11
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Animal Reproduction
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Animal Reproduction
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin
Development Team of the Module
Writer:
ANTONIO G. BELMONTE, JR.
Editors:
HELEN Z. CORNELIO
IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA
Reviewers:
HELEN Z. CORNELIO
IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA
Layout Artist:
JASON O. SALVADORA
Cover Illustration:
RAYMOND T. TORALDE
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners describe the different
ways of how representative animals
reproduce
(S11/12LT-IIej-15)
Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
This module is all about animal reproduction. It will
discuss unique adaptations of species for reproduction. As
you read the module, it will bring you to the wonderful
environment that we live in and the wonders of how it works.
In this module, you will learn about the the different ways of how representative
animals reproduce.
.
This module will help you understand
concepts and enjoy different learning
activities.
At the end of this module, it is expected that
you be able to:
https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/male_teacher.html
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of plant and animal
reproduction
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to conduct a survey of products
containing substances that can trigger genetic disorders such as phenylketunaria.
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, the learners will be able to:
1. Identify the different ways on how animals reproduce.
2. Differentiate sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction.
3. Learn the advantage and disadvantage of both types of reproduction.
1
Pre - Test
Direction. Supply the correct answer.
1. In which group is parthenogenesis a normal event?
a. Chicken
c. Rabbits
b. Bees
d. sea stars
2. Genetically unique individuals are produced through ________.
a. sexual reproduction
c. budding
b. parthenogenesis
d. fragmentation
3. External fertilization occurs in which type of environment?
a. Aquatic
c. savanna
b. Forested
d. steppe
4. What might be a disadvantage to temperature-dependent sex determination?
5. Compared to separate sexes and assuming self-fertilizing is not possible, what might
be one advantage and one disadvantage to hermaphroditism?
How Animals Reproduce?
LESSON
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new
individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a
fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of
reproduction.
There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
TRY THIS!
Direction: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is
incorrect, write the word FALSE.
______1. Sexual reproduction involves two parent cell.
______2. Gametes are sex cell produce by gonads.
______3. The male gamete is a sperm cell, which is motile to search for the egg
cell for fertilization.
2
______4. Reproduction is mainly through mitosis which creates a clone of the
parent.
______5. A zygote, eventually becomes an embryo and later on develop into an
organism.
DO THIS!
EXPLORE
Direction: Look around you. Observe
some organisms in your locality. List down at
least 10 organism that can be found in your
place. Describe each organism briefly.
How do these organisms begin?
Direction: Briefly describe how these organisms
begin
A close up view of the tiny and active Catanduanes nilesi
subspecies of Grey-backed Tailorbird.
Grey-backed Tailorbird, Orthotomus derbianus nilesi
subspecies endemic to Catanduanes
Puraran Beach Resort, Baras, Catanduanes
January 2020.
Figure 1. Grey-backed Tailordbird
Icarangal, Nicky. 2012. Grey-backed Taioloredbird.
Http://www.birdingphilippines.com/http://birdingphilippines.com/
gallery.htm
__________________________________
3
The water buffalo or domestic water buffalo is a large
bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast
. Asia, and China.Asian water buffalo, Philippines
Bubalus bubalis, Asian Water Buffalo
Philippine Asian Water Buffalo. 2012. www.britannica.com.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/Plant-and-animal-life
Figure 2. Water Buffalo
__________________________________
The giant Philippine frog, large swamp frog,
or Mindanao fanged frog (Limnonectes magnus) is a
species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It
is endemic to the Philippines.
Figure 3. Large Swamp Frog
Large Swmp Frog. 2006.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Philippine_frog
________________________________
__
Leatherbacks have the widest distribution of all sea
turtle species. They are found throughout the Pacific,
Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
Figure 4. Leatherbacks Sea Turtle
Dermochelys coriacea
Department of Environment and Natural Resources Bicol. 2019.
Leatherback Sea Turtle.
https://coconuts.co/manila/news/leatherback-sea-turtle/
_________________________________
_
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped
bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a
usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently
found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.
Figure 5. Staphylococcus aureus
Centers for Disease Control. 2019. Staphylococcus Aureus.
https://www.livescience.com/51641-bacteria.html
__________________________________
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Reference: Joseph, Andrew. 2014. Sexual Reproduction. https://www.slideshare.net/littlevagabond/animalsexualreproduction
Figure 6. Sexual Reproduction
Gabriel, Mona. 2012. Reproduction.
https://www.slideshare.com/moana/reproduction
Eaton, Ermory. 2008. Methods of reproduction
https://slideplayer.com/slide/10987079/
Figure 7. Asexual Reproduction
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Sexual reproduction is the process of joining the haploid gametes (sex cells) to
form a diploid cell called a zygote. A zygote, eventually becomes an embryo and later on
develop into an organism. The female gamete is an egg cell, is usually non-motile, to
ensure survival of the embryo by storing energy. The male gamete is a sperm cell, which
is motile to search for the egg cell for fertilization. This process is usually slow and
complex compared to asexual reproduction. The organisms so produced are genetically
diverse. Thus, they can evolve along with the changing climatic conditions. Humans and
many multicellular organisms exhibit a sexual mode of reproduction.
