fold Path ❖ Right View – have the right concepts and ideas. ❖ Right Intentions – eliminate the 3 poisons (greed, anger and ignorance) by keeping you’re your thoughts in accord with the right Dharma. (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) ❖ Right Speech – wholesome verbal karma ➢ a. Words of truth ➢ b. Words of compassion ➢ c. Words of praise ➢ d. Words of altruism ❖ Right Effort – people should move in the direction of the truth with courage and diligence ❖ Right Concentration – by using Samadhi to focus the mind and settle the distracted body so we can better develop ourselves ❖ Right Action – the behavior that is right and in accord of the truth. Right Livelihood – right occupation and right way to make a living. ❖ Right Mindfulness – have a mind that is pure, aware and does not give rise to unwholesome thoughts. HINDUISM ❖ The self in hinduism is universal self (atman) identical with the eternal core of personality that after death it either moves to a new life (reincarnation) or attains release from the links of existence. ❖ The purpose of atman is to attain nirvana. ❖ Attachment to the maya (material world) leads to samsara (suffering of the self ) CONFUCIANISM Five Basic Virtues 1. Ren/Jen (benevolence , humaneness) 2. Yi (righteousness or justice ) 3. Li (proper rite) 4. Zhi or Chih (knowledge) 5. Xin (integrity) TAOSIM Through self-transformation a selfless person lives a balanced life coherent with nature and society FILIPINO SELF 3 main characters ❖ Type I – listen to others approachable, cheers others, does not easily angry, understands other people’s conditions, friendly with everyone, fun to be with, lots of friends, supports friends and helpful. ➢ Simpleng Tao – he may reach his ambition in life and he may not be left out and look stupid. ➢ Masayahing tao – is a person that is easy to become happy and likewise easy to make other’s happy. ➢ Taong may Malasakit – is someone who readily shares time with others, he or she may be a shoulder to cry on. ➢ Taong Matapat – is a person who shows complete and constant support to his or her relationships. ❖ Type II – sensitive, moody, thinks a lot, problematic, has conflict with external world, afraid of criticism express dislikes for others through words or actions, quiet, does not talk too much, does not joke a lot, not easy to get along with, says the truth, hot-tempered, and hides one’s feeling. ➢ Taong hayag ang Kalooban - is a type of person who typically expresses in direct manner whatever is on his or her mind. ❖ Type III – does everything possible to succeed, persistent, impatient, plans, decisive, desires, dedicated, industrious, striving, and forceful. ❖ Ang Taong Nagsusumikap - is someone who works hard in whatever he or she does.
