KYAMBOGO
UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND BUILDING ENGIINEERING
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STUDENTS’ RESTING POINTS FROM PLASTIC
BOTTLE WASTES AT THE CIVIL DEPARTMENT OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
BY
KATENDE EDWARD KITYO
20/U/ECE/7827/PE
LECTURER: DR. SSENYONDO VICENT
PURPOSE: COURSE WORK
PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO KYAMBOGO UNVERSITY,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND BUILDING ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL
FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS
DEGREE IN CIVIL AND BUILDING ENGINEERING OF
KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
JANUARY, 2023
i
DECLARATION
I Katende Edward kityo of Registration Number 20/U/ECE/7827/PE do here by declare that this
project proposal is of my original work and has not been submitted before to any institution(s) of
achievement of academic awards(s).
Signature …………………………………………….
Date…………………………………………………..
Katende Edward kityo
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background of the study ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Problem statement ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3
Main objective .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1
Specific objectives ................................................................................................................. 3
1.4
Specific questions.......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5
Justification of the project ............................................................................................................ 4
1.6
Significance of the project .......................................................................................................... 4
1.7
Scope of the project ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.7.1
Content scope ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.7.2
Time scope of the project ..................................................................................................... 5
1.7.3
Geographical scope ............................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 6
2
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1
Plastic waste pollution in developing world ................................................................................. 6
2.2
Problems in recycling of plastics ................................................................................................... 7
2.3
Plastics in construction ................................................................................................................. 7
2.4
Basic construction materials and properties ................................................................................ 9
2.4.1
Soil ......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.2
Plastic bottle ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.3
Cement ................................................................................................................................ 10
2.4.4
Nylon rope........................................................................................................................... 10
2.4.5
Water .................................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 11
3
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 11
3.1
Project area ................................................................................................................................. 11
3.2
Project materials ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.3
Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1
bottles
The architectural and structural design of the resting points constructed from the plastic
12
ii
3.3.2
Collection of plastic bottles................................................................................................. 12
3.3.3
Construction of student resting points ............................................................................... 12
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 13
4
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 13
4.1
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 14
5
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER SIX: APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 16
6
Appendix 1: Project budget ................................................................................................................ 16
6.1
Appendix 2: Project time frame .................................................................................................. 16
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
In a world driven by consumerism and overproduction, the surplus of waste produced creates a
significant waste management problem. Waste management in urban planning is becoming a
critical issue, particularly in developing countries such as Haiti, whose population keeps on
increasing (Catania & Ventura, 2014). Countries like the United States and Canada have so far
managed their waste by outsourcing most of their recycling to other countries. This solution might,
however no longer be feasible since, in recent months, China has stopped importing recycling,
which is causing a significant problem for those countries that export waste (Katz, 2019).
The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed, and remind him that they
have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature.
Two factors that prevent people from building are high cost building materials and labor and also
maybe long transportation. One of the solutions for this problem can be solved In following
Manner;
i.
Use of affordable recycled materials in buildings.
ii.
Using the method of regenerating through proper education to people.
Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource. Because plastic
has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature, it is considered as a sustainable waste and
environmental pollutant. So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of
environmental impacts relating to it. It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative
materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials. The use
of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the
building. The objective of this work is to investigate the key and positive characteristics of this
product and the benefits obtained by using it in building.
Adequate plastic waste management is challenging in developing countries, mainly due to their
lack of infrastructure to accommodate their growing quantities of waste. The rapidly growing
populations and rise in community living standards of urban cities of the developing world have
increased the rate of their municipal solid waste, causing management to be a significant
worldwide challenge (Katz, 2019).
1
The collection of garbage causes an even bigger problem since, in many areas, municipal
authorities of developing countries are either unwilling or unable to provide waste collection
services to all residents in their jurisdiction. Nations like Haiti in the developed world, also have
limited opportunities to create sustainable waste management systems because government
budgets are limited, thus causing them to overlook regular waste collection.
The many recent natural disasters in Haiti have also increased their need for adequate housing.
