will
requirment
beless
Since the
Weld
The
Velocity,
Metals
protected
Saint is
Welding
Friction Stir
Preheating
-Heat input
-Higher
V, can be
strength (4.5)
-The metal must
-
Porosity
reduced by
will be
Wald
prehauting
condivity
heat
Rate at which
conduction through
section
cross
per
-
Roll
or
Oxyactylene
Best protection
and
Base metal must be
to wild
oxidizing flame oxidise
the molten
for
of
some
-
cutting
the largest
Neutral fare Provides
Carbonizing flame
leaves
most pool
blanket
over
boat
lower
->
a
protection
Produces
modulus of
I process efficiency(
and for
high plastic deformation
Maximizes the
-
layo
Contact surface
Preheating
-used to
Reduce
Haz
Will Quality and
occurence of cracking
ensure
the
and other
problems. Reduces
cooling Rat, Rodascs
Residual stresses.
-
-
K
distortion
joint slightly expands
Deccases
wold
each
time, to affects
wild
nugget
input
requirement
The will
-
is
will be
predicted
joint slightly expands
perchanting
due to
Sass
cow
stiffness to
Since
Risk
formative within the Wild
of crack
->
high- High
less
strain
stresses
larger residual fusik
and more risk of crack formation
->
Slag
-shilding gas
of electrode
of
less Since the Weld joint
elasticity
shielded from oxidation by
of electrode coating into
officently
matting shots
size
The heat
high
conversion
Pressure
-
(officent
Arc welding
temp
Needed to break oxide
a
Welding
Preheating
Reduce
Uclocity
-Choose bass metal With
less
indus
Too low camping pressure
-Too
A smaller thermal expansion
2 of the Weld Metal
-Enercasc Wold
-
Clamping
wilding. To
distortion
metal Narrow
hoat
prior to
K
affected by the surface condition
the
of
Angular Distortion High amount
input
Preheated
efficiency
process
the current flow
had
a
flanc
nutral
-
the
conductivity
thermal
of the
heat flow
or
t
I value (process
is
arca
sugge
Resistance Scan
-
joints
Rotational uncle
carborizing
affected
conductivity.
weld
a
docuses
cooling problem
in
required for
creating
Transvesc shrikage. Weld metal
hardness problem, constraints applica
Wolding
barn fillmetal and
-
fast
within the
vercases the current, I,
current flow time, I
Higher
the
will discuss
*
wild part
in
of hot
theral
-High
by thermal
Longitudinal shrikages
ductil
Least production A
-
-
Distortion
Flux-cord filler metal
-
section
-
a rc
operation temperature
at
cross
the extent
rise
conductivity
rating shots
the
in
welding
Lower thermal
of the
material
a
Bonding
Either Clad
will
temperature
Overall
-
welding
conductivity
will Increase the
sheets (after
dustile at
conductivity
thermal
shuts
rating
two
expansion (officent, G of the
Mcals
transfered by
is
thermal
Flash not affected
-
Nice
Thermal
The
smaller
-Higher
of the
affected zone
sufficiently
temperature
Metal, the
the
the hat
the process
higher
Resistance spot
function of the
conductivity
the formal
rul, the large
Gas
a
resulted from evaporation
coating
->
large residual
crack
will be balanced with
strasses
in
formation
large
the base metal
compressive
Letures
Over Vick
-
-Most welding and joining methods
into wild beads upon freezing
-
The
aca
surrounding
metal
within the base
Microstructure andor composition
Weldingcarameters
Oxyfact Gas
the
World bead
high
altered due to
are
a
mult pool
during the process, which
called out affected
is
Type flume
material
some
will
turn
where the
soon
temperators
Neutral flanc: full combustion occurs laugust heat
oxidising flame. Full combustion and excess oxygen
↳
↳ Filler
formation of
involve
will
oxidiac
of the rotter retal
carbonising:flame (Higher Actyline Encomplete combustion occurs
Reducing Flame which leaves a protective blanket of CO over the
Mult pool
produces less heat-lown tamp
->
Flux-provides
a
Oxidation
Arc
-
gaseous
shick around the Wild
from electrical energy by
Welding that gaunted
oep
-
-must shielded to provnt oxidation
is
I
Plasma Arc
speed
Plasmara
can
is narrow
produce deep
Wolds
and
at
-wald
area
shielded by
int atmosphere
fad
such
an
as
Trap
is
relaively
length,
efficiency
spatters
effectively
argon
voltage,
Arc Wold is
into the
flux
-that
of
-
specific
A- Cross
a
cooling
a
form Parallel
of
on
-
-Reduce
Welding speed
Unax-e
thick layers and suppresses
velocity,
Nerow
boar
energy
Within Hat affected zone
(within the base metall
it's
Extent of Haz and
to the heat flow
Hout is
and
porosity forms when metal solidifies in presence
Entraind source air, shield us, contaminants
Gas Porosity.
