GEWORLD REVIEWER
➢ Countries welcome immigrants as they
offsets the debilitating effects of an
ageing population, but they are also
perceived as threat to the
LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Why do couples have children?
➢ Symbol of successful union
locals for job, mostly have edge because they
accept lower salaries
➢ This results into stricter immigration
policies Development planners see
urbanization & industrialization as
indicators of a developing society – but
disagree on the role of population
growth. It brings back the ideas of:
➢ Ensures that the family will have a successor
generation to continue its name
➢ Kinship is preserved, the family’s story
continues
➢ Source of joy
Having or not having children is mainly driven by
economics - Behind the laughter and tears lies the
question:
•
Thomas Malthus – talked/warned about his essay
(1798) “An Essay on the Principle of
Population” o Population growth will
inevitably
exhaust world food supply by the middle
of the 19th century
•
Paul R. Ehrlich (American biologist) with his wife
Anne – wrote > The Population Bomb (1960) o
argued that overpopulation in 1970s and ‘80s –
bring about global environmental disasters
leading to food shortage and mass starvation.
They proposed that counties like US will take the
lead in promotion of population control:
chemical castration
policy-oriented moves (taxing an additional child)
monetary incentives (2 child policy)
Institution building (Dep’t. of population and
Environment)
➢ “Will the child be an economic asset or a
burden to the family?”
Other parents > more children is better. Why?
➢ More helping hands
➢ More workers for the family enterprise
URBAN
RURAL
Urbanized, educated and
professional families with
two incomes desire just
one or two kids.
 View multiple children
and
large
kinship
network as critical
investment (why?).
Reasons?
 Their houses as their
retirement home
 Tied to their
respective
professions
 No time
 Income is for
retirement,
healthcare,
education etc.
➢
➢
➢
➢
Concept:
> by limiting population vital resources can be
used for economic progress – not to be wasted to
feed more mouth.
➢ This argument became the basis of the
government for population control worldwide;
 Live on their own
•
•
•
In the 20th century, the Philippines, China, India
sought to lower birthrate on the belief that unless
controlled, the free expansion of family members
could lead to a crisis in resources which in turn
may result in widespread poverty, hunger and
political instability.
Differing versions of family life determine
the economic and social policies that
countries craft regarding their respective
populations.
Countries that rely on agriculture tend to
maintain high levels of population growth.
> But, urban places attracting people from
rural areas
> a scenario in Philippines: more lands are
sold, more people go to urban places
International migration
191 million people live in countries other
than their own, the UN projects that 2.2M
will move from developing countries to First
World countries
It is the Economy, Not the Babies! The use of
pop-control to prevent economic crisis (by neoMalthusian theory) was disagreed by Betsy
Hartman.
He accused governments of using population
control as a "substitute for social justice and much
needed reforms such as
•
•
•
•
land distribution
employment creation
provisions for education
health care
KIMMIYUHHH
GEWORLD REVIEWER
There was no overpopulation – only shifting of
people from rural to urban cities (about 52% to 75%
in the developing world since 1950s.
This resulted “fertility declined steeply…
and continued to decline [after] 1994.”
2014 – the United Nations report noted
that proportion of countries allowing
abortion increased from 63% to 67%
(preserving the physical health of a
woman), and increased from 52% to 64%
(preserving the mental health of a
woman.
Megacities are clustered with income disparities,
along with transportation, housing, air pollution and
waste management are major problems.
The median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for
males in the cities means a young working
population.
However, opponents regard reproductive
rights as nothing but false front for abortion.
With this median age, states are assured that they
have a robust military force.
They also contend that this method of
preventing conception endangers the life of
the mother and must be banned.
WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
The character in the middle of these debates, women
are often the subject of these population measures.
➢ Reproductive rights supporters argue that
women must have control over whether they
will have children or not and when they will
have their offspring, if any.
➢ This is a kind of women’s power – for them
to be able to pursue their vocations - be they
economic, social, or political - and contribute
to economic growth.
