МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ МОРСЬКИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
Кафедра «Філологія»
Методичні вказівки
(частина 1)
для самостійної роботи студентів з дисципліни
«Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням)» для студентів
спеціальності 271 «Річковий та морський транспорт» (Освітня програма
«Експлуатація суднових енергетичних установок») денної та заочної
форм навчання
Одеса - 2021
2
Методичні вказівки підготували Лелет Ірина Олександрівна – доцент
ОНМУ, доцент кафедри “Філологія” Одеського національного морського
університету та Шерстюк Ольга Ігорівна – к.т.н., доцент, доцент кафедри
«Філологія» Одеського національного морського університету
Методичні вказівки ухвалені кафедрою «Філологія» ОНМУ “27”
серпня 2021 року (протокол № 1)
Рецензенти:
к.пед.н., доц. Маслова С.Я. (кафедра «Філологія», Одеський
національний морський університет)
к.ф.н., ст. викл. Серебрякова В.В. (кафедра «Філологія», Одеський
національний морський університет)
Методичні вказівки містять практичний матеріал з дисципліни
«Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням)», який можна
використовувати на у процесі самостійної роботи. Вказівки розраховані на
студентів спеціальності «Річковий та морський транспорт» (ОП
“Експлуатація суднових енергетичних установок”) денної та заочної форми
навчання. Мета вказівок - допомогти студентам у підготовці до практичних
занять, сприяти засвоєнню навичок та вмінь усного мовлення та
самостійного читання спеціальної літератури.
3
ЗМІСТ
ПЕРЕДМОВА…………………………………………………….................….....4
Тема 1. Головні частини дизельного двигуна. The Main Parts of a Diesel
Engine. Яку роботу виконують головні частини двигуна. What Work the Parts
of an Engine Perform. ……………………………..................................................5
Тема
2.
Як
працює
дизельний
двигун.
How
a
Diesel
Engine
Works......................................................................................................................7
Тема 3. Робота двохтактного двигуна. The Work of a Two-Stroke
Engine.....................................................................................................................9
Тема
4.
Зарядження.
Supercharging.
Вприскування
палива.
Fuel
Injection...................................................................................................................11
Тема 5. Спалювання. Combustion.........................................................................14
Тема 6. Змазка. Lubrication...................................................................................16
Рекомендована література....................................................................................19
4
ПЕРЕДМОВА
«Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням)» є складовою
частиною дисциплін циклу професійної підготовки спеціальності 271
«Річковий
та
морський
транспорт»
(ОП
“Експлуатація
суднових
енергетичних установок”). Методична розробка складається з 6 розділів, які
містять різноманітні тексти та вправи галузі суднової енергетики:
презентація нової лексики (термінологічного словника); підбір лексичних
відповідностей в двох мовах; переклад групи слів, словосполучень та речень
у двох мовах.
В результаті освоєння даного теоретичного матеріалу студент повинен
знати широкий діапазон словникового запасу (у тому числі термінології), що
є необхідним в академічній та професійній сферах, а саме технічні
характеристики дизельної пропульсивної установки, елементи паливної
системи, систему змащення, систему охолодження, системи охолодження
двигуна та їх типи, різноманітні допоміжні механізми тощо;;
- аналізувати англомовні джерела інформації.
Методичні вказівки для самостійної роботи з дисципліни «Англійська
мова (за професійним спрямуванням)» допоможуть студентам вільно
орієнтуватися
та
доречно
користуватися
термінологією
із
суднової
енергетики та вдосконалювати англомовну комунікативну компетентність
майбутніх морських інженерів у професійно орієнтованому спілкуванні.