Even before the 2010 earthquake that devastated the country, roughly 70 percent of Port-auPrince’s population lived in informal settlements, often lacking essential services (USAID, 2018).
Over the next ten years, the Government of Haiti estimates that the country will need up to 500,000
additional housing units to make up for the pre earthquake housing shortage and accommodate the
high amount of predicted urban growth (USAID, 2018).
Adequate plastic waste management is challenging in developing countries, mainly due to their
lack of infrastructure to accommodate their growing quantities of waste. The rapidly growing
populations and rise in community living standards of urban cities, institutions of the developing
world have increased the rate of their municipal solid waste, causing management to be a
significant worldwide challenge (The World Bank, 2018).
The collection of garbage causes an even bigger problem since, in many areas, municipal
authorities of developing countries are either unwilling or unable to provide waste collection
services to all residents in their jurisdiction. Nations like Haiti in the developed world, also have
limited opportunities to create sustainable waste management systems because government
budgets are limited, thus causing them to overlook regular waste collection.
With increasing growth in student population, the need for the building of more resting points at
the department as increased and to respond to this demand the university can use the indigenous
materials such as the plastic bottles.
Through the use of the plastic waste at the department, the project will aim at designing and
construction of well sheltered resting points so as to improve on waste management, create new
resting points as the construction material costs will be lowered.
2
1.2
Problem statement
There is a need to curb the rapid growing disaster of accumulation of plastic wastes in each and
every corner of the Kyambogo University. If that concern is not put into action within the
Kyambogo University, it’s going to reach a time when all environments of the university are
polluted. So the best way to overcome the problem of plastic wastes is to reuse them for other
functions. A particular individual may give an opinion of recycling, but recycling as its negative
effects because the recycling process produces waste water and pollutants. Therefore, the best way
is to reuse plastic wastes for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to
pollution indeed. Reusing saves the obtained energy which would other wards be wasted.
When the plastic wastes are used as construction material, bricks, blocks among others will be
replaced hence lowering construction costs for the resting points and also some environmental
advantages will be achieved such as reduction in soil and ground water toxicity, carcinogenetic
emissions due to burning of plastics, protection of fauna and no more water logging due to littered
waste.
1.3
Main objective
The main objective of this project is to design and construct resting points for the students at the
civil department within Kyambogo University.
1.3.1 Specific objectives
1) To establish structural and architectural designs for the resting points constructed from plastic
bottles.
2) To collect the plastic bottle wastes from different sections of the university.
3) To construct the designed resting points at the civil department.
1.4
Specific questions
1) What is the architectural design for the resting points constructed from plastic bottle
wastes?
2) How to collect plastic bottles from different sections of the university?
3) How to construct the resting points at the civil department?
3
1.5
Justification of the project
But now by changing the human’s disposal culture, glass bottles have been replaced by plastic
bottles, as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills
because they decompose in a long time. Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal
are recycling and reusing process. Recycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for
producing something usable. Moreover, the recycling process produces wastewater and air
pollutants. So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not
contribute to pollution. (Atul & Sumit, 2019).
Many of the available reading points around the civil department are metallic upon which they are
not resistant to rusting, so resistant reading points established from plastic wastes are needed since
plastics are non- biodegradable and have the insolubility of about 300 years in nature, meaning the
would be established points will last longer if structural integrity is considered while setting them
up.
There is a high rise of building materials nationally due to the effects of scarcity of raw materials
and this was highly recognized in the months of February and June last year. So to overcome this,
plastic wastes must be turned into constructional materials to low costs to be incurred while
executing the project at the civil department.
1.6
Significance of the project
•
The project will be important has a large number of students have faced a problem of where
to concentrate from while reading their notes since most of the students at the engineering
department find it difficult to access libraries and in so doing a majority of students will
resort to using such simple structures when established.
•
The resting points when fully constructed they will beautify the civil department scenery.
•
Environmental advantages such reduction in soil and ground water toxicity, pollution due
to burning of plastic wastes, protection of fauna and no water logging due to littered wastes.
4
1.7
Scope of the project
1.7.1 Content scope
The study will be based on the design and construction of resting points for the students at the civil
department from plastic bottle wastes. The project will be operated in four sections that is to say
structural and architectural design production, site investigation, material collection and lastly
resting point construction and design. The project will involve the use of soil for bottle filling as
well as cement and sand for construction purposes.
1.7.2 Time scope of the project
The project is expected to last for three months. Within the three months, there will be plastic
waste collection at the civil department, design of the proposed student resting points, site
investigation and lastly execution of the project until its completion.
1.7.3 Geographical scope
The project will be implemented at the civil department of Kyambogo University approximately
300m from the main gate.
5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Introduction
This chapter consists of the information related to the design and construction of resting
points/houses using plastic waste bottles as cited by researchers.
2.1
Plastic waste pollution in developing world
According to data published by the World Bank in 2015, with the largest population, China
produced the most substantial quantity of plastic, approximately 60 million tons. The United States
followed this at 38 million, Germany at 14.5 million, and Brazil at 12 million tons. India produced
4 million tons, Mexico 3 million, Colombia 2 million, and Haiti produced less than 1 million
(Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Figure 1 represents their total plastic waste generation per capita and
does not account for differences in waste management, recycling, or incineration, which would
explain why plastic waste pollution is more visually noticeable in certain countries as opposed to
others.
Figure 1 Plastic Waste Generation 2010. Source: (Our World in Data, 2019).
Figure 1 shows the amount of plastic waste generated in 2010 in the selected countries overall, as
well as how much plastic waste each person generates. Out of this list, India and China had the
highest population for that year. In 2010, China’s population was 1.338 billion people, and India’s
population was 1.231 billion people (The World Bank, 2019). Interestingly, with the second6
highest population, India has generated the lowest amount of waste per person in 2010 at less than
0.02 tons per person. Some theories to explain this phenomenon could be because China is more
industrially and economically advanced than India, causing them to produce more plastic waste
per person.
Another reason could be because until 2019, China used to be the go-to place for countries looking
to recycle their plastic waste, which would have definitely spiked their yearly amount of plastic
waste generated. With one of the lowest populations for a developed country, Germany with a
population of only 81.8 million in 2010 produced over 0.16 tons of waste per person, which is the
highest waste number in that list. Even with their high plastic production rate, Germany until
recently was known to be the “World’s Best Recycler” due to the country’s strict trash-disposal
rules (Dobush, 2019).
2.2
Problems in recycling of plastics
Plastics can be degraded very slowly. Photo degradation can breakdown plastic resin, but this
process can take decades. Even longer, biodegradation of plastics takes centuries. The largest
problem in recycling plastics is separating the plastics by type and number. In the current recycling
system, the plastics must be separated by type. During the reprocessing of plastic containers, if the
plastic is not of a uniform type, the raw plastic resin is unusable in the manufacturing industry. (
Atul & Sumit, 2019).
2.3
Plastics in construction
Plastic is a versatile material, most products today, likely have a plastic component to it. Plastics
are being used today in the construction industry thanks to several of their properties. The wide
variety of uses for plastic in the construction industry range from thermal insulation to plumbing,
sinks, and baths to roof coverings. Plastic can be a chemically resistant, ductile, stable, and fireresistant material. Its shape shifting abilities allow it to be used in electric insulation, and wall
finishing (table 1), suitable pigments can also be added in the process of manufacturing of plastic
materials to get a more attractive result for a building structure (The Constructor, 2019).
7
Figure 2. Table 1. Uses of Plastics in Building Construction. Source: (The Constructor,
2019).
Currently, plastic materials find use in buildings, mainly in thin coverings, panels, sheets, foams,
pipes, etc. However, more skillful use of plastics can one day expand the usefulness and durability
of conventional building materials and help them to function more efficiently and economically
(The Constructor, 2019).