In asexual reproduction, fusion of the egg cell and sperm cell does not occur,
reproduction is mainly through mitosis which creates a clone of the parent. The organisms
produced by asexual reproduction are less diverse in nature. This type of reproduction is
practiced widely by unicellular organisms.
Reference: Cummings, Pearson Benjamin. 2011. Chapter 1 – Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life.
Pearson Education, Inc.
https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1560347370/ucfsdorg/ulicykvztxcgptjgsf5r/Chapter1ThemesintheStudyofLife.pdf
APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
A. Illustrate the
differences and similarities of
asexual reproduction from sexual reproduction.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
they are both …
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B. How do animals reproduce sexually?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
C. How do animals reproduce asexually?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
D. Complete the table below
Organisms/Group
Asexual or Sexual
Reproduction
Where do they
live?
Mammals
Birds
Fish
Invertebrates
Plants
Bacteria
Monera
Protists
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If both, then when
Asexual and
when Sexual?
WORD BANK
1. asexual reproduction: a mechanism that produces offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent.
2. sexual reproduction: a form of reproduction in which cells containing genetic material
from two individuals combines to produce genetically unique offspring
3. hermaphroditism: the state of having both male and female reproductive structures
within the same individual
4. internal fertilization: the fertilization of eggs by sperm inside the body of the female
5. oviparity: a process by which fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and
develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg
6. ovoviparity: a process by which fertilized eggs are retained within the female; the
embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg’s yolk, and the young are fully developed
when they are hatched
7. parthenogenesis: a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into a
complete individual without being fertilized
8. sex determination: the mechanism by which the sex of individuals in sexually
reproducing organisms is initially established
9. viviparity: a process in which the young develop within the female and are born in a
nonembryonic state
ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. Give at least 5 organisms that produce sexually
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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2. Give at least 5 organisms that produce asexually
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Differentiate Asexual reproduction from Asexual Reproduction
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Types of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
LESSON
Some animals produce offspring through asexual reproduction while other animals
produce offspring through sexual reproduction. Both methods have advantages and
disadvantages.
Asexual reproduction in animals occurs through fission, budding, fragmentation,
and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction may involve fertilization inside the body or in
the external environment.
Direction: Identify what is being asked in each item.
TRY THIS!
____________1. Offspring grows from a piece of its parent through mitosis
____________2. A fusion of gametes take place outside the body.
____________3. It is the development of embryo inside the egg.
____________4. Bud grows from the body of parent organism through mitosis
____________5. A single parent cell divides into two parent cell.
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DO THIS!
Direction: Answer the following question.
1. Why do bacteria, plants, and many other organisms reproduce so much faster
than humans?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Why humans cannot reproduce asexually?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
A1. List five examples of Viviparous
animals
A2. List five examples of Oviviparous
animals
______________________________
_________________________________
______________________________
_________________________________
______________________________
_________________________________
______________________________
_________________________________
_______________________________
____
_________________________________
__
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B. Arrange the boxes according to its type of asexual reproduction, description, and
example.
Offspring grows from a piece
of its parent through mitosis
BINARY FISSION
Hydra, Cactus, Yeast
BUDDING
Bud grows from the body of
parent organism through
mitosis
Bacteria, Amoeba
Cell Division through
mitosis
Starfish
REGENERATION
C. Complete the table below by citing advantages and disadvantages of sexual and
asexual reproduction.
Types
Advantages
Sexual
Asexual
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Disadvantage
Figure 8. Types of Sexual Reproduction
Reference: Mosolu, Anca. 2010. “Biology / Growth, Development and Reproduction in Living Things.” 2010.
http://www.learnhive.net/learn/icse-grade-8/biology/growth,-development-and-reproduction-in-living-things.
Figure 8. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Reference: Mosolu, Anca. 2010. “Biology / Growth, Development and Reproduction in Living Things.” 2010.
http://www.learnhive.net/learn/icse-grade-8/biology/growth,-development-and-reproduction-in-living-things.
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APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1. Draw a quick diagram of the different types of asexual reproduction.
2. Determine if the following organism is a sexual or asexual. Write the type of sexual
and asexual reproduction in each organism.
Organism
Sexual or Asexual
1. Bacteria
2. Crocodiles
3. Anaconda
4. Cats
5. Lion
6. Starfish
7. corals
8. Goat
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Types of Sexual or
Asexual
9. Dogs
10. Sharks
ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
A. Determine the type of (sexual – asexual) reproduction of the following organism
1. Eagle
6. Corals
2. Philippine Cobra
7. Yeast
3. Dolphins
8. Fungi
4. Sharks
9. Earthworms
5. Bacteria
10. Leeches
B. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Congratulations for finishing the module.