5
ТЕМА 1. ГОЛОВНІ ЧАСТИНИ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ДВИГУНА. THE MAIN
PARTS OF A DIESEL ENGINE. ЯКУ РОБОТУ ВИКОНУЮТЬ ГОЛОВНІ
ЧАСТИНИ ДВИГУНА. WHAT WORK THE PARTS OF AN ENGINE
PERFORM
Vocabulary
divide
ділити
structural
конструкційний
moving
рухомий
frame
рама
include
включати
cylinder block
блок циліндрів
crankcase
картер
bedplate
станина
sump
піддон
end plate
торцева кришка
support
підтримувати
cylinder liner
втулка циліндра
cylinder head
кришка циліндра
cylinder block
блок циліндра
house
розміщувати
main bearing
головний, корінний підшипник
essential
суттєвий, важливий
structure
конструкція
depending upon
залежно від
attach
прикріплювати
remote
дистанційний
flat
плоский
steel
сталь
add
приєднувати; додавати
rigidity
жорстко
surface
поверхня
especially
особливо
access openings
отвір для огляду, доступу
connecting rod
шатун
various
різні
cover
кришка
secure
закріпити, зафіксувати
hand wheel
ручний маховик
fit
встановлювати
gasket
прокладка
dirt
бруд
cylinder assembly
складання циліндра
stud
шпилька
replaceable
замінний
tightly
щільно
6
а number of
guide
seat
rocker arm
fuel injection valve
air starting valve
in most cases
stud bolt
properly
tighten
кілька
напрямна (клапана)
сідло (клапана)
коромисло (клапана)
форсунка
повітряний пусковий клапан
в більшості випадків
різьбова шпилька
належним чином
затягувати, ущільнювати
Text
Structural Parts of a Diesel Engine
The principal components of an internal combustion engine may be divided
into two principal groups - parts and systems. The main parts of an internal
combustion engine may be further divided into structural parts and moving parts.
The frame of the modem diesel may include such parts as the cylinder block,
crankcase, bedplate or base, sump or oil pan, and end plates.
The engine frame part which supports the engine's cylinder liners and
cylinder heads is called the cylinder block.
The engine frame part, which serves as a housing for the crankshaft, is called
the crankcase.
In large engines of early design, the support for the main bearings was
provided by a bedplate. In some large engines of more modem design the support
for main bearings is provided by a part called the base.
Since lubrication is essential for proper engine operation, a reservoir for
collecting and holding the engine's lubricating oil is a necessary part of the engine
structure. The reservoir may be called a sump or an oil pan, depending upon its
design, and is usually attached directly to the engine. However, in some engines,
the oil reservoir may be located at some point relatively remote from the engine;
such engines may be called dry sump engines.
Some engines have flat steel plates attached to each end of the cylinder
block. End plates add rigidity to the block and provide a surface to which may be
bolted housings for such parts as gears, blowers, pumps and generators.
Many engines, especially the larger ones, have access openings in some
parts of the engine frame. These openings permit access to the cylinder liners, main
and connecting rod bearings, injector control shafts, and various other internal
engine parts. Access doors (sometimes called covers or plates) for the openings are
usually secured with hand wheel or nut-operated clamps and are fitted with gaskets
to keep dirt and foreign material out of the engine's interior.
The cylinder assembly consists of the head, the liner, the studs and the
gasket; it provides a gas and liquid-tight space. Practically all diesel engines are
constructed with replaceable cylinder liners. The liners or bores must be sealed
tightly to form the combustion chambers. The space at the c9mbustion end of a
7
cylinder is formed and sealed by a cylinder head, which is a separate unit from the
block.
A number of engine parts, which are essential to engine operation, may be
found in or attached to the cylinder head. The cylinder head may house intake and
exhaust valves, valve guides and valve seats. Rocker arm assemblies are frequently
attached to the cylinder head.
The fuel injection valve is almost always in the cylinder head. Cylinder
heads of a diesel engine may also be fitted with air starting valves, indicator and
blow down valves, and safety valves. Large diesel engines generally have one
cylinder head for each cylinder.
In most cases, the seal between the cylinder head and the block depends
principally upon the studs and gaskets. The studs, or stud bolts, secure the cylinder
head to the cylinder "block. A gasket between the head and the block is
compressed to form a seal when the head is properly tightened down.
Exercise I.
Answer the questions
1. What structural parts does the engine frame include?
2. What portion of the frame is called the crankcase?
3. What parts may provide the support for the main bearings?
4. What do we call the reservoir that holds the lube oil collected in
the lower part of some engines?
