GEWORLD MIDTERMS REVIEWER Lesson 6: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Others would isolate themselves to focus on their beliefs: Religion has most difficult relationship with globalism RELIGION GLOBALISM follow divine commandment (laws given by their gods) put value on material wealth Possibility of a communication with the transcendent abide by human made laws (ginagawa ng tao) Yahweh, Allah, God defines and judges human actions in moral terms it's “yardstick” it's how much of human action can lead to the highest material satisfaction. follow divine commandment (laws given by their gods) eg. Nahdlatul Ulama moderate Muslim association in Indonesia 1. 2. 3. 4. The groups believe that living among with “nonbelievers” will distract them and abandoned their faith and thus become sinners. The relationship of religion and globalism is much more complicated: Peter Berger - - less concerned with wealth and all that comes along with it. Main duty: a. Live a virtuous and sinless life b. Detest politics (hands-off in politics) c. Aspire to be holy Both are on the process of globalization but with a different agenda The globalist ideal is focused on the real name of markets, and it wishes to spread goods and services while religion is concerned with spreading holy ideas globally. Globalists are less worried about whether they will end up in hell or heaven. argues that far from being secularized, the “contemporary world is furiously religious.” Religions - Religious people Followers of Dalai lama – Tibet Buddhist monasteries Rizalista’s of Mt. Banahaw Mormons of Utah are the foundations of modern republics. eg. Malaysia / Malaysian government - Places religion at the center of the political system Ayatollah Ruholla - the late Iranian religious leader secular ideologies were all same flawed, but Islamic rule was the superior system of government because it was spiritual. Nadhlatul Ulama - a moderate Muslim association in Indonesia Pesantren - Islamic School in Indonesia Religion has always been the center of government and conflicts Aims of Globalist: King Henry VIII a. b. c. d. Seal the trade deals Raise profits Improve government revenue collection Protect the elite from government excessive - Broke away from Roman Catholic Church and established his own religion to strengthen his power. GEWORLD MIDTERMS REVIEWER Alexis de Tocqueville - French historian and diplomat who wrote, “not only do the Americans practice their religion out of self-interest but they often even place in this world the interest which they have in practicing it.” Jose Casanova - Religion – source of all political conflicts. Religion - Examples: Films – made in Hollywood – shown all over the world. Psy’s song “Gangnam Style” There is an intimate relationship between globalization and media Media - may dislike globalization but it is using its resources to promote its cause. conveying something channel of communication. Its function is to convey something, including information, music, news, events, issues. Media and their Functions a. Technology Print media b. Modern management and Marketing tools c. The full range of modern means of communication - books, magazine, newspaper. They are reproduced thru publication Broadcast media Religion may benefit from the processes of globalization but its tensions with globalizations will always be there. - radio, films, television. pinaka familiar tayo na form of media. How does globalization affect religion? Digital media Conclusion: Globalization has a great impact on religion. As people and cultures move across the globe, as ideas are mobilized and transported by media technology, the religious globalization will go on and on. - cover the internet, and mobile mass communication sa panahon ngayon ito yung pinaka gamit na gamit (we rely mostly on this) Marshall McLuhan It has its pros and cons: people should cope with the flow of information and choose their own and peaceful way. - Lesson 7: MEDIA and GLOBALIZATION Globalization - spread of ideas - Entails the spread of various cultures. Relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of global culture and ideas Jack Lule - “Could global trade have involved without a flow of information on markets, prices, commodities, and more?” A media theorist who once declared that “the medium is the message.” he meant to draw attention to how media, as a form of technology, reshape societies. retelling that the media we are using has a large or vast influence in reforming or reshaping our society. Consider the effect of the Internet or smartphones on relationships Prior to the use of cellphones > no way to keep constantly in touch or to be updated on what the other is doing. The technology (medium) and not the message makes for this social change possible. GEWORLD MIDTERMS REVIEWER New media are neither inherently good nor bad. The question as to what new media enhance and what they amputate was not a moral or ethical question. - - - in any forms of technology we have now hindi naman natin pwedeng sabihin na masama ang social media, internet, technology, phone because it depends upon sa person kung paano niya iuutilize those technology or the media that is