Gas-humidity in environment, moisture surface
Dissolved
slower Wilding Ruto
Shrinkage porosity- larger wilds,
↑
Sectional Arca
and radiation and fares
gavated by high
-
formation
multing (P/ms)
flux
structure
disputed through bass metal
interface
to the solidliquid
grain grow in direction perpendicular
Proper cleaning
for
-
Columnar grains
-
UVn= WA
hopper
bon creaks high
-Highly focused lass
dusily-doop Wold High spads
While
Minimize
ergy
velocity
Maximum
shielded by
weld zone from
covers in
I
Microstructure within wild metal
Defects
=
elections
low
-
Ht
Un-volume of metal melted
=iction Boar
helium
-
the
->
Welding
u
E is
submuged
powerful
high
specks
Gas real Arc
Volume Multid
input, HT total heat greated
his
the molten metal from
ac
an
=
the weld
current,
U
producing
++ et
=
#is hat
L Voltage E
Le Welding
H
protecting from
Equation
Hut Input
30,000
Hoat Input Paranates
↳Current I
zone
At allow time
for gas
Preheatingsen
a
to scapa
air
various
bass
-
-
depends
on i
Ruk of Hout input/cooling
Tap
to
which Haz is faisd
-original grain structure
Cracks
gradients
Wild
I
materials
Due to the dissimilar
Coun
across the Wild
high temperaton
Due to
across
Restraint Weld zone
Transverse Crack
Thermal Stresses
the
Even
Too
Unable to contract upon
Solidification (Hot tool
longitudinal
Crack
crack
Wild
Residual Stresses Due to expansion and contraction of the
we leads to
Distortion, working and backling of parts
Le Reduces
fatigue life of part
-
How
thy form
Encomplete fusion
Addressed
-
by
temperature
-Raising
Increasing
the rate of host
-Modifying
Cold
input
the soint design
Welding
dissor rolls. The rating
applied to workpiece through
of the mating parts must be dautilu
Parts
are
walled together
via
plastic deformation
-pressure is
At last one
-plastic deformation
-
Welding
Friction
-
Haut
is
-pressure
-will
soon
size
-
for
and shape function of
Axial Pressure
Rotational
Flux not
-
interface of two components
friction at the
warding is garanted through
defore the
and generated from friction plastically
is confined narrow region
required
Resistance
Thernal
-
sport
-
metal and fuse than
together
conductivity
Mechanical
proporties of metals
required
Wilding
The heat input
and is the time
in
resistance given by
HPRA
When I
is
the boat
gavated
in
souls,
seconds
I is
the currant, is the resistance
contact resistance, Resistanc
of Resistance of the electrodes, Electrode Workpiece
resistance between the two parts
of individual parts to be welded, contact
joine
of retals being
and thermal conductivity
Tap Risa depends on specific bent
heat input
the less concentration, thus higher
↳ High the conductivity
in
Total resistance R
-
is
the
Sun
required
Pressuc
Applica
Afra
strength
for strong joint
-
contact
Assures intimate