5. Can you explain the term "dry sump engine"?
6. What is the double function of the end plates? _
7. What arrangements make the examination of the bearings and other
internal parts of a diesel engine possible?
8. What is a gasket?
9. What are the parts of the cylinder assembly? Are all of them replaceable?
10. What valves may be fitted in the cylinder head?
11. Are rocker arm assemblies attached to the cylinder heads of all types
of diesel engine?
Exercise II.
Speak of the structural parts of a diesel engine.
ТЕМА 2. ЯК ПРАЦЮЄ ДИЗЕЛЬНИЙ ДВИГУН. HOW A DIESEL
ENGINE WORKS
Reading
Read the text and write headings for the paragraphs. Explain the meaning of
the phrases in italics.
TEXT
FOUR-STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
8
The four stroke cycle is so called because it takes four strokes of the piston
to complete the processes needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work.
Because the engine is reciprocating, this means that the piston must move up and
down the cylinder twice, and therefore the crankshaft must revolve twice.
The four strokes of the piston are known as the induction stroke, the
compression stroke, the power stroke, and the exhaust stroke. Students sometimes
remember this as "suck, squeeze, bang, blow".
1. INDUCTION: The crankshaft is rotating clockwise and the piston is
moving down the cylinder. The inlet valve is open and a fresh charge of air is
being drawn or pushed into the cylinder by the turbocharger.
2. COMPRESSION: The inlet valve has closed and the charge of air is being
compressed by the piston as it moves up the cylinder. Because energy is being
transferred into the air, its pressure and temperature increase. By the time the
piston is approaching the top of the cylinder (known as Top Dead Centre or TDC)
the pressure is over 100 bars and the temperature over 500°.
3. POWER: Just before TDC fuel is injected into the cylinder by the fuel
injector. The fuel is "atomised" into tiny droplets. Because they are very small
these droplets heat up very quickly and start to burn as the piston passes over TDC.
The expanding gas from the fuel burning in the oxygen forces the piston down the
cylinder, turning the crankshaft. It is during this stroke that work energy is being
put into the engine; during the other 3 strokes of the piston, the engine has to do
the work.
4. EXHAUST: As the piston approaches the bottom of the cylinder (known
as Bottom Dead Centre or BDC) the exhaust valve starts to open. As the piston
now moves up the cylinder, the hot gases (consisting mostly of nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, water vapour and unused oxygen) are expelled from the cylinder.
As the Piston approaches TDC again the inlet valve starts to open and the
cycle repeats itself.
Tuning-in
Describe the processes in the 4-stroke-cycle diesel engine.
Give a short characteristic of:
• the intake stroke
• the compression stroke
• the power stroke
• the exhaust stroke
Grammar Study
Paraphrase the sentences using Conditional Sentences.
Model: He promises to come early. I want to speak to him.
If he comes early, I will speak to him.
1. Our propeller is often damaged. Our engineer will repair it.
2. I am free of watch. I will go shore.
9
3. They promise to arrive at this port. We can meet them.
4. We must consult the contract. We want to know when the vessel leaves.
5. Let him go to our captain. The captain wants to give him some instructions.
6. He promises to be here before 10 o’clock. I want to see him.
7. He can’t operate a liner. He never studies navigation.
8. the storm is beginning. But the wind won’t reach the hurricane force.
9. We should take a pilot. We don’t know this harbor.
10. The cadets didn’t see timber-carriers. They didn’t visit the exhibition.
12. The cargo wasn’t fastened properly and the ship had a list to starboard.
13. The tanker spilled oil near the coast. Animals, birds and fish were in trouble.
14. There was an accident at the port yesterday because the process of loading
wasn’t controlled properly.
ТЕМА 3. РОБОТА ДВОХТАКТНОГО ДВИГУНА. THE WORK OF A
TWO-STROKE ENGINE
Reading
Read the text and write headings for the paragraphs. Explain the meaning of
the phrases in italics.
TEXT
THE 2 STROKE DIESEL CYCLE
It may surprise you to learn that the biggest diesel engines in use operate on
the two stroke principle. If you have experience of the two stroke petrol engine you
will know that it causes more pollution than a four stroke petrol engine. This is
because oil is mixed with the petrol to lubricate the crankshaft bearings, and a lot
of unburnt petrol/oil/air mixture is discharged to the atmosphere.
The two stroke Diesel engine does not mix fuel or oil with the combustion
air. The crankshaft bearings are lubricated from pressurised oil in the same way as
a four stroke engine.
The two stroke cycle is so called because it takes two strokes of the piston to
complete the processes needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work. Because
the engine is reciprocating, this means that the piston must move up and down the
cylinder, and therefore the crankshaft must revolve once.
1. The crankshaft is revolving clockwise and the piston is moving up the
cylinder, compressing the charge of air. Because energy is being transferred into
the air, its pressure and temperature increase. By the time the piston is
approaching the top of the cylinder (known as Top Dead Center or TDC) the
pressure is over 100 bar and the temperature over 500°C.
2. Just before TDC fuel is injected into the cylinder by the fuel injector. The
fuel is "atomised" into tiny droplets. Because they are very small these droplets
heat up very quickly and start to burn as the piston passes over TDC. The
expanding gas from the fuel burning in the oxygen forces the piston down the
cylinder, turning the crankshaft. It is during this stroke that work energy is being
10
put into the engine; during the upward stroke of the piston, the engine has to do the
work.
3. As the piston moves down the cylinder, the useful energy from the
burning fuel is expanded. At about 110° after TDC the exhaust valve opens and the
hot exhaust gas (consisting mostly of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and
unused oxygen) begin to leave the cylinder.
4. At about 140º after TDC the piston uncovers a set of ports known as
scavenge ports. Pressurised air enters the cylinder via these ports and pushes the
remaining exhaust gas from the cylinder in a process known as "scavenging".
The piston now goes past Bottom Dead Centre and starts moving up the
cylinder, closing off the scavenge ports. The exhaust valve then closes and
compression begins.
Vocabulary Study
Study this list of common verbs in engineering which you have studied in
thisbook. They all have the sense of 'make something happen'.
make high
release
make smaller volume
make smaller
make larger
Fill in the blanks in these sentences with suitable verbs from the list above.
1 When thermoplastics are … they soften.
2 If a gas is ... it heats up.
3 Refrigeration preserves food by … its temperature.
4 A heater ... the temperature of the water.
5 The rising piston … the fuel mixture.
6 Designers try to … the weight of a structure.
7 When the push button is … the valve spring pushes up the spool.
8 Pumping fluid into the main cylinder gradually … the jack.
9 Aerodynamic design … wind resistance.
10 The motor starts up slowly, then gradually … speed.
Grammar
Put the verbs into proper place. Read and translate the text given.
is connected to is located have since been combined
is named is recognized
The Dante B. Fascell Port of Miami is a seaport located in Florida, United
States. It ___ Downtown Miami by Port Boulevard, a bridge over the Intracoastal
Waterway. The port ___ on Dodge Island, which is the combination of three
historic islands (Dodge, Lummus and Sam’s Islands (острови)) that ___ into
one. It __ in honour of 19th term Florida Congressman Dante Fascell. It is the
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11th largest cargo container port in the United States. The Port of Miami___ and
has been for many years, as the “Cruise Capital of the World” and “Cargo
Gateway of the Americas”. As the “Cargo Gateway of the Americas”, the port
primarily handles containerized cargo with small amounts of break bulk
(штучний вантаж), vehicles and industrial equipment. It is the largest
container port in the state of Florida and 9th in the United States. As a world-class
port, the Port of Miami is among an elite group of ports in the world which caters
(орієнтован) to both cruise and container ships.
ТЕМА 4. ЗАРЯДЖЕННЯ.
ПАЛИВА. FUEL INJECTION
accessories
waste gases
device
blower
install
increase
force
surround
clear
scavenge
power output
since
in turn
pound
certain
supercharging
addition
convey
muffle
noise
quench
spark
turbine-driven
SUPERCHARGING.
ВПРИСКУВАННЯ
Vocabulary
допоміжне обладнання
відпрацьовані гази
пристрій
повітродувка
встановлювати
збільшувати, збільшення
нагнітати
оточувати
очищати
продувати
Вихідна потужність
оскільки.
в свою чергу
фунт
певний
наддув
доповнення
транспортувати, передавати
заглушати
шум
гасити
іскра
наведений турбіною
Text A
Engine Air Systems
Parts and accessories, which supply the cylinders of an engine with air for
combustion, and remove the waste gases after combustion, are called intake and
exhaust systems.
In the intake systems of all modern 2-stroke cycle engines and some 4-stroke
12
cycle engines, a device, usually a blower is installed to increase the flow of air into
the cylinders. This is accomplished by the blower compressing the air and forcing
it into an air box or manifold (reservoir) which surrounds or is attached to the
cylinders of an engine. Clearing the cylinder of the gases of combustion is called
scavenging.
An increase in air flow into the cylinders of an engine can be used to
increase power output, in addition to being used for scavenging. Since the power of
an engine is developed by the burning of fuel, an increase of power requires more
fuel; the increased fuel, in turn, requires more air, since each pound of fuel requires
a certain amount of air for combustion. Supplying more air to the combustion
spaces is called supercharging. In some 2-stroke cycle diesel engines, the cylinders
are supercharged during the air intake simply by increasing the amount and
pressure of scavenge air. The same blower is used for supercharging and
scavenging. Supercharging a 4-stroke cycle diesel engine requires the addition of a
blower to the intake system.
The system, which functions to convey gases away from the cylinders of an
engine, is called the exhaust system. In addition to this principal function, an
exhaust system may be designed to perform one or more of the following
functions: muffle exhaust noise, quench sparks, remove solid material from
exhaust gases, and furnish energy to a turbine-driven supercharger.
Exercise I.
Answer the questions
1. What systems are spoken about in the text?
2. What is scavenging?
3. What is supercharging and how is it provided?
4. How is the supercharger driven?
5. What are the functions of the exhaust system?
Exercise II.
Speak of the Engine Air Systems.
fuel supply lines
high-pressure fuel lines
fuel transfer pump
heavy fuel
preheating arrangement
intermittent pressure
defective lines
to repair by welding
fuel nozzle
drain line
fuel pressure maintenance /
retaining valve
Vocabulary
трубопровід загальної подачі палива
паливний трубопровід високого тиску
паливоперекачуючий насос
важке паливо
пристрій попереднього підігріву
пульсуючий тиск
несправний трубопровід
ремонтувати зварюванням
паливне сопло
зливний трубопровід
паливний клапан постійного тиску
13
fuel shut-off valve
fuel non-return valve
steam heating
counter pressure
adjustable back pressure
double cone seat
overflow line
surplus fuel
to dismantle the fuel pump
definite quantity of fuel
discharge line
nozzle orifice
finely atomized
паливний запірний клапан
паливний безповоротний клапан
підігрів паром
засунений
регульований зворотний тиск
двуконусне сідло
трубопровід переливу
надлишкове паливо
демонтувати паливний насос
визначена кількість палива
трубопровід подачі
отвір сопла
дрібно розпорошене (паливо)
TEXT B
FUEL SYSTEM OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINE
The fuel is taken from the storage tank by means of fuel transfer pump and
delivered to the settling tank where it is preheated and settled, then passed through
the centrifugal purifier for efficient cleaning and delivered to the service tank for
using in operational process. The fuel oil is then led to one of the two electrically
driven supply pumps which deliver it under pressure through a flow meter to the
fuel circulating pump and through the oil heater - viscosity regulator - to the filters.
Then the fuel is supplied by individual HP fuel pump to the fuel injection valve of
each cylinder for combustion process.
The fuel piping system consists of three main pipelines: fuel supply lines,
high pressure fuel lines and fuel heating pipes for heavy fuel. The fuel supply line
connects the fuel transfer pump and preheating arrangement with fuel filters and
fuel pumps on the engine. The high pressure fuel lines connect HP fuel pumps with
fuel valves and are under very high intermittent pressure. The preheating system is
led adjacently along the fuel supply lines, high pressure fuel lines and filters.