➢ The serial correlation between fertility,
family, fortune has motivated countries with
growing economics to introduce or
strengthen their reproductive health laws,
which includes abortion.
➢ In North America & Europe 73% of
governments allow abortion upon a mother’s
request.
➢ the more educated the woman is, the better
are her prospects of improving her economic
position.
➢ women can spend most of the time pursuing
either education or their careers, instead of
forcibly reducing time to take care of their
children.
Most countries implement reproductive health laws
because they worry about the health of the mother.
1960 - Bolivia’s average total fertility rate
(TFR) was 6.7 children
1978 - Bolivian government put into effect a
family planning program which included the
legalization of abortion (after noticing a spike
in unsafe and maternal deaths)
1985 - TFR went down to 5.13 and further
declined to 3.46 in 2008.
Similar pattern occurred in Ghana after the
government expanded reproductive health
laws out of the same concern as that of the
Bolivian government.
Religious wing of the anti-reproductive rights
describes abortion as:
•
corruption that sullies the name of God
•
it will send the mother to hell
•
prevents a new soul, the baby, to become
human.
Unfailing pressure by Christian groups
compelled the governments of:
 Poland
 Croatia
 Hungary &
 Yugoslavia
To impose restrictive reproductive health programs,
which includes making access to condoms and other
technologies.
Muslim countries do not condone abortion
and limit wives to domestic chores and
delivering babies.
Senegal only allows abortion when the
mother’s life is threatened.
The Philippines now has a reproductive law in place –
conservative politicians weakened it through budget
cuts and filing a case against the law in the Supreme
Court.
A country being industrialized and developed doesn’t
automatically assure pro-women reproductive
regulations.
United States
 the women’s movement of the 1960’s
was responsible for the passage and the
judicial endorsement of a pro-choice law,
but conservatives controlling state
legislature have slowly undermined this
law by imposing a restriction to women’s
access to abortion.
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GEWORLD REVIEWER
Pro-choice advocates argue that abortion is necessary to
protect the health of the mother, while their conservative
rivals shift the focus on the fetus’ death in the mother’s
womb as the reason for reversing the law.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
Today's Global Population
➢ Has reached 7.7 billion (2020)
➢ Estimated to increase to 9.5 billion in
2050
➢ Estimated to increase to 11.2 billion by
2100
➢ Median age of this population is 30.1
➢ Male median age at 29.4 years
➢ Female median age at 30.9 years
This battle still continues to be played out in all the
political arenas in the United States.
Feminist approach the issue of reproductive rights
from another angle. They are, foremost, against any
form of population control because they are
compulsory by nature, resorting to a carrot-and-stick
approach (punitive mechanisms co-exist alongside
benefits) that actually does not empower women.
 They believe that government assumptions
that poverty and environmental degradation
are caused by overpopulation are wrong.
 These factors ignore other equally important
causes like the unequal distribution of
wealth, the lack of public safety nets like
universal health care, education, and gender
equality programs.
 In later years feminist activists in affluent
nations supported access to contraception to
allow women and couples to limit fertility,
believing that this would improve women's
lives and status.
 The time and energy women spend in child
rearing is a major factor limiting women's
participation in employment, politics, and
other public roles, and one way to reduce
this burden is to have fewer children.
(Another way is to increase men's
participation in child rearing, but changing
men's roles has proved difficult.)
Population Growth
Developing Countries
➢ 95% of population growth will occur in
developing countries.
➢ By the middle of the century, several
countries will have tripled their population.
Developed Countries
➢ Population growth remain steady in general.
➢ But is declining in the most advanced
countries (Japan and Singapore).
World population will stabilize by 2050 to 9 billion.
But still, feeding this population will be an immense
challenge.
Food Security
•
To mitigate the impact of population growth:
•
•
 In recent decades women's access to legal
abortion has been a key feminist issue in the
United States.
 One of the goals of 1994 United Nations
International Conference on Population and
Development suggests recognition of this
issue.
 Country representatives to that conference
agreed that women should receive family
planning counseling on abortion, the dangers
of sexually transmitted diseases, the nature
of human sexuality, and the main elements
of responsible parenthood.

