PBL SKILS Anne-Victoria Heijenrath Student number: 637989 This document contains the self-reflection assignment and the final report about attitude change Tutor: Marit Lute 1 Table of Contents Reflection assignment ...................................................................................................... 2 Step 1 define your reflection question ..................................................................................... 2 Step 2 describe the experience (STAR) ................................................................................... 2 Step 3 execute a point of reflection .......................................................................................... 3 Report about attitude change ............................................................................................ 5 References ....................................................................................................................... 7 2 Reflection assignment Step 1 define your reflection question in the third and fourth tutorial meetings, I noticed I got very quiet because I was very overwhelmed by what everyone was saying. so, my question is, how did it come that I became quiet during the third and fourth tutorial meetings? what did I do? In the third and fourth tutorial meetings, I got quiet, usually, I am very outspoken especially school-wise. I think that this was because everyone had a lot to share and was very well prepared. Whilst I am used to being one of a few that is prepared. So, I think that is why I became quite what do I think of it? I understand it, but I also think that it is an improvement point. So, I don't want to label it as bad, but more as an improvement point what I want not being overwhelmed during the tutorial meetings, so that it doesn't stop me to share the things I want to share. Step 2 describe the experience (STAR) Situation What were the circumstances of the chosen situation? The situation took place in class, during the third and the fourth tutorial group meeting. Like all tutorial group meetings, we were sitting with the tables in an 'u' form, so that you can face almost everyone. Who were involved? the people that were involved were the people in my tutorial group, myself, and the tutor. During the tutorial meetings, it is expected to actively participate and share your findings from the literature. But also, to discuss those findings and apply them to a given problem. What were ethical boundaries or organisational rules/ guidelines that were applicable to this situation? There are quite a lot of rules and guidelines surrounding the tutorial group meetings. The most noticeable and important ones are being on time, being present, being prepared and speaking politely in a non-judgmental way. Being late during the meeting is only tolerated twice, when it is the third time you will be noted absent and if you are more than 15 minutes late you will also be noted absent. For absence applies; you can only be two times absent, otherwise you will do the group meetings again next year. Task What was the task/role and objective? During the tutorial meetings, the goal is to discuss together with your group the literature that you all have found on your own. Thru discussing the literature, finding a solution for a given problem. So, my role and task here were to contribute in the discussion with my findings and also to join in on the discussion here and there and ask a question so that the conversation keeps going. What did you think was important for this task/role I think that it was important for me to actively join the conversation and share my thoughts and findings from the literature. Action How did you act? 3 During the third and fourth tutorial group meetings, I stayed mostly quiet. I only shared my thoughts when I was really sure about something, but besides that, I didn't speak much. What did you feel and think? I was constantly feeling overwhelmed by all the things that were mentioned. I felt kind of insecure and began doubting the things I said and wrote down. I also wondered if I found the right literature or if I interpreted the literature right. Because I am usually quite outspoken, I also felt very confused because this doesn't happen to me often. Result What was the result of your action(s) The result was that I stayed quiet for most of the discussion, which left me feeling bad about myself. How did others react to that? The others didn't say anything about it directly, but I guess that if I said more the conversation would have gone more smoothly so they would have had profited from that. Step 3 execute a point of reflection Analyzing the experience are you satisfied with the result and the reactions of others given the task you had and why? I am definitely not satisfied with the result of my actions because after I left those two tutorial meetings, I felt bad. This is because I know I could have shared and indicated so much more during those discussions. I did not really get a reaction from the others; I think this is because they do not know me well enough to know that I am usually more talkative than I was in those meetings. So, I think I cannot be unsatisfied with their reaction because I would not have expected something else. Describe the most important actions, thoughts and feelings that contributed to the result/reactions I think the main factor that mostly contributed to my result was me feeling overwhelmed and insecure. Because this lies at the root of my reaction. So, me being insecure and overwhelmed led to me wondering if I found the right literature, interpreted everything right and being intimated by everyone else. Did what you think was important about the task/role fit the expectations and interests of the others involved My behaviour was definitely a mismatch for the situation and negatively for the others. Because I was less outspoken and kept things mostly for myself, the group missed my input which made the discussions harder to maintain. Were you accountable? I am guessing that now I am accountable. By admitting that it was wrong and wanting to improve my past actions is showing accountability in my opinion. Maybe not so in the moment itself, because when it happened, I did not really try to change it. But afterwards, I noticed that I was wrong and wanting to change it. What made you do it this way? The feeling of being overwhelmed and the feeling of being somewhat insecure, made me act in this particular way. Because these emotions ultimately led to me not contributing and being quiet. Furthermore, I think that my feeling of being overwhelmed was partly based on the presence of the others which also is a factor for why I acted this way. 4 Making personal learning objectives & plans What would you do differently and what would you keep? To start positive, one thing I would like to keep is coming prepared to the tutorial meetings. I had a lot of things written down, so I was not speaking because I did not have anything to share. But more so because I felt overwhelmed and insecure. The thing I would like to change in the future is setting the bar lower for me to speak. Because I am constantly stressed about saying the right things, how to translate them to English and if I have found the right things, this results in me not speaking at all. So, I need to overthink less before I speak. This can be done by just learning myself, to start speaking as soon as I think that I have something to say. So that I don't sit on it for too long. Another approach is to reread my notes before the lecture because if I reread my notes, I know better what is in them and I can speak with more confidence. What is your personal learning objective for the coming period? Having more confidence in myself, so that I can speak with more confidence during the tutorial group meetings but also so that I have more confidence in the things I write down in my summary's so that I don't end up reading and stressing myself too much. Who or what do you need to achieve this personal learning objective? 1. During the tutorial meetings, I will ask one of the members of my group to hold me accountable. So, asking them if they want to watch me, to see if I speak enough and if I don't say something afterwards about it to me. Because I think that the pressure of someone watching me will encourage me to speak more. And after a while when I get used to speaking and sharing more, it will eventually become normal, and I will feel comfortable with it hopefully. For the part of having more confidence in the things, I write down, maybe just highlighting everything from my notes that are discussed during the meeting. So that I can visually see that a lot of the things I write down are indeed useful. 2. If I ask someone to keep an eye on me during the meetings then I will more likely contribute, to make sure I have spoken more at the end of the next block. If I highlight the subjects in my highlights that were discussed, then I am more like to have more confidence in knowing that I wrote the right things down. I can try to do this for the first 4 tutorial meetings to gain more confidence. 5 Report about attitude change Influencing people to correctly wear face masks according to the elaboration-likelihood model On January 30, 2020, the WHO announced that the COVID-19 outbreak was considered a global health emergency (Cennimo, 2022). From here on, the virus was being spread around the globe and countries began to take measures against this unknown virus. One of the first and most noticeable measures against COVID is the usage of face masks. Because the virus was spread so quickly around the world and nobody was prepared for something like this to happen, face masks were a quick solution to slow down the distribution of the virus. At first, because the COVID situation was so ambiguous and grisly, there rapidly was an increase in seeing people wearing face masks in the streets. After a while, also different countries announced that wearing face masks would become mandatory amongst side other measures to stagnate and even reduce the increase in COVID cases that were being reported. But of course, this also came with a lot of disagreement and resistance. Especially after being in the pandemic for a while, there was a decrease in people wearing their masks properly or even wearing their masks at all. This is because people thought that because they were already vaccinated, they did not need to wear their masks anymore, or because they did not think that it would help anymore (RTL Nieuws, 2021). Besides this, there are a lot of other reasons possible why people did not wear their face masks anymore (or wore them incorrectly). Important for now, and what this report will get into is; how can an individual be influenced into wearing their face masks correctly and how will their behaviour change according to the elaboration-likelihood model? The elaboration-likelihood model states that when people encounter a message with a persuasive component. they consider the arguments, but they do not always do this with full attention or carefully, because that requires quite some effort. So according to this model persuasion can take two routes: the central route or the peripheral route. The central route of persuasion is used when we are motivated to listen to the argument. So, when we find something interesting, it is important to the person or other reasons there might be for people to be motivated to listen to an argument. When we use the central route, we listen closely and really focus on all the aspects of the argument. When we do not really care about the arguments we are listening to, we use the peripheral route. When the peripheral route is used, there is not much attention for the arguments and so the argument is not being listened to carefully. In this case, if an attitude change happens, it mainly depends on superficial factors (Vaughan & Hogg, 2017). Thus, according to this model people use the central route of information when something is important to them. Wearing facemasks is a health issue, in most cases people find their health an important matter. Having good health is important for several reasons: improving longevity, preventing diseases, improving mental health, leads to a productive life and it has financial benefits (Star Health, n.d.). and besides this in a study about American's view about public health 47% of people aged 65 and older said that adult health is worse than 20 years ago, besides this American in younger groups were even more likely to say that adult health is worse today (Funk, Kennedy, & Hefferon, 2017). So, in influencing people to wear their facial masks in the correct way according to the elaboration-likelihood model the central route to persuasion must be taken. The only way the use of the central route leads to persuasion is when strong arguments with valid points are being presented. So, the strength of the arguments is where the main focus lies. to put this route into practice people could be persuaded to wear their masks properly by 6 using a commercial that will be spread thru television and social media. In this commercial topics regarding the usage of facial masks should be discussed, such as the importance and benefits of wearing masks, emphasizing the importance of the other covid measures while wearing your mask and how to wear your mask the right way. Because this commercial will be broadcasted on television and will be spread thru social media it will reach a lot of people from different target audiences. Because most people will come across the commercial multiple times, it will become familiar to people. So, it is more likely that they will remember the information from the commercial. Thus, the campaign should contain information-based arguments. That is regarding the importance of wearing masks, the campaign could for example explain that an observational study has been done about the reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Beijing. In this study has been found that masks were 79% effective in preventing transmission. But only if all the household members wore their masks prior to the symptoms occurring (Huang et al., 2021). Other factors the campaign should be emphasizing is still maintaining physical distance, hand washing and staying at home when you feel ill. Because these measures go hand- in hand with the usage of facial masks and should also be mentioned to make the campaign look stronger, whole, and thus more convincing. Besides this, there also should be told how to properly wear your mask and how you should be handling your facial mask. So, when you use fabric ones, washing them daily. And regarding the medical masks, only using them one time and then dispose them (Madyun, n.d.). So, to sum up, to convince people to wear their face masks the correct way, according to the elaboration-likelihood model people need to be convinced thru the central route of persuasion. Wearing facial masks is a health issue because it prevents catching and distributing COVID. this route is used when people find the matter important, and most people do find their health important. This is because good health is beneficial for several reasons: improves longevity, prevents diseases, improves mental health, leads to a productive life and it has financial benefits. Besides this, a large group of Americans view their health as worse than 20 years ago. So, people must be persuaded on an informational basis, this can be done through a commercial where people are confronted with the importance of wearing facial masks. In this commercial different things need to be discussed: the importance of wearing a face mask, the importance of the other COVID masseurs and how a face mask is properly used. This so people are most likely to be influenced in wearing their face masks the correct way. 7 References Cennimo, D. J., MD. (2022, September 15). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Practice Essentials, Background, Route of Transmission. Retrieved October 4, 2022, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-overview Funk, C., Kennedy, B., & Hefferon, M. (2017, February). Americans’ views about public health and health studies in the news. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2017/02/02/americans-views-about-publichealth-and-health-studies-in-the-news/ Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H. M., von Delft, A., . . . Rimoin, A. W. (2021). An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118 Madyun, A. (n.d.). Everything you need to know about face masks. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/sudan/everything-you-need-know-about-facemasks RTL nieuws. (2021, June 18). Weerstand tegen mondkapjes groeit, naleving steeds lastiger: “Boa’s kijken soms weg.” RTL Nieuws. Retrieved from https://www.rtlnieuws.nl Star Health. (n.d.). Health and its importance. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://www.starhealth.in/blog/health-and-its-importance Vaughan, G., & Hogg, M. (2017). Social Psychology (8th ed.). Pearson Education UK.