available. Kase hindi naman talaga masama pero kung ang paggamit ay masama or ginagamit or kung yung purpose ng paggamit ay sa masama tsaka lang nagiging masama ang technology or media You cannot really question morality or the ethical position ng media kase gamit lang naman yung media at technology, so it depends upon the people on how they’re going to utilize the technology or media Connection of Media and Globalization Through media nagkakaroon ng connection na tinatawag na global village and cultural imperialism. (Negative effects of media) John Tomlinson - Critique of Cultural Imperialism: They ignored the fact that media messages are not just made by producers, they are also consumed by audiences. eg. Asian Culture – proliferated worldwide through media (Hello Kitty, K-pop, etc.) Local brands are competing with international brands (eg. Jollibee vs. McDonalds) Social media and the creation of cyber ghettoes: Internet/social media - - turning the world into a “Global Village” where all are listening to the same story. This scenario created a cultural imperialism because most, if not all, are American cultures and values would overwhelm all the others. Social/Global village - naeenclose tayo sa isang social village na pareparehas nating kino-consume, which leads to cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism - sinasakop na ng isang culture yung iba pang bansa or kultura. Herbert Schiller - the world is becoming “Americanized”, and value of consumerism prevails. is challenging previous ideas about media and globalization Social media - Example: Television cultural globalization is simply a euphemism for “Western Cultural Imperialism” since it promotes homogenized, Westernized, consumer culture. has both beneficial and negative effect to people and culture Anybody can be a producer or consumer of information through social media. Negative impact of social media at the present time: Politicians and influential people created a “ herd” mentality, which was exploited by many. (ginagamit ang social media para magpalaganap ng ideologies na pinapaniwalaan ng mga tao like fake news or misinformation) Example: Vladimir Putin - A Russian Dictator who hired armies of social media “trolls” to manipulate public opinion through intimidation and spreading of fake news. Conclusions 1. Media have diverse effect on globalization process. 2. Media – creating bubbles of people who do not/rarely interact. GEWORLD MIDTERMS REVIEWER 3. Societies – can never be completely prepared for the fast changes in the systems of communication. 4. Every technological change creates multiple unintended consequences. 5. Never fear the changes, instead, all must collectively discover ways of dealing with them responsibly and ethically. Notes: In the past changing world, we should always be responsible in ethical enough to use this media and social media wisely. When it becomes to social media, always filter out kung ano yung finifeed saatin sa television, sa mga news, sa mga napapanood natin and etc. Sa social media naman, since we all know that we are not just a consumer, but we are also a producer of information, traditions and culture, we should always be responsible on the things we shared on the social media platforms, kase minsan akala natin sa atin harmless but to other people it could be harmful. Why study global cities? globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in places. Examples: • • Los Angeles, Home of Hollywood Tokyo, main headquarters of Sony In the coming years, more and more people will experience globalization in the 1950s, 30% of the world lives in urban areas, Whereas in 2014, the number increased to 54% By 2050, estimated - global cities Will increase to 66% Homes of the world's stop Stock Exchange • • • New York Stock exchange (NYSE) Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) Nikkei Limiting the discussion to these three cities is proved to be more restrictive. Recent commentators have expanded the criteria Sassen (Saskia Sassen) used Lesson 8: The Global City These are just examples of global cities. • • Not all have been to a global city, Consider Los Angeles, a movie making Mecca and can now rival new york's cultural influence San Francisco, home of the most powerful Internet companies, Facebook, Twitter and Google but most know about them. Their influences extend to one's imagination. • • • What are these places? How they are relevant to people? How are they important? Why Study Global Cities? - - - Globalization is spatial because it occurs in global spaces Can be seen when foreign investment and capital move a city, and when companies build skyscrapers. People who work in these businesses start to purchase or rent high-rise condominium units and better houses. More poor people are driven out of city centers to make new developments Others consider something global > great living places like Sydney Australia Defining a global city is difficult, a better question to ask whether it is global or not is • • in what ways they are global cities to what extent are they global INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY economic power Economic opportunities also makes it attractive