Globally women's and feminist aguments on
reproductive rights and overpopulation are
acknowledged, but the strugge to turn them into
policy is still fought at the national level.
The decline in fertility and existence of a
young productive population won't be
enough to offset the concern over food
security.
•
Increase food production by 70%
Annual cereal production must rise from
current 2.1 billion to 3 billion tons
Yearly meat production must go up to
200 million tons to reach 470 million
PROBLEM: global rate of growth of cereals had
declined considerably - from 3.2% in 1960 to just
1.5% in 2000.
FAO
Increase investment in agriculture
Craft long-term policies aimed at fighting
poverty
Invest in research and development
KIMMIYUHHH
GEWORLD REVIEWER
➢ Service and sales workers comprise the
second largest group of female OFWs
with 20% share, numbering 250
thousand.
➢ 9% or 113 thousand are working
professionals while Filipinas with
managerial positions abroad are
estimated at 11 thousand, with 0.9%
share.
UN
•
develop a comprehensive social service
program that includes:
a. food assistance
b. consistent delivery of health services
c. education especially for the poor
If domestic production is not enough, it becomes
essential for nations to import.
FAO encourages governments to keep their markets
open, then eventually move towards a global trading
system (fair and competitive; contributes to a dependable
market for food).
The ADB or the Asian Development Bank
observes that the countries like the
Philippines, remittances “do not have a
significant influence on other key items of
consumption or investment such as spending
on education and health care”.
The aforementioned are worthy recommendations
but nation-states shall need the political will to push
through these sweeping changes in population
growth and food security.
“Remittances, therefore, may help in
lifting households out of poverty… but not in
rebalancing growth, especially in the long
run”.
This will take some time to happen given that good
governance is also a goal that many nations,
especially in the developing world, have yet to attain.
•
Conclusion
•
Demography is a complex discipline that
requires integration of various social
scientific data.
•
Demographic changes and policies have
impacts on the environment, politics,
resources, and others.
•
No interdisciplinary account of globalization
is complete without an accounting of people.
LESSON 10: BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS OF THE
SENDING COUNTRIES
•
In 2014, India held the highest recorded
remittance ($70 billion), followed by China
($62 billion), Philippines ($28 billion), and
Mexico ($25 billion).
•
Remittances likewise change the economic
and social standing of migrants.
•
The purchasing power of a migrant’s family
doubles and makes it possible for children to
start or continue their schooling.
Females account for 53.7% or 1.26 million of the
total OFWs, higher than males (at 46.3%),
according to a survey conducted by the Philippine
Statistics Authority between April and September
2017.
➢ 59% or 740 thousand of which were engaged
in elementary occupations that include
domestic, hotel and office cleaners and
helpers.
Global migration is siphoning… qualified
personnel, and removing dynamic young
workers.” This process has been referred
to as
BRAIN DEAD
➢ According to McKinsey Global Institute,
countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia have
lost one third of their college graduates.
➢ Filipinos who leave for work in the developed
world have tertiary education, which is more
than double the 23% of over all Filipino
population.
➢ The lost of professionals, such as doctors has
been detrimental to the migrants’ home
countries.
➢ In 2006, 15 percent of locally trained doctors
from 21 sub-Saharan African Countries had
emigrated to US or Canada. Loses steep in this
countries:
Liberia 43% Ghana 30% Uganda 20%
•
Governments are aware of this long-term
handicap but have no choice but to continue
promoting migrant work as part of state
policy because of the remittances’ impact on
GDP.
•
Governments are thus actively involved in the
recruitment and deployment of works, some
of them setting up special departments.
•
The sustainability of migrant-dependent
economies will partially depend on the
strength of the institutions.
KIMMIYUHHH
GEWORLD REVIEWER
LESSON 10.1:THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
UNDERSTANDING ISSUES IN HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) o “The
recruitment, transportation,
transfer, harbouring or receipt of
persons, by means of the threat or use
of force or other forms of coercion, of
abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving
of payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of
exploitation.
o Exploitation shall include, at a
minimum, the exploitation of the
prostitution of others or other forms of
sexual exploitation, forced labor or
services, slavery or practices similar to
slavery, servitude or the removal of
organs.
•
14,500-17,500 individuals trafficked into
the U.S. each year.
•
100,000-300,000 underage girls (12-14
years old) are at risk of being sold for sex
in the U.S. every year
•
Boys and transgender youth enter into
prostitution, on average, between the of
11 and
13 years old
•
Upwards of 95% of those in prostitution
were sexually assaulted as children
•
Around 70% of sexually exploited women
meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress
disorder
•
75% have faced homelessness
•
80% were victims of rape and sexual
assault
•
90% of women in prostitution want to
leave immediately but feel they have little
or no options
•
On average, a young girl is sold more than
15 times/day.
•
One in three homeless children gets lured
into prostitution within the first 48 hours
of being alone on the streets.
•
18,500 runaways have been victims of
child sex trafficking
•
86% were in the care of social services
when they ran away (NCEMC)
o
•
One of the fastest, and most profitable,
industries in the world
•
The US Federal Bureau of Investigation lists
human trafficking as the 3rd largest criminal
activity worldwide. Surpasses gun and drugs
trafficking
•
Fueled by demand for prostitution and
engagement in illicit sex, especially with
minors.
Guiding Principles
•
Prioritize a victim-centered approach
•
Inform response with data
•
Protect individuals and organizations actively
combatting trafficking
•
Fueled by supply-demand chain that spans
the globe
•
Ensure better outcomes with cooperation and
partnerships
•
Coordinated through a sophisticated cyber
network
•
•
Very difficult to expose or disrupt.
Data reveal that victims are mostly forced to
work in non-visible locations such as
motels/hotels, residential brothels, or
personal sexual servitude.
•
In 2012, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) identified 21 million men,
women and children as victims of “forced
labors” an appalling 3 out of every 1,000
persons worldwide.
•
Efforts to address sex trafficking must address
non-street-level exploitation where majority
of victims are found.
4.5 million (22%) in forced sexual
exploitation.
•
•
Recommendations Summary
Massachusetts already has in place some of
the below recommendations, but significant
gaps remain.
KIMMIYUHHH
GEWORLD REVIEWER
•
Legislative Efforts: Close loopholes
•
Systems Coordination
•
Shift from Law Enforcement to Public Health
•
Increase funding streams
•
Establish Statewide coordinated response
•
Reduce Systemic Barriers
•
Monitoring and Evaluation: Better data,
mandated
•
Victims’ Re-Entry and Re-Integration: mental
health services, residential programming, and
access to education and workforce development
Legislative Efforts
1. Expand legislative efforts to address cyber
exploitation and online coordination of
trafficking.
2. Enforce existing laws and close loopholes,
including regulation of “body work” and
“reflexology” businesses
3. Implement “Safe Haven” laws
4. Implement and fund diversion programs
Systems Coordination 1. Shift in Approaches
a. Shift from Law Enforcement to Public
Health approach
b. Focus on reducing or eliminating
Demand
c. Strategic Action plan needed for
statewide response to human/sex
trafficking. This is especially
important with the opening of the
casinos and online gaming
establishments.
d. Implement the three essential
services to sustainable recovery:
mental health services, residential
programming, and access to
education and workforce
development
e. Survivors with lived experience must
lead and be fully engaged in training
or outreach. Compensation is
essential.
2. Funding Streams
a. Provide access and funding for
comprehensive victim supports
(detox, housing, education,
workforce development)
b. Create a sustainable funding
stream for
services for victims, especially
housing and substance abuse
treatment
c. Empower Community Based
Organizations through increased
funding and technical assistance
for effective outreach and
advocacy
3. Coordinated Responses
a. Collaboration and sustainable
partnerships with multiple
stakeholders, including private
and public
b. Strengthen coordinated response
among all relevant entities
including law enforcement, child
protective services, health
providers, schools, and the
criminal justice system.
c. Partnerships and trainings with
health care providers
d. Coordinated trauma-informed
wraparound victim support/services
and case management
e. Measures that can be responsive
to
victims’ emergency needs and
shortterm/long-term needs
4. Reduce Systemic Barriers
a. Alleviate the factors that contribute to
vulnerability (employment,
education, community safety, and
poverty)
b. Address root causes and social
determinants
KIMMIYUHHH
GEWORLD REVIEWER
Monitoring and Evaluation
1. Make public all nationwide efforts to combat
human trafficking through regular reports and
websites
2. Establish a Centralized Resource Center that
includes best practices, speakers’ bureau, data
reporting, and yearly or bi-yearly reports
3. Standardize data reporting to get a more
accurate count - scientific integrity and public
accountability
race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group or political
opinion.
Demographers estimated
Over 260 million are currently living
outside of the countries of their birth.
Ninety percent of them moved for
economic reasons while the remaining 10
percent were refugees and asylum–
seekers.
The top three regions of origins are
4. Mandate standardized reporting from all
agencies and programs receiving funding
 Latin America (18% of global total)
Victims’ Re-Entry and Re-Integration
 Eastern Europe and Central Asia ( 16%)
1. Interventions need to be appropriate to needs
and heterogeneity of population
 Middle East and North Africa (14%)
2. Create leadership opportunities for survivors
3. Reduce systemic barriers to re-integration and
self-sufficiency, such as NBIR
4. Expunge criminal records of victims committed
while being trafficked
5. Ensure that all programs for prevention,
intervention, and support are evidence-based
and trauma-informed*
On a per country basis, India, Mexico and
China are leading.
With the Philippines together with
Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in the
world.
The top 10 country destination of these
immigrants are mainly in the West and the
Middle East with the United States topping
the list.
LESSON 10.3: GLOBAL MIGRATION What
is Migration?
There are two types of migration:
 Internal migration
 International migration
Internal migration
 Refers to people moving from one area to another
within one country.
International migration
 In which people cross borders of one country to
another. The latter can be further broken down
into five groups:
1st, immigrants - those who move permanently to
another country.
2nd, workers who stay in another country for a fixed
period (at least 6 months in a year)
3rd, illegal immigrants – undocumented individuals
(TNT)
4th, migrants – families petitioned them
to move to the destination country.
5th, asylum seekers – refugees, unable or
unwilling to return because of a wellfounded fear of persecution on account of
➢ Fifty percent of the Immigrants
moved from the developing countries
to the developed zones of the world
and contribute anywhere from 40 to
80 percent of their labor force.
➢ Their growth has outstripped the
population growth in the developed
countries 93 percent versus only 0.6
percent) such that today, according to
the think-tank
Mckinsey Global
Institute, “first generation immigrants
constitute 13 percent of the
population in Western Europe, 15% in
North America and 45 % in the GCC
Countries (Gulf Cooperation Council) .
➢ The migrants influx has lead to debate
whether the immigrants an assets or
liabilities to national development,
anti immigrants and nationalists
argued the governments must control
legal immigration and put up a stop to
illegal entry foreigners. Many of these
KIMMIYUHHH
GEWORLD REVIEWER
anti immigrants groups are gaining
influence through political leaders and
who share their beliefs. Examples
includes US President Donald Trump and
UK Prime Minister Theresa May, who
have been reversing the existing proimmigration and refugee-sympathetic
policies of their states.
➢ According to 2011 Harvard Business
School survey on the impact of
immigration
concluded
that
the
“likelihood and magnitude of adverse
labor market affects for native from
immigration are substantially weaker
than often perceived.
Furthermore, the 2013 report on government
welfare spending by Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) clearly
shows the native-born citizens still received
higher support compared to immigrants.
➢ The International Monetary Fund
predicted that the flow of refugees
fleeing the war in Syria and Iraq would
actually grow Europe’s GDP, albeit
“modestly”. In Germany, the inflow of
refugees from the Middle East has not
affected social welfare programs, and had
very little impact on wages and
employment. In fact, they have brought
much-needed to the economy instead.
KIMMIYUHHH