THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
Anatomy
§ Study of the structures of the body
§ Anatomy; to dissect, or cut apart, or separate
Approaches to the Study of Anatomy
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of the body by
organ system
2.
Regional Anatomy – study of the body by areas
Gen. Ways to Examine the Internal Structures
1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features;
superficial structures to locate deeper structures
2.
5.
Development – changes an organism undergoes
through time
6.
Reproduction
cells/organisms
–
formation
of
new
Homeostasis
§ Ability to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions
§ Homeo: same; stasis: standing still
§ Balance / Equilibirum
Homeostatic mechanisms – normally maintain body
temp near an ideal normal value; sweating, shivering
Variables – conditions that can change
Set point – ideal value
Anatomical Imaging – non-invasive method for
examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET
scan, MRI
Normal range – acceptable range of values on which
HM can still be met
Physiology
§ Study of the processes and functions of the
body
§ Main goals; to understand and predict; to
understand how the body maintains conditions
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
1. Negative-feedback Mechanism
§ Regulates most systems of the body to maintain
homeostasis
§ Negative; any deviation from the set point is
resisted
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
§ How atoms interact and combine into molecules
2.
§
Cell Level
Cell – basic structural and functional unit of
organisms
3.
§
Tissue Level
Tissue – group of similar cells
4.
§
Organ Level
Organ – composed of two or more tissue types
that perform common functions
5.
§
Organ System Level
Organ System – group of organs classified as a
unit with a common set of functions
6.
§
Organism Level
Organism – any living thing considered as a
whole
2.
§
§
§
Positive-feedback Mechanism
Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy individ
Positive; when a value deviates from normal, the
system’s response is to make it greater
Massive blood loss, child birth
Components to Maintain Homeostasis
a. Receptors
b. Control center – analyzes information and
determines the appropriate response
c. Effector – provides the meant o control the
value of a variable
Terminology and The Body Plan
Body Positions
Anatomical Position – a person standing erect with the
face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the
sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Supine – lying face upward
Prone – lying face downward
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization – interrelationship among the
parts of an organism and how those parts
interact to perform specific functions
2.
Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform
vital functions
3.
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the
environment and make the adjustments
4.
Growth – increase in size
M o r a n o ,
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A .
Directional Terms
LOWER LIMB
Inferior
Superior
Lower
Higher
Anterior
Posterior
Front
Back
Ventral
Dorsal
Belly
Back
Proximal
Distal
Nearest
Distant
Medial
Away from the
midline
Towards the midline
Superficial
Deep
Toward or on surface
Internal
Lateral
Body Parts and Regions
Head
Forehead
Eye
Nose
Mouth
Ear
Cheek
Chin
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Otic
Buccal
Mental
Neck
Cervical
TRUNK
Thoracic
Chest
Breastbone
Breast
Thorax
Pectoral
Sternal
Mammary
Abdomen
Navel
Pelvis
Groin
Genital
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
Pubic
UPPER LIMBS
Collarbone
Clavicular
Armpit
Axillary
Arm
Brachial
Front of elbow
Antecubital
Forearm
Antebrachial
Hand
Wrist
Palm
Fingers
Hip
Thigh
Kneecap
Leg
Coxal
Femoral
Pat`ellar
Crural
Foot
Ankle
Top of foot
Toes
Pedal
Talus
Dorsum
Digital
Skull
Base of Skull
Back of Neck
Cranial
Occipital
Nuchal
TRUNK
Back
Shoulder blade
Spinal Column
Lumbar
Dorsal
Scapular
Vertebral
Loin
Between hips
Buttock
Perineum
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal
UPPER LIMB
Point of shoulder
Acromial
Point of elbow
Olecranon
Back of hand
Dorsum
LOWER LIMB
Hollow behind knee
Popliteal
Calf
Sural
Sole
Plantar
Heel
Calcaneal
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
Right
Upper
Quadrant
Right
Lower
Quadrant
Right
Hypochondriac
Right
Lumbar
Right
Iliac
Left
Upper
Quadrant
Left
Lower
Quadrant
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left
Hypochondriac
Left
Lumbar
Left
Iliac
Manual
Carpal
Palmar
Digital
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A .
Planes
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity – bounded by ribs and the diaphragm
Ø Mediastinum – partition containing the heart,
thymus, trachea, esophagus
Abdominal cavity – bounded by the diaphragm and the
abdominal mucles
Pelvic Cavity – surrounded by the pelvic bones
Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart
Pleural cavity – surrounds the lungs
Peritoneal cavity – surrounds certain abdominal and
pelvic organs
Serous Membranes
§ Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs
Visceral Serous Membrane – covers the internal organs
Parietal Serous Membrane – lines the wