Cogs studying Q&As Week 2 ● ● ● ● ● Define voluntarism, introspection, structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism, gestalt psychology, psychoanalytic psychology ○ Voluntarism - mind as conscious integrated whole, elements of the mix form higher order elements voluntarily by the power of will - introspection ○ Structuralism - structure of mind can be understood from its elements which combine based on chemical law - introspection ○ Functionalism - explains how the mind does mental activities > elements ○ Gestalt psych - gestalt, more than its components method used - phenomenology Why was introspection criticised as a method of study? ○ Introspection is limited in its use; complex subjects such as learning, personality, mental disorders, and development are difficult or even impossible to study with this technique. The technique is difficult to use with children and impossible to use with animals. What are the arguments against some of the above practices (voluntarism,...)? What is a dependent/independent variable? ○ Independent variable is the variable that is manipulated ○ Dependent variable outcome relies on the way the independent variable is manipulated Explain Pavlov’s classical conditioning. ○ Beginning with an unconditioned response and an unconditioned stimulus, (i.e. dog drools at food) repeatedly pair a conditioned stimulus (i.e. bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (i.e. ring bell when dog gets food) there then becomes a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus (i.e. dog drools at ring of bell, even if there is no food present. Week 3 ● What are the different brain parts and what are their main purpose? ○ Frontal lobe ■ Emotions ■ Attention ■ Behaviour ■ Abstract thinking ■ Problem solving ■ Personality ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Parietal lobe ■ Somatosensation ■ Hearing ■ Spatial cognition ■ Language ■ attention ○ Occipital lobe ■ Vision ■ Movement ■ Colour recognition ■ Visual spatial processing ○ Temporal lobe ■ Auditory and visual memories ■ Language ■ Some hearing and speech How do neuroscientists study the brain? (methods) ○ Neural imaging ○ Invasive methods ○ Non invasive methods Explain some of the modern equipment used to study the brain and their functions. ○ Fmri ○ Eeg ○ Ekg ○ … Draw and explain the structure of a brain neuron? How are they organised in the brain? ○ Soma, axon, dendrite ○ 100 billion or some shit Explain action potential, slow potential, neurotransmitters etc. ○ No. Explain how electricity passes through our brain and a single cell? How does modern neuroscience imaging explain the split brain scenario? ○ Based on what we know about the contralateral nature of the brain, we understand why split brain patients struggle with certain tasks. A split brain patient would be unable to link various senses and responses. For example, an individual who is seeing a picture with one eye, could write down what the picture is but could not speak it, or the other way around for the other eye. What are the characteristics of language according to Clark and Clark? ○ Communicative - allows for communication ○ Dynamic - incorporates changes in addition of new words and rules ○ Generative - symbolic elements can be combined to generate larger sentence or expressions ○ Arbitrary - consists of symbols that refer to and stand for something ○ ● ● ● ● ● Structured - symbols are ordered, governed by rule to form a structure of a sentence or expressions State the rules of grammar in a language. ○ Phonology - rules governing sounds ■ Phomene - smallesunit of a sound in a system of a language ○ Semantics - rules for understanding meaning ○ Syntax - rules for arranging words in sentences ○ Morphology - rules governing word structure ■ Morpheme is the smallest unit of spoken language that has meaning What kind of language skills can other animals be trained to acquire? ○ Lack of complex syntactical abilities ○ Have limited generative abilities ○ Do not teach language to other members of own species What are arbitrariness and displacement? What are the different stages that humans pass through for learning a language? ○ Cooing○ Babbling ○ One word ○ Two word Explain with an example the “critical period” with respect to learning a language. ○ The period of time in which prime language development occurs. If language learning is hindered during this period the person will struggle much more to learn it later in life. Week 4 ● State some justifications for “language is an evolved capacity”. ● What are the criticisms against the theory that language is innate? Who proposed this theory? ● What is aphasia? Describe the two aphasias discussed in the class with reference to the brain regions (point on a diagram) that are deemed responsible for these aphasias. ○ Broca’s aphasia is when comprehension of language is in tact, but production is altered ○ Wernicke’s aphasia is when speech production is in tact but comprehension is altered. ● Describe the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language perception. What are some of the shortcomings of this model? ● Define with examples: Comparative Cognition, Evolutionary Psychology, Behavioural Economics. ○ Comparative cognition: … ○ Evolutionary psychology: … ○ ● ● Behavioural economics: the study of human behaviour in decision making in economics. Describe the evolutionary perspective of the study of mind. Define: Base-rate fallacy, Conjunction fallacy and Gambler’s fallacy with an example. ○ Gambler’s fallacy: the false conception that if an event occurred often in the past it is less likely to happen in the future ○ Base rate fallacy: … ○ Conjunction fallacy: … Week 5 ● Define: The Ultimatum Game, Loss Aversion, Framing Effect, Endowment Effect, Sunk-Cost Fallacy. ○ Ultimatum game: a person is given a sum of money to split with another, the other person will only accept if they are offered at least 30% ○ Loss aversion: how people are more inclined to choose the option that seems like less is being lost, even if it is the same option simply worded differently. (i.e. people would rather avoid a $10 surcharge over a $10 discount) ○ Framing effect: (i.e. people would rather save 200 of 600 than let 400 of 600 die, even though it is the same loss framed differently) ○ Endowment effect: when offered money to invest, the bank gives an idea of how to invest it, but then they also give the option to the recipient to choose themselves how to invest it, most people stay with the bank’s idea because of storing food in original location ○ sunk-cost fallacy - would rather spend more money fixing something old than spend more money on a new one despite buying an new one saving money in the long run ● DefineAI,IA(intelligent agent),intelligence, machine learning, finite state machines, rulebased systems, blind search, depth first search, breadth first search. Explain Craik’s behavioural model. ○ What is an intelligent agent? What is an autonomous system? Explain rule-based systems and expert systems using an example. What is a decision support system? What are the two approaches that help us in making decisions and are also used in AI? Explain Evolutionary Computing approach. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● • Let’s say you are driving out of a parking lot and have to pay at the gate to be able to go out. Draw a finite state machine for this problem by identifying the states, stimuli and actions and explain your diagram. ○ – If you want to create a FSM for a chess game, what would be the states, stimuli and actions? ● Describe phrase structure grammar with an example sentence. Name a shortcoming of this grammar. • Explain transformational grammar with an example. ○ Transformational grammar is used to change the meaning of a sentence regarding the same topic. (You walked the dog today. Or Did you walk the dog today?) • Why cannot computers be programmed to understand language as humans? • Describe the steps of natural language processing. ● ● ● Week 6 ● What is formal logic? Why is it needed? ○ Using our knowledge of language, we know the antecedent or ‘if’ part of fact 1 is a sum of fact 1 and 2 ○ ● ● ● ● logic based on argument involving deductively necessary relationships and including the use of syllogisms and mathematical symbols. What is a logical proposition? Give an example. ○ A formal logic expression with symbols Describe the 3 rules of inference that are used with logic propositions for decision making. ○ Deductive reasoning - uses facts + implications ■ If a fact supports that an antecedent is true then the consequent must be true ■ Hence firm conclusions can be drawn about truth value of consequent ○ Inductive reasoning - creates new knowledge from generating evidences ■ Introduces uncertainty as the new knowledge may not be true at all ■ From a very large # of evidences, we form theories that have more definite truth value ○ Abductive reasoning - logical inference that is drawn backwards using logic implications ■ Remember that P → R states R is only true if P is true, but not vice versa Solve logic problems given some logic propositions. ○ See note What is a truth table? ○ The table with all the possible outcomes ● ● ● ● What do we gain from using propositions and inference? ○ What are some of the applications of rules in human cognition? How are the rules applied in cognition? ○ Problem solving, tic tac toe, tower of hanoi ○ Planning, making life plans ○ Decision making Describe the strengths and limitations of rules. ○ Limitations: inflexible, difficult to control, process + follow, knowledge acquisition is difficult, rules are generally static and require manual update every time rule changes Write formal rules for cooking pasta. (identify the states, rules, current state and goal state). ● Logic operators: ○ And = ^ ○ Or = V ○ Not = 乛 ○ Implies = → ● ● Define concepts with example. How and where do we use concepts as mental representations? Explain with example. Define Schema, Frame and Script concept types with examples. Explain what is a prototype and an exemplar. How would you define the concept of a course and COG100? ● ● ● Split brain - Contralateral Gambler’s fallacy - if a particular event occurs more frequently than normal during the past, it is less likely to happen in the future (or vice versa) - Has the same statistical chance to occur anyway Characteristics of language - Communicative - Arbitrary - Structured - Generative - Dynamic Turing test - Wanna test if a robot can be perceived as human - Someone guesses which is the human - If robot is guessed as human 50% of the time, the robot is about as convincing as human Critical period with language - If they don’t learn language after this time then it’s way harder - the first few years of life constitute the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful. The four stages of natural language processing are: - Syntactic analysis - Semantic analysis - Speech recognition - Pragmatic analysis Transformational grammar - Saying same things mean different things - Colin sucked my balls > did colin suck my balls What is qualia - Subjective quality of experience - Consciousness Chinese room experiment - Computer in room - Someone slides chinese characters under the door - Computer sends it back - The computer is not actually learning chines Hemispatial neglect - Brain only comprehend anything from one field of vision and only processes tht information Prosopagnosia - No recognition of faces Syllogism - Explanation of logic - Logical inferences an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs ). Theory of mind In psychology, theory of mind refers to the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them. These states may be different from one's own states and include beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and thoughts.
