Multiple Choice – Circle the correct answer below.
1. What is used on a map to show direction?
a. compass
b. scale
c. legend
d. border
2. If a map’s scale is 1cm = 10km, 20cm is equal to…
a. 500km
b. 100km
c. 20km
d. 200km
3. Scale can also be written as a ratio. Which of the following means the same as
1:100 as a scale for a map?
a. 1cm = 10km
b. 10cm = 10km
c. 1cm = 1m
d. 1cm = 100km
4. The ___________ is a circle of latitude, about 40,075 km in circumference, that
divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
a. Equator
b. Greenwich Meridian c. Tropic of Capricorn
d. Pacific Ocean
5. The ____________ is an imaginary line that is used to indicate a longitude of 0
degrees.
a. Greenwich Meridian b. Tropic of Cancer
c. Equator
d. Antarctica
6. What are the two things required for a bushfire to occur?
a. Grass & Lightning
b. Fuel & Ignition
Label the BOLTSS on the map below:
c. Rainfall & Winds d. Drought & Fire
Short Answer Questions – Remember to use full sentences in an exam.
1. Write your own definition for the term ‘Geography’
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2. Discuss the difference between a natural hazard and a natural disaster.
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3. What are the four ways that humans value landscapes?
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4. Describe one economic impact of natural hazards.
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5. Explain ONE natural and ONE human induced cause of bushfires.
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6. Choose one example of a natural disaster and discuss what causes it to occur.
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7. Choose one example of a landform and discuss the processes behind its formation.
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Label the diagram below with the lines of latitude and longitude
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
North Pole
South Pole
Prime Meridian
Using the map, answer the following questions:
1. Which three continents does the Prime Meridian run through?
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2. Name three countries east of the Prime Meridian
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3. Name three countries west of the Prime Meridian
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4. Name the continents that the Tropic of Cancer runs through
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5. Name the continents that the Tropic of Capricorn runs through
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6. Which of the lines of latitude divides the globe into the Northern and Southern
hemispheres? _____________________________________________
Match the following terms to their definition
The measurement of distance north or
south of the Equator
All the visible features of an area of
land
A natural phenomenon that might have
a negative effect on humans and other
animals, or the environment
The process of wearing or being worn
by long exposure to the atmosphere.
The action of making use of and
benefiting from resources
They run north to south from pole to
pole, and they measure the distance
east or west
The envelope of gases surrounding the
earth or another planet
A natural feature of the earth's surface.
The rigid, rocky outer layer of the
Earth, consisting of the crust and the
solid outermost layer of the upper
mantle.
A natural event such as a flood,
earthquake, or hurricane that causes
great damage or loss of life.
All the waters on the earth's surface,
such as lakes and seas, and
sometimes including water over the
earth's surface, such as clouds.
The process of eroding or being
eroded by wind, water, or other natural
agents
The action of depositing something
The regions of the surface and
atmosphere of the earth or another
planet occupied by living organisms.
Reading Comprehension – read through the following passage and answer the short
answer questions.
Changing Landscapes
All life on Earth depends on landscapes. Soils produce food, plants provide oxygen, and
minerals and timber contribute to the production of goods. All landscapes contain the
imprint of human use and hold aesthetic, cultural, emotional, and spiritual values for
different people. Over time, humans have changed the land. In some locations they have
caused a decline in output that has affected the land’s ability to provide resources, such as
food. This is called land degradation, which affects 1.5 billion people globally.
Human activities have resulted in landscape degradation – tourism and mountain biking has
caused soil erosion. Air pollution from industry has contributed to acid rain. Mining has
caused pollution of water sources and permanently changed the shape of hills and
mountain landscapes from digging mines.
Many human activities also increase the rate at which natural processes shape landscapes,
for example:
• Erosion – from overcropping, overgrazing animals, logging forests for settlements,
bush walking, mountain biking and driving off-road vehicles.
• Air pollution – from acid rain speeding up the weathering of Earth’s surface.
Changing Waterways
We have also seen the vast impact of humans on our waterways and aquatic environments.
Humans have changed aquatic landscapes by constructing features to reduce the impact of
sea level rises like seawalls and to improve transport like the canals in Venice. Of the
world’s 228 largest rivers, approximately 60% have been changed by the construction of
dams, weirs, and canals.
The construction of 48 000 dams around the world has displaced natural landscapes, such
as forests, as well as agricultural lands and settlements. Dams have caused the
degradation of wetland and riverine ecosystems, and their reservoirs have changed
biodiversity, because water temperature is colder behind the dam wall where the water is
deeper. Fish such as salmon are unable to migrate upstream to breed, although in many
cases fish ladders have been built to assist their migration. A dam collapse from an
earthquake or faulty construction increases the change of floods downstream.
Traditional Land Management
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have managed their landscapes for over 60
000 years. Their knowledge has contributed to the sustainable management of landscapes
and their distinctive landform features. Traditional methods of backburning were used to
control the severity of bushfires through the removal of forest materials. The patterns of
burning used by Aboriginal communities were quite sophisticated. They were very careful to
avoid plant communities that are fire-sensitive to ensure greater biodiversity across the
entire landscape.
Comprehension Questions
1. Explain the importance of landscapes
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2. What is meant by the term land degradation?
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3. List 3 causes of land degradation
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4. How are human activities changing the rate of natural processes?
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5. Explain how dams can cause land degradation
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6. How have Indigenous people traditionally managed the landscape?
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Describe the human activities and how they are impacting the landscapes
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Bushfires in Australia
There are two main factors responsible for bush fires: _______ and ignition. Bush fire fuel is
any materials which can feed a fire such as dry plant materials like grass and trees. Ignition
is an event which ignites the fire such as a ___________ strike, out of control back burning
or a lit cigarette.
The Bush Fire _________ Ratings give you an indication of the possible ___________ of a
fire if one was to start. Bush Fire Danger Ratings are based on conditions such as
temperature,
___________, wind and the dryness of the landscape. Bush fires
are more likely to __________ and cause damage on days when the weather is very hot,
dry, and windy. These are usually on very high to ___________ fire days. In a ________
______ _____ no fire may be lit in the open and all fire permits are suspended.
Hazard _____________ is just one way of preparing for bush fires. There are different
methods of reduction including controlled burning, land clearing with machinery and
reducing ground ________ by hand. ______ __________ was originally used by
Indigenous people as a form of fire and land management more than 50 000 years ago.
Every year, Australian _______________ face devastating losses caused by disasters.
Bushfires and their associated consequences have significant _____________ on
communities, the economy, infrastructure and the environment.
Word Bank:
communities
humidity
litter
extreme
Danger
total fire ban
reduction
impacts
Back burning
spread
fuel
severity
lightning
State the directions of the symbols on the compasses below:
Brainstorm Challenge – Write down as many examples of landforms as you can.