5.1 Notes Saturday, December 10, 2022 10:56 AM 5.1.1 Languages and Geography • Language is a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understand to have the same meaning • Languages are organized into families, branches, and groups • Languages are classified as institutional, developing, vigorous, threatened, or dying depending on number of speakers and their usage • A language family is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history • A language branch is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language • A language group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past • An institutional language is used in work, education, mass media, and the government • A developing language is in daily use by people of all ages • A vigorous language is in daily use by people of all ages, but lacks literary tradition • A threatened language is used for face to face communication, but is losing users • A dying language is used by older people, but is not being transmitted by children 5.1.2 Distribution of Languages • The most Diverse sounds in languages are found in western Africa, implying language originated here and became less diverse with diffusion • There are 18 language families with more than 7 million speakers 5.1.3 Language Families • More than 90% of the people in the world use a language that belongs to one of the seven language families • 45.7% of people speak a indo-european language 5.1.4 Distribution of Indo-European Languages • Indo-European languages are the most widespread language branch in the world, They are broken into several branches - Indo-Iranian (Persian, Hindi, Urdu) - Germanic (German, English) - Romance (Spanish, French, Italian) - Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish, Serbian) • The largest language groups in the Indo-European are Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, and Romance • India's principal language is Hindi, but there are 22 other languages spoken • The Germanic language group is divided into north and west groups • Slavic is divided into several groups • Romance languages developed from Latin 5.1.5 Distribution of Other Language Families • Major language families in East Asia include: - Sino-Tibetan is the second-largest language family and includes Mandarin Chinese - Japanese - Austronesian - Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese, Khmer) - Korean - Tai-Kadai (Thai, Lao) • Other major languages in South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia include: - Dravidian - Turkic • • Three major language families dominate Africa: Afro Asiatic Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan Africa displays a number of diverse languages
