Name: Muhammad Usman
Student Id: S20221216
Subject: ICT102 Technology and Networks
Solution:
1) Introduction
This Report is written for Sydney International School of Technology and
Commerce (SISTC). SISTC required a new LAN architecture for its four fl
oors. The School recently had gone through a partial renovation of the four
floors. The layout ofTthese four floors has been modified. In this report, i
t is required to implement Networking Architecture in the School. This Net
working includes an explanation ofTthe OSI model along with its functions
and history. The comparison of OSI and TCP/IP models, protocols used i
n the OSI model, and the media types used in LAN connection are also c
overed in this report.
2) OSI Layered Architecture – History and Functions
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model was developed by two intern
ational organizations, the International Organization ofTStandardization (IOS)
and the International Telegraph & Telephone Consultative Committee (CCIT
T). It is a seven-layered model. These are the seven layers ofTthis model.

Physical Layer

Data Link Layer

Network Layer

Transport Layer

Session Layer

Presentation Layer

Application Layer
Table ofTFunctions ofTthese Layers.
Layer
Functions
Appli
catio
nTLa
yer
ItTisTtheTtopTLayerTinTtheTOSITmodel.TItTactsTasTanTinterfaceTforTtheTenduserTlikeTaTwebTbrowser.TItTprovidesTprotocolsTthatTallowTtheTsoftwareTtoTs
endTandTreceiveTinformationTandTpresentTmeaningfulTdataTtoTusers.
Prese
ntatio
n La
yer
Data Conversion formats, encryption, and syntax procession are the activities
ofTthe Presentation Layer. This layer takes any data transmitted by the Ap
plication Layer and prepares it for transmission over the Session Layer.
Sessi
onTL
ayer
ThisTLayerTcreatesTcommunicationTchannelsTbetweenTdifferentTdevices.TItTisTr
esponsibleTforTopenTsessions,TensuringTtheyTremainTopenTwhileTdataTisTtransf
erred,TandTclosingTthemTwhenTcommunicationsTend.
Tran
sport
Lay
er
The data is transported by this layer. This layer carries out flow control, s
ending data at a rate that matches with receiving data speed and error cont
rol, checking whether data is received correctly or not.
Netw
orkT
Layer
ThisTlayerThasTtwoTmainTfunctionalities.TOneTisTbreakingTupTsegmentsTintoT
networkTpackets,TandTreassemblingTtheseTpacketsTonTtheTreceivingTend.TTheT
otherTisTroutingTpacketsTacrossTaTphysicalTnetwork.
Data
Lin
k La
yer
The Data Link Layer establishes and terminates the connection between two
physically connected nodes on a Network.
Physi
calT
Layer
ThisTisTtheTfirstTlayerTofTthisTmodel.TItTisTresponsibleTforTtheTtransferTofTd
ataTbitsT(0’sT&T1’s)TfromTtheTsourceTtoTtheTdestinationsTusingTtheTmediaTty
pes.
3) Comparison of OSI & TCP/IP Models
We compare Open System Interconnection (OSI) and Transport Control Prot
ocol/ Internet Control (TCP/IP) in the form ofTa table.
DifferenceTbetweenTOSIT&TTCP/IPTModels
TCP/IP
OSITModel
The full form of OSI is Open System i
nterconnection.
The full form ofTTCP/IP is Transport C
ontrol Protocol/ Internet Protocol.
InT1984,TthisTmodelTwasTintroducedTbyTt
heTInternationalTOrganizationTofTstandardi
zationTISO.
InT1982,TtheTTCP/IPTmodelTbecameTtheT
standardTlanguageTofTARPANET.
It has seven Layers.
It has four Layers.

Physical Layer

Data Link La
yer

Network Layer

Transport Lay
er

Session Layer

Presentation L
ayer

Application La
yer

Physical Layer

Network Layer

Transport Laye
r

Application La
yer
ItTfollowsTaTverticalTapproach.
ItTfollowsTaThorizontalTapproach.
It is protocol-independent.
It is protocol-dependent.
TheTprotocolsTareThiddenTfromTtheTenduserTandTtheTreplacementTofTtheTprotocol
TbecomesTeasy.
TheTprotocolsTareTnotThiddenTfromTtheTe
nduserTandTtheTreplacementTofTtheTprotocol
TisTdifficult.
The model came first and then the prot
ocols were defined.
The protocols came first and then the m
odels were developed.
NetworkTLayerTinTthisTmodelTsupportsTb
othTtheTcommunicationTtypesTasTconnecti
onlessTandTconnection-oriented.
NetworkTLayerTinTthisTmodelTsupportsTo
nlyTconnectionlessTconnections.
Transport Layer in this model supports
only connection-oriented connections.
Transport Layer in this model supports b
oth the communication types as connecti
onless and connection-oriented.
4) Protocols at OSI Layer
The seven layers in the OSI model function with the help ofTProtocols, De
scriptions, and Standardizing bodies associated with each are explained in th
e below table.
OSITLayer
Application
Prot
ocol
Description
StandardizingTBody
HTT
P,TS
MTP
FetchingTtheTdataTandTinform
ationTandTprovidingTitsTacces
sibilityTtoTtheTuserTisTtheTwo
rkTofTHypertextTTransferTProt
ocolT(HTTP).
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasT
EngineeringTTaskTForceTand
TWorldTWideTWebTConsorti
um.
SimpleTTransferTProtocolT(SM
TP)TcarriesToutTtheTtaskTofT
handlingTtheTmails
Presentation
SSL
ToTestablishTtheTencryptionTli
nksTbetweenTtheTserverTandTt
heTclient,TtoTenhanceTtheTsec
urityTofTtheTpacketsTofTdataT
isTtheTresponsibilityTofTtheTS
ecureTSocketTLayerT(SSL).
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasT
EngineeringTTaskTForce.
Session
PPTP
EncapsulationTofTtheTpoint-topointTdataTpacketsTisTdoneTb
yTtheTPoint-toPointTTunnellingTProtocolT(PP
TP).
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasTI
EEE.
Transport
TCP,
TUD
P
TransmissionTControlTProtocol
TprovidesTreliableTandTconnec
tion-orientedTservices.
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasTI
EEE.
UserTDatagramTProtocolTensur
esTthatTtheTconnectionlessTser
vicesTareTadequatelyTcarriedT
out
Network
ICM
P
InternetTControlTMessageTProt
ocolTisTusedTbyTtheTnetworki
ngTlayerTtoTidentifyTandTreso
lveTtheTerrorsTthatTareTassoci
atedTwithTIPTandTdataTpacket
s.
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasT
RFCT792
DataTLink
ARP
AddressTResolutionTProtocolTi
sTusedTforTtheTmappingTofTt
heTIPTaddressTtoTtheTphysical
Tmachine.
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasT
RFC.826
Physical
IEEE
.802
IEEE.802TisTaTprotocolTsuite
TthatTisTusedTforTlocalTareaT
andTmetropolitanTareaTnetwor
king.TItTisTusedTinTphysicalTl
ayer.
ThisTprotocolTisTgovernedTby
TtheTstandardizingTbodyTasTI
EEE.
5) Media Types for LAN Connectivity
LAN requires both wired & wireless connectivity for networking and comm
unication for the current scenario. These are the different media types that
may be used for the connection.

Coaxial Cable
This Cable is used for the transmission ofTcommunication signals su
ch as for television, telephone, or computer networks. It makes use
ofTa single conductor in between the cable. This conductor is then
wrapped up in an insulator. This was the initial media type that wa
s used for local area networking.

UTP
UTP is an Unshielded Twisted Pair cable used in computers and tel
ecommunication mediums. It is suitable for transferring both data an
d voice. It is a pair of insulated copper wires twisted together to r
educe noise. It is a wire with additional shielding.

STP
STP is a Shielded Twisted Pair cable that contains an extra copper
jacket to protect the cable from defects like cuts, noise, and losing
bandwidth. It is usually used underground and therefore it is more
costly than UPT. It is used for long-distance communication.

Fiber Optic Cable
The fourth and the most commonly used media type in the current
times is the Fiber Optic Cable. It is also called an optical fire cabl
e. It is a type of Ethernet Cable that consists of one or more optic
s that are used in the transmission ofTdata at a higher transfer rate.
Comparative Analysis
Cables
Coaxial
UTP
STP
FiberTOptics
Attenuation
LowTAttenuatio
n
VeryTHighTAttenu
ation
HighTAtte
nuation
VeryTLowTAt
tenuation
Bandwidth
10Mbps
10Mbps-100Mbps
100Mbps
1Gbps-10Gbps
Crosstalk
Minimum
More
Relatively
TLess
NoTaffect
SegmentTLengt
h
185-200/m
90-100/m
100-200/m
2km
Installation
CostlyTThanTT
wistedTPair
LessTExpensive
CostlyTtha
nTUTP
MostTExpensi
ve
InterferenceTSu
sceptibility
GoodTresistance
TtoTEMI
MoreTaffectedTby
TEMI
LesserTtha
nTUTP
NoTaffect
Security
NotTSecure
NotTSecure
SecureTtha
nTUTP
HighlyTSecur
ed
Hackers
EasilyTHacked
RadioTFrequencyT
Interference
SecureTtha
nTUTP
Can’tTHacked
6) Conclusion
It is hereby concluded in this Networking Assignment that TCP/IP and OSI
models have a lot ofTdifferences from each other. The OSI model has se
ven layers and the TCP/IP model has four layers. Local Area Network req
uires both wired and wireless connectivity for data transmission and commu
nication. There are four media types that may be used for carrying out the
connections.
7) References
1. Forouzan, A. (2007). “Data Communication and Networking.” (4th. ed.).
New York, NY: Alan R. Apt
2. Kurose, James F. and Ross, Keith W. (2013). Computer Networking” (
6th ed.). United States, US: Nick S