Plastic is even being used to reinforce concrete. The next evolution in the technology of cement
and demands for 18 delivering more ecofriendly and sustainable construction projects paved the
way to the idea of disposing of post-consumer waste plastics into structural concrete. The raw
plastic granulate is used as a partial substitute for sand aggregate, which treats concrete as a
medium for disposal of waste in the amounts that do not significantly affect its strength. Previous
8
research has proven that concrete reinforced with plastic fibers is a more resilient building material
than plain concrete, opening the door to the recycling of plastic to produce fibers to be used as
secondary reinforcement for concrete along the traditional steel rebars (Ninoslav et al., 2019).
Many architects around the world have also started using plastic as a way to build low income and
sustainable informal settlements in developing countries. A German national Andreas Froese
invented the technique which involves the use of disposable PET bottles, debris, and earth as raw
material for construction. PET bottles are filled with sand or soil or landfill dirt or mud and are
used as bricks to construct houses. The technology has been adopted in different countries,
including Nigeria, South Africa, the Philippines, and India. Thanks to this technique, more than
300,000 PET bottles have been reused in more than 50 construction projects in Honduras,
Columbia, Bolivia (Muyen, Barna, & Hoque, 2016).
2.4
Basic construction materials and properties
This construction requires some of the basic materials which ensures a stable, eco-friendly
structure and also results in cheap construction as compared to brick wall. Materials uses for Bottle
wall masonry construction are: (Atul & Sumit, 2019)
•
Soil
•
Plastic Bottle
•
Cement
•
Nylon rope
•
Water
2.4.1 Soil
Soil a basic element in any construction project so before using it in our project we have to study
the basic properties of the soil and go through different tests, so as to check whether the soil
sample is suitable for the given project (Atul & Sumit, 2019).
2.4.2 Plastic bottle
Plastic bottles are used as a fundamental element, so we have gone through every property of the
PETE bottles so as to ensure a stable structure.
Properties of PETE bottle:
9
Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles is thermoplastic materials. This type of
plastic are polymers and with or without cross linking and branching, and they soften on the
application of heat, with or without pressure and require cooling to be set to a shape. Following
are properties of plastic bottle:
i.
Wax like in appearance, translucent, odorless and one of the lightest plastics.
ii.
Flexible over a wide temperature.
iii.
Heat resistance.
iv.
Chemically stable.
v.
Do not absorb moisture.
vi.
Transparent.
2.4.3 Cement
Cement is the important binding material. It is used to bind the plastic bottles to make the masonry
wall more durable so that the quality of cement is checked first (Atul & Sumit, 2019).
2.4.4
Nylon rope
Nylon rope has a very high tensile strength so that it is use as the main binder for PETE bottles
masonry (Atul & Sumit, 2019).
2.4.5 Water
Water is in a similar way like cement, an active component in mortar. For cement-sand mortar,
without water no hydration can be attained, hence no strength can be achieved. Water is
responsible for the workability of a fresh mortar. 20% of the overall weight of the cement and soil
was used to determine the quantity of water to be used in the mix. A slump test and a flow test are
conducted to evaluate the consistency of the fresh mortar (Atul & Sumit, 2019).
10
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3
Introduction
This chapter consists of the different methods that will be put into action in order to achieve the
set goal of project execution. These methods include collection of plastic bottle wastes,
construction of the resting points. It also includes the details of the project area and the other project
materials.
3.1
Project area
The study is expected to focus on the plastic waste management at the department of engineering
particularly at the civil department which is located within Kyambogo University approximately
300m from the Kyambogo main gate.
Figure 3 shows geographical location of the area under study.
3.2
Project materials
•
Plastic bottle wastes.
•
Cement.
•
Soil.
•
Sand
•
Water.
11
3.3
Methods
3.3.1 The architectural and structural design of the resting points constructed from the
plastic bottles
These will be made using softwares such AutoCAD, Revit, ArchiCAD among others.
3.3.2 Collection of plastic bottles
Before collection of the plastic waste bottles, site investigation will be first carried out. Plastic
bottle wastes will be collected from the dustbins, rubbish pits with the aid of sacks. In case the
collected wastes are not enough to accommodate for the completion of the reading places, some
will be obtained from other sections of the University.
3.3.3 Construction of student resting points
After the collection of the plastic bottles, other materials such as soil, sand, cement etc. will be
obtained. Bottle and soil calculations will be performed before the construction is commence. The
construction will be carried out as per the design of the resting points
Calculation of volume of materials
Volume of bottle = x D2 x L
No of bottle= final volume / volume of bottle
Soil Calculation
Soil = volume of bottle x no. of bottles filled by soil
Other Materials
•
500m long metal rope
•
40 bricks for piers
•
40 card sheets
•
Crops seeds
12
CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION
4
Introduction
This chapter lays down the conclusion as far as the proposed project for the design and construction
of resting points at the civil engineering is concerned.
4.1
Conclusion
This project is not only needed to be executed, but also, it’s a necessity to curb the deteriorating
environment within Kyambogo University. This is evidenced along Kyambogo path ways where
student keep depositing their plastic bottle wastes wherever they feel like. In so doing, this has
then resulted into the accumulation of plastic bottle wastes in the mighty institution of Banda and
most especially at the department of civil within Kyambogo University.
In order to overcome the issue, an idea of designing and constructing student resting centers at the
civil depart through use of plastic bottle wastes as construction materials accompanied with other
materials like cement, soil, sand, etc. has been raised to improve students welfare at the civil
department and the all Kyambogo institution at large.
Due to the presence of all the materials required for this project to be carried out, the project will
be a success.
13
CHAPTER FIVE
5
REFERENCES
AFP. (2019, 10 02). Five things to know about plastic waste and recycling in India. From
Yahoo.com:https://www.yahoo.com/news/five-things-know-plastic-wasterecycling-india
201140870.html
Catania, V., & Ventura, D. (2014). An Approch for Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid
Waste Management Using Smart-M3 Platform. FRUCT ASSOCIATION, 1-8.
Dobush, G. (2019). The Brutal Reality of Being the World’s ‘Best’ Recycler. From Huffpost.com:
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/germany-recyclingreality_n_5d30fccbe4b004b6adad52f8.
From theconstructor.org: https://theconstructor.org/building/plastics-constructionmaterial/
GAIA. (2019). UN Decides to Control Global Plastic Waste Dumping. From noburn.org:
https://www.no-burn.org/brscop/
Holden, E. (2019, 05 10). Nearly all countries agree to stem flow of plastic waste into
https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution#total-plastic-waste-by-country
Katz, C. (2019). Piling up: How China’s Ban on importing Waste Has Stalled Global Recycling.
Yale Environment 360.
Muyen, Z., Barna, T., & Hoque, M. (2016). Strength properties of plastic bottle bricks and their
suitability as construction materials in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture, 362-368.
Ninoslav, P., Stana, Z., Reyes, G., & Panos, P. (2019). Mechanical properties of concrete
reinforced with recycled HDPE plastic fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 363-370.
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Plastic Pollution.
The Constructor. (2019). Properties and Uses of Plastics as a Construction Material.
The World Bank. (2019). From TheWorldBank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/plastic-pollution.
14
USAID
(2018).
HOUSING
&
SETTLEMENTS.
https://www.usaid.gov/haiti/shelter-and-housing
15
From
USAID.GOV:
CHAPTER SIX: APPENDICES
6
Appendix 1: Project budget
NO
ITEM
QUANTITY
ESTIMATED
TOTAL COSTS
UNIT
(UG SHS)
PRICE(UG
SHS)
1
Cement
200bags
35,000
7,000,000
2
Sand
10 tons
97,500
975,000
3
Labor
10 people
50,000 per day
4,500,000
4
Rebar
100 T12 steel bars
48,000
4,800,000
Total
6.1
17,275,5000
Appendix 2: Project time frame
ACTIVITY
DURATION
Design of architectural and structural plans
2weeks
Site investigation
1week
Collection of plastic wastes
3weeks
Setting out
1week
Project execution and completion
5 weeks
16