to the talents from across the world. GEWORLD MIDTERMS REVIEWER To measure the economic competitiveness of a city, the Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like: ✓ market sizes ✓ purchasing power of the citizens ✓ size of the middle class ✓ potential for growth Based on these criteria, “tiny” Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its strong market, efficient and incorruptible government and livability. It also houses the regional offices of many major global corporations. Authority • • Washington D.C. seat of the American State Power Canberra, a sleepy town but Australia’s political capital Cities that house major international organizations also be considered as centers of political influence • United Nations (New York) • European Union (Brussels) • ASEAN (Jakarta) Higher Learning & Culture a city's intellectual influence can be seen through the influence of its publishing industries • New York, London, Paris • New York Times • Harvard University in Boston Los Angeles, center of American Film Industry. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, one of the culinary capitals of the world, birthplace of New Nordic cuisine. Manchester, England known for its post-punk and New Wave bands like Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays. Singapore, becoming a cultural hub of Southeast Asia. Global cities are now more culturally diverse, an example is having different type of cuisines from different parts of the world in its vicinity. The Challenges of Global Cities Global cities conjured up images of fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles but such descriptions are lacking. There are also undersides like their place is a great site of inequality, poverty and violence. Like the broader process of globalization, global cities also have winners and losers. PATHOLOGIES OF GLOBAL CITIES based on the research of Chicago council on global affairs Cities can be sustainable because of their density. As Florida notes: “Ecologists have found that by concentrating their populations in smaller areas, cities and metros decrease human encroachment on natural habitats. Denser settlement patterns yield energy savings; apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to heat and cool than detached suburban houses.” • • AUSTRALIA'S THIRD LARGEST EXPORTS EDUCATION In 2015, the Australian government reported that it made as much as 19.2 billion Australian dollars (roughly 14 billion U.S. dollars) • • • Los Angeles are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force residents to spend money on cars and gas. Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense however the lack of public transportation, and government's inability to regulate the car industries have made them extremely polluted. Sheer size of city populations across the world, urban areas consume the most of world's energy. Cities only cover 2% of the world's landmass but consumes the 78% of global energy. Cutting of carbon emissions may affect food travel. GEWORLD MIDTERMS REVIEWER An example solution is vertical farming • Planting in abandoned buildings of cities, more food can be grown in denser spaces with lesser water, cities will be greener. Terrorist Attacks • Major terror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities • 9/11 attacks that brought down the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York. • In November 2015, coordinated attacks in Paris by Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). The Global City and the Poor • • Economic globalization has paved way for massive inequality this is more pronounced in cities. An example is in Manila, it is common to find gleaming buildings, alongside massive shantytowns. This duality may even be seen in rich, urban cities • Gentrification - driving out the poor in favor of the newer, wealthier residents • Banlieue - Poor Muslims that are forced out of Paris and have clustered around ethnic enclaves. • The middle class is also thinning out. • Globalization creates high-income jobs that are generated in global cities. • Middle-income jobs are moving to other countries. • Hollowing out of the middle class on global cities has heightened the inequality among them. In conclusion to the discussion of global cities, as mentioned, meron siyang consequences, may positive and negative effects. Sabi nga “A large global city may thus be paradise for some but a purgatory for others.” , it could be beneficial to other people, it could not that beneficial sa ibang sectors ng economy, sa ibang population ng economy. Hindi laging maganda or hindi laging advantages yung nadedetain ng mga to sa global cities, however marami paring mga tao yung nagbebenefit sa global cities, pero mas marami rin yung mga taong nakakaexperience ng negative effect nung pag-unlad o pagbago ng cities Coverage: • • • Globalization of religions Media and Globalization The global cities Type of exam: • • • Part 1 – Modified True of False (30) Part 2 – Multiple Choices (10) Part 3 – Essays (2) “A large global city may thus be paradise for some but a purgatory for others.” “Efforts and courage are not enough without purpose and direction.” ― JOHN F. KENNEDY