Steam of up to 7kg/sq. cm g. is used as a heating medium.
The fuel filter contains several filtering elements which can be switched over
during operation.
The other fuel system fittings are: fuel pressure- maintenance/ pressureretaining valve, fuel shut-off valve, fuel non-return valve.
The function of the fuel pressure-retaining valve is to maintain adjustable
back pressure, which is to be so high that there is no formation of vapor on the
suction side of the fuel pumps.
The fuel shut-off valve is open during operation, and its function is to isolate
the main pipe temporarily for dismantling of the fuel pump or preheating. It is
provided with a double-cone seat to prevent leakage.
The non-return valve is placed between the fuel pump and the overflow line
which is used for leakage of surplus fuel delivered by the fuel transfer pump during
operation. The fuel pump may be isolated from the overflow line by the non-return
valve for dismantling.
14
The high pressure fuel pumps discharge fuel through the discharge line to
the fuel valve at the correct moment and under high pressure. Then finely atomized
fuel is sprayed into the combustion chamber through a number of nozzle orifices.
Exercise I. Read and translate the text.
Exercise II. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words or word
combinations from the Word Box.
a) intermittent, b) preheating arrangement c) heavy fuel, d) fuel shut-off valve, e)
welding, f) non-return valve, g) fuel transfer pump
1. The fuel system comprises fuel supply line, high-pressure fuel line and
fuel heating pipes, if ... is used.
2. High-pressure fuel lines are under very high ... pressure.
3. Defective HP fuel lines must not be repaired by …
4. … employs steam up to 70 kg/sq.cm.g.
5. … is driven separately by an electric motor.
6. … isolates the main pipe temporarily for dismantling the fuel pump or
preheating.
7. … isolates the fuel pump from the overflow line, into which the surplus
fuel runs off during operation.
Exercise III. Make up sentences using their parts.
1. system/steam/employs/preheating/up/7kgper sq. cm/to
2. lines/ drain/ leakage/ for/ fuel/ heated/ are/partially . .
3. transfer/ fuel/pump/ driven/ is/by/ electric/ an1motor/ separately .
4. valve/ non-return/ situated/ is/ fuel/ between/ pump/ overflow/ and/ line
5. is/ there/ formation/ no/ vapor/ of/ suction/ on/ side/of/pump/ the.
Exercise IV. Translate into English
1. Система паливних трубопроводів включає трубопроводи подачі
палива, паливні трубопроводи високого тиску і трубопроводи підігріву
палива.
2. Запобіжний клапан запобігає надлишковий тиск, утворений в системі
і охолоджувачі масла.
3. Безповоротний клапан розташований між паливним насосом і
трубопроводом переливу.
4. Паливо береться з накопичувального танка і подається в відстійний
танк.
5. Функція запірного клапана - ізолювати головний трубопровід для
демонтажу паливного насоса або підігріву.
6. Паливні насоси високого тиску подають паливо через трубопровід
подачі на паливний клапан.
ТЕМА 5. СПАЛЮВАННЯ. COMBUSTION
15
1. Прочитати текст та вибрати правильну відповідь.
TEXT
COMBUSTION
Combustion is a chemical reaction in which certain elements of the fuel
combine with oxygen of the air increasing the temperature of the gases. The main
combustible elements are 1) …… . There are two general methods of burning the
fuel in an engine cylinder:
1. Combustion at constant volume.
2. Combustion at constant pressure.
Combustion at constant volume means that during combustion the volume 2)
….. and that all the heat energy developed by the fuel goes into an increase of the
gas temperature and pressure. The rate of combustion is so high that the piston has
no time to move during combustion. The advantage of this method is a high 3) …..
. Its disadvantage is a sudden increase of pressure and the resulting noisiness of the
engine.
During combustion at constant pressure the temperature 4) ….. at such a
rate that the pressure increase counteracts the volume increase and the pressure
doesn't change. During combustion at constant pressure the fuel is burnt gradually.
Its advantage is smooth running and a more even 5) ….. produced by an engine.
High-speed diesel engines operate on a cycle which is a combination of the above
two methods.
1. a) carbon and hydrogen b) oxygen
c) fuel
2. a) increases
b) changes
c) does not change
3. a) thermal efficiency b) temperature c) pressure
4. a) increases
b) changes
c) does not change
5. a) torque b) high-speed c) pressure
2. Вибрати правильну відповідь на запитання до тексту завдання 1.
6. What is combustion?
a) the correct amount of fuel into the cylinder b) a chemical reaction in which
certain elements of the fuel combine with oxygen of the air increasing the
temperature of the gases c) the rate of combustion
7. What are the main combustible elements?
a) carbon and hydrogen b) oxygen
c) fuel
8. How many methods of combustion are there?
a) one
b) two
c) three
9. What does combustion at constant volume mean?
a) that during combustion the volume doesn't change and gas temperature and
pressure increase b) volume changes and pressure does not change c) pressure
increase
10. What does combustion at constant pressure mean?
a) volume changes and pressure does not change b) pressure increase c) the
temperature increases at such a rate that the pressure increase counteracts the
volume increase and the pressure doesn't change
16
3. Вибрати відповідну форму дієслова.
11. A two-stroke engine /is complete; completes; complete; completed/ the cycle in
two strokes.
12. Two exhaust valves /is located; are located; locate; located/ in the cylinder
head of a two-stroke engine.
13. During the intake stroke the cylinder /is ready; are ready; ready; be ready/ to
receive an air charge.
14. The piston /push; pushes; is pushed; to push/ out the remaining gases.
15. Air /have; haves; has; having/ high temperature.
4. Вибрати правильну відповідь.
16. When is the air inlet valve open?
a. During the compression stroke. b. During the exhaust stroke. c. During the
suction stroke.
17. What are marine boilers installed on ships for?
a. to produce steam for main turbines. b. to heat the air. c. to propel the ship.
18. What is supercharging?
a. Supplying more air to the cylinder b. Discharging air through the exhaust
valves (ports) c. Pushing the burnt gases out of the cylinder
19. How many revolutions does the crankshaft make in a two-stroke engine?
a. one b. two c. four
20. What is developed in the cylinder while the fuel is burning?
a. Air-fuel mixture b. Power c. Fresh air
21. What is fuel delivered by into the cylinder?
a. A pump b. A blower c. A supercharger
22. What is the fuel injection pump used for?
a. To deliver fuel b. To supply air c. To exhaust burnt gases
23. What essential parts of the engine close the top end of the cylinder?
a. A piston b. A bedplate c. A cylinder head
24. What is a fixed part of a diesel?
a. A piston. b. A cylinder. c. A crankshaft.
25. What does the connecting rod transmit the motion of the piston to?
a. Bearing b. Pump c. Crankshaft
ТЕМА 6. ЗМАЗКА. LUBRICATION
detergent oils
bedplate
dry-sump system
wet-sump engine
dipstick
relief valve
camshaft
Vocabulary
миючі масла
фундаментна рама
система сухого картера
двигун з мокрим картером
мірна рейка
запобіжний клапан
розподільний вал
17
governor
gear wheels
cam follower
grease
to splash
valve gear
round joint ring
lantern ring
circumferential groove
equidistant holes
unaccountable temperature rise
to prevent air lock
twin gear pump
extension shaft
to interconnect
to safeguard
to retract
to depress
регулятор швидкості
приводні шестерні
ролик штовхача
консистентне мастило
розбризкувати
механізм приводу клапана
кругле роз'ємне кільце
проставочне кільце сальника
круглий паз
рівновіддалені отвори
несподіване підвищення температури
запобігти утворенню повітряної пробки
здвоєний шестерінчастий насос
виступаючий вал
взаємопов'язувати
захищати
відтягувати
віджати
TEXT
LUBRICATING SYSTEM OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINES
Sufficient and correct lubrication is of great importance for the life of the
working parts of the engine. Special care is to be taken in selection of proper
lubricating oil suitable for the use in the Diesel engine on board a ship. Lubrication
is effected in the following way. A scavenge lubricating pump draws the oil from
the sump tank through suction filters, forces it through the lube oil cooler, passing
auto backwashing filter, before it delivers it to the engine where it is divided into
two branches. The major part is sent to the piston cooling manifold, where it is
distributed between piston cooling and bearing lubrication. From the crosshead
bearings the oil flows through the bores in the connecting rods to the crankpin
bearings. The rest of the oil is supplied for lubricating of the main bearings and
then it passes into the sump tank.