You have learned thoroughly about
Animal Reproduction! Hope you
enjoyed and learned a lot from the tasks
given.
https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/male_teacher.html
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SUMMARY OF CONCEPTS
✓ Reproduction means to reproduce. It is a biological process by which an organism
reproduces an offspring who is biologically similar to the organism.
✓ There are basically two types of reproduction: Asexual Reproduction and Sexual
Reproduction
✓ Asexual reproduction refers to the type of reproduction in which only a single organism
gives rise to a new individual.
✓ Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves the production of an offspring
by the fusion of male and female gametes.
✓ Asexual reproduction is further divided into:
Binary Fission: In this, the cell splits into two each cell carrying a copy of the DNA from
the parent cell. For e.g., amoeba.
Budding: In this, a small bud-like outgrowth gives rise to a new individual. The outgrowth
remains attached to the organism until it is fully grown. It detaches itself as lives as an
individual organism. For e.g., hydra
Fragmentation: In this, the parent organism splits into several parts and each part grows
into a new individual. For e.g., Planaria
Sporogenesis: In this type of reproduction, a new organism grows from the spores. These
can be created without fertilization and can spread through wind and animals.
Reflection
For the last time, share your insights and queries
Things I’ve learned today
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
I wish to ask about
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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REINFORCEMENT
Life cycle of a MOTH
(inside the jar)
Direction: Conduct a daily observation of the life cycle of a moth. Document daily
changes and perform a short skit describing what you have observed. Submit through
photos or videos.
Materials: One jar, caterpillar, data sheets, markers, ruler.
Procedure: Catch one hornworm to be found in taro leaves. Place the caterpillar inside
the jar then cover it with cheesecloth. (Note: feed your caterpillar from time to time).
Record your observations daily.
WORD BANK
1. budding: a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of an
organism leading to a separation from the original animal into two individuals’ external
fertilization: the fertilization of eggs by sperm outside an animal’s body, often during
spawning
2. fission: (also, binary fission) a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism splits
into two separate organisms or two parts that regenerate the missing portions of the body
3. fragmentation: the breaking of an organism into parts and the growth of a separate
individual from each part.
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Post - Test
Direction. Circle the letter of the correct answer
1. Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction
a. Fission
c. Fertilization
b. Budding
d. Fragmentation
2. Which of the following is true about sexual reproduction?
a. Genetically identical offspring are produced
b. only one parent is involved
c. it puts animal at an evolutionary disadvantage in terms of variation
d. it involves the exchange of genetic material between two individuals
3. A new offspring simply grows from the body of a mother animal, it breaks off and later
becomes independent
a. budding
c. oviparous
b. regeneration
d. fission or cell division
4. The union of sperm and egg cell
a. fertilization
b. reproduction
c. offspring
d. sexual
5. the kind of reproduction undergone by hydra
a. budding
c. fragmentation
b. regeneration
d. fission or cell division
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ANSWER KEY
Pre-Test
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. Temperatures can vary from year to year and an unusually cold or hot year might
produce offspring all of one sex, making it hard for individuals to find mates.
5. A possible advantage of hermaphroditism might be that anytime an individual of the
same species is encountered a mating is possible, unlike separate sexes that must find
an individual of the right sex to mate. (Also, every individual in a hermaphrodite
population is able to produce offspring, which is not the case in populations with
separate sexes.) A disadvantage might be that hermaphrodite populations are less
efficient because they do not specialize in one sex or another, which means a
hermaphrodite does not produce as many offspring through eggs or sperm as do
species with separate sexes. (Other answers are possible.)
Lesson 1. How do animals reproduce
Try This
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
Do this (chicken, Pigs, worms, )
Explore
a. eggs
b. calves
c. eggs
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d. eggs
e. fission
Apply What You Have Learned
A. differences and similarities
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. two parents
they are both …
Produce offspring
2. Offspring not identical
3. offspring inherit traits
from two parents
4. genetically only multicelled organisms reproduce
sexually
5. single-celled organisms
do not reproduce sexually
Has at least one
parent
Both pass DNA
down to offspring
Offspring have
complete set of
DNA
Both continue
species
1. One parent
2. offspring are identical to
parent unless mutation
3. One – celled organisms
and some multi – celled
organisms reproduce
asexually
4. Offspring’s genes are the
same as the parent
5. Cloning is a form of
asexual reproduction
B. During sexual reproduction in animals, a haploid sperm and unites with a
haploid egg cell to form a diploid zygote. The zygote divides mitotically and differentiates
into an embryo. The embryo grows and matures. After birth or hatching,
the animal develops into a mature adult capable of reproduction.
c. Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the
parent because the offspring are all clones of the original parent. Animals may reproduce
asexually through fission, budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis
D.
Organisms/Group
Asexual or Sexual
Reproduction
Where do they
live?
Mammals
Sexual
Dry land
Birds
Sexual
Diverse habitats
Fish
Sexual
Ocean
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If both, then when
Asexual and when
Sexual?
Invertebrates
Sexual
land
Plants
Sexual or asexual
In soil, in water
Bacteria
Asexual
In soil, rock, on
other organism
Monera
Asexual
Moist environment
Protists
Asexual
Aquatic
environment
Sexual if
germinated in soil.
Asexual propagation
Assess what you have learned
A. 1. dogs
2. cats
3. whales
4. sharks
5. monkeys
B. 1. Yeast
2. bacteria
3. sea stars
4. paramecium
5. sponges
c. Sexual – involves fusion of gametes, Asexual does not involves fusion of gametes.
Lesson 2: Types of sexual and asexual Reproduction
Try this
1. Regeneration
2. External Fertilization
3. Oviparous
4. Budding
5. Binary Fission
Do this
1. because one generation for bacteria is about 20 minutes, while one generation
for humans is about 20 years. This allows the bacteria to evolve enormously faster than
humans.
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2. we humans didn't evolve that way. Most organisms that reproduce asexually are
single-celled and reproduce by binary fission, but these are not nowadays classified as
animals, much less vertebrates, much less mammals, much less human.
Explore
A.
1. Viviparous – whales, dolphins, sharks, dogs, cats
2. Oviparous – birds, snakes, fish, lizards, frogs
B.
REGENERATION
BUDDING
Offspring grows from a piece of
its parent through mitosis
Bud grows from the body of
parent organism through
mitosis
Starfish
Hydra, Cactus, Yeast
BINARY FISSION
Cell Division through
mitosis
Bacteria, Amoeba
C.
Types
Sexual
Advantages
1. Can adopt easier
environmental changes
Disadvantage
to 1. Takes longer to reproduce
offspring
2. increases genetic variation 2. More things can go wrong
within a species
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3. Allows for diversity and 3. Must locate
evolution of a species
reproduce
Asexual
a
mate
1. Only need one parent to 1. Genetically similar and less
reproduce
able to survive environmental
changes
2. Requires less energy to
reproduce
2. can be easily wiped out by
diseases
3. can reproduce quickly
3. can result in overcrowding of a
habitat
Apply What You Have Learned
1. Budding, Regeneration, Fragmentation, Binary Fission
2.
Organism
Sexual or Asexual
1. Bacteria
2. Crocodiles
3. Anaconda
4. Cats
5. Lion
6. Starfish
7. corals
8. Goat
9. Dogs
Asexual
Sexual
Sexual
Sexual
Sexual
Asexual
Asexual
Sexual
Sexual
Types of Sexual or
Asexual
Binary Fission
Oviparous
Oviparous
Viviparous
Viviparous
Regeneration
Budding/fragmentation
Viviparous
Viviparous
10. Sharks
Sexual
Oviparous
Assess what you have learned
A.
to
1. Eagle – internal, oviparous
6. Corals – external fertilization, oviparous
2. Philippine Cobra – internal, oviparous 7. Yeast - Budding
3. Dolphins – internal,
8. Fungi – spore formation
4. Sharks - internal
9. Earthworms - hermaphrodite
5. Bacteria - Binary Fission
10. Leeches - hermaphrodite
22
B.
Types
Sexual
Advantages
1. Can adopt easier
environmental changes
Disadvantage
to 1. Takes longer to reproduce
offspring
2. increases genetic variation 2. More things can go wrong
within a species
3. Must locate a mate to
3. Allows for diversity and reproduce
evolution of a species
Asexual
1. Only need one parent to 1. Genetically similar and less
reproduce
able to survive environmental
changes
2. Requires less energy to
reproduce
2. can be easily wiped out by
diseases
3. can reproduce quickly
3. can result in overcrowding of a
habitat
Post - Test
1. c
2. d
3. c
4. a.
5. a
23
REFERENCES
Cummings, Pearson Benjamin. 2011. Chapter 1 – Introduction:
Themes in the Study of Life. Pearson Education, Inc.
https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1560347370/ucfsdorg/ulicykvztxcgptjgsf5r/
Chapter1-ThemesintheStudyofLife.pdf
Mosolu, Anca. 2010. “Biology / Growth, Development and Reproduction in Living
Things.” 2010. http://www.learnhive.net/learn/icse-grade-8/biology/growth,development-and-reproduction-in-living-things.
Molnar, Charles, and Jane, Gair 2019. “How Animals Reproduce.” May 2019.
https://opentextbc.ca/chapter/13-1-how-animals-reproduce/.
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