Solar cells
 Solar cells absorb photons from the sun’s rays.
Currently available materials can absorb photons only
in a limited wavelength. This is why efficiency levels
are very low in solar cells. With nanotechnology, it is
possible to have materials with different molecular
structures in a single solar cell, resulting in absorption
of photons in much wider wavelengths. Because of the
much smaller particle sizes, the area available for
absorption of energy is also considerably higher. This
can considerably improve efficiency from the current
12 % to more than 50 %.
Batteries from Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology is capable of producing anodes and
cathodes from nano-particles. In a lithium battery, this
helps provide a more intense transfer of ions than in
conventional anodes. This results in higher life cycles,
lower charging rates, and higher voltages and capacities, all
with smaller form factors. Batteries will last longer giving
more power. Materials like nano-phosphates are already
available commercially. A123Systems is an example of a
company involved in the production of nanotechnology
batteries. Ink infused with carbon nanotubes printed on
ordinary paper is another potential battery advance that is
in development. Imagine the painted walls of your house
becoming the battery, or even your dress or suit becoming
the battery.
Ultra Capacitors
 Capacitors are another form of energy storage. Because of
the huge surface area requirements, the use of capacitors
has been limited to low energy applications. Because of the
very small size of nano-particles, it is possible to produce
highly porous electrodes, which tremendously increase the
surface area, leading to production of ultracapacitors that
can have much higher charging and discharge rates at
higher voltage levels. These ultra-capacitors will be the
energy source for equipment with heavy power
requirements, including automobiles and trucks. These
will be part of the micro grid that is set to revolutionize the
electricity distribution system as well.EnerG2 has more
information about ultra-capacitors
Application of nanotechnology
in
products
. Carbon Nanotube Body Armor
 1
 Functional bulletproof materials are essential for law
enforcement officers and military personnel, who are at high risk
of facing gunfire. Bulletproof vests disperse a bullet’s force across
a larger area than the point of impact, preventing it from
penetrating the wearer’s body.
 Nanotechnology is currently being tested as an effective means
of enhancing traditional bullet-resistant materials, like Kevlar.
While Kevlar may stop a bullet from penetrating, a large amount
of energy still transfers to the wearer, causing blunt force trauma.
Steel or ceramic plating has been used to counter this in the past,
but engineers have found that introducing nanoscale carbon
tubes into Kevlar materials is another way to bolster its ability to
prevent blunt trauma from bullets and blades.
Surface Protection Materials

 Nanosurface protection materials use nanomaterials to
create ultrathin protective layers that fortify surfaces to
which they are applied. Nanorepel is a product that
uses a fine coating of pure quartz glass, which is
resistant to temperature and corrosive materials, to
enhance surface flexibility and elasticity and prevent
stress damage. Similar products may offer antiadhesive
properties as well, which can make it easier to remove
dirt, stains, and oily substances from surfaces.
Solar Panels
 Solar power allows people to harness electricity from the
sun without directly creating waste, but the process of
creating solar cells is energy-intensive and can produce
large amounts of waste. Photovoltaic solar cells are made
using layers of expensive crystalline silicon that are treated
using caustic chemicals, so researchers have been
searching for ways to lower the cost of producing efficient
solar cells through nanotechnology engineering. The
Gratzel cell, which uses a layer of material coated with
highly porous titanium dioxide nanoparticles as its surface
material instead of silicon, is less expensive to produce and
allows cells to collect the sun’s rays across a wider surface
area.
Food Products and Packaging
 Nanoscientists are developing new techniques to precisely
tailor the smallest particles of food to provide a specific
taste, texture, and nutrient density. For instance, if a
company wants to make its mayonnaise thinner, it could
replace a portion of the fat content of each particle of
mayonnaise with water content.
 Some companies are researching ways to improve
perishable product packaging using nanotechnology
engineering. SABMiller, a beer brewing company,
incorporates flaky clay nanoparticles in its plastic beer
bottles. These tiny clay particles fill up more space in the
walls of the bottle than plastic nanoparticles, and they
make it difficult for gases to escape or enter the beer bottle,
ensuring that it retains the optimal flavor longer.
Nanotech Engineering and Future
Advancements
 As nanotechnology engineering evolves, it will continue to
transform how scientists research and produce new materials at
the molecular level. In the future, researchers expect products
that use nanotechnology to drive advancements in areas such as
sustainability, medicine, and robotics. For example, scientists can
use nanotechnology engineering to create drugs that target
specific cells in the body or build materials that can grow artificial
organs. Nanotechnology can also be used to improve
sustainability and access to natural resources with inventions such
as molecular water filtration and self-cleaning materials.
 Second, we can clean up air pollution, including greenhouse
gases, with nanotech catalysts that remove carbon dioxide from
the air and reconfigure it into chemicals we can use in the
industry. Christian Schafmeister at Temple University is doing this
work.
 Further applications of nanotechnology are likely to yield new
jobs and faster, more efficient production processes that
contribute to significant economic growth.
Sobhy mahmoud shosha
Zeyad khaled elkadeem
Boles Bill Boles
Osama Emad Bebars
Rabee mahmed shalaby