In some engines the camshaft lube oil system is separated from the main
lube oil system. It is also fitted with a tank, suction filters and coolers for the main
engine cam drive system. The lube oil then comes back to the tank passing the
magnetic filters.
Lubricating oil for cylinder lubrication is usually supplied from a day/
service tank through gravity equipped with a built-in float, strainer and stop valves.
The oil is pumped into the cylinder by lubricating pump via non-return valve,
passing a number of lubricating orifices during the upward stroke.
The oil feed rate or dosage should be in compliance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations and increased during starting, maneuvering and large changes in
the engine load.
All large powered engines are designed to work on a dry-sump system.
However, in the event of a breakdown of one pump, the engine can be adjusted to
18
run on one pump as a wet-sump engine, by arranging the control cocks.
There is a relief valve on each pump to prevent excessive pressure being
built up in the system and oil cooler.
The main groups of components to be lubricated are:
-Turbocharger;
- Main bearings, big end bearings etc.;
- Camshaft drive;
- Governor drive;
- Rockerarm;
-Camshaft.
The vital parts of the engine such as bearings, gear wheels, governor etc. are
all force lubricated. Pistons, cams and cam followers are amply splash lubricated,
and the valve gear grease lubricated.
Exercise I. Read and translate the text.
Exercise II. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words or word
combinations from the Word Box.
a) external lubricating oil tank, b) a dry-sump system, c) the bedplate, d) the main
lubricating oil distributor pipe, e) force lubricated, f) a reliefvalve.
1. A scavenging lubricating pump draws oil from...
2. The pump delivers oil to ...
3. The pressure pump delivers oil through the oil cooler and filter to...
4. The engine is designed to work on...
5. There is ... located on each pump to prevent excessive pressure.
6. The vital parts o f the engine such as bearings, gear wheels and governor
are… .
Exercise III. Make up sentences using their parts.
1. lubricating/ scavenge/ draws/ from/ oil/ pump/ bedplate
2. distributor/ oil/ lubricating/ pipe/ integrally/ cast/ is/ bedplate/ with
3. is/ engine/ the/ designed/ work/ to/ dry-sump/ on system
4. oil/ in/ level/ the/ checked/ is/ bedplate/ of/ means/ by/ dipstick
5. parts/ force/ vital/ are/ lubricated/ and/ gear/ valve/ lubricated/ grease
Exercise IV. Translate into English
1. Мастильна система може бути відрегульована для роботи на одному
насосі, як на системі мокрого картера, шляхом установки контрольних
кранів.
2. Поршні, кулачки і ролики штовхачів рясно змащуються
розбризкуванням.
3. Мастильна система розподільного вала обладнана картером,
всмоктуючими фільтрами і охолоджувачами системи кулачкового приводу
19
головного двигуна.
4. Швидкість подачі масла і дозування збільшуються під час запуску,
маневрування і змін в навантаженні двигуна.
5. Система самопливу складається з вбудованого поплавка, фільтра і
запобіжних клапанів.
6. Механізм приводу клапана змазується консистентним мастилом.
Рекомендована література
1. Богомолов О.С. Manual of English for marine mechanical engineers:
Second edition, revised and completed. Підручник. Одеса: Фенікс, 2016.
264 с.
2. Богомолов О.С. Англійська мова для машинної команди транспортних
суден. Навчальний посібник. Одеса: Фенікс, 2003. 208 с.
3. Лелет І.О. Суднові турбіни. Методична розробка. Одеса: ОНМУ, 2006.
44 с.
4. Лисенко В.О. Новий морський технічний словник. Київ: ООО «ИП
Логос», 2002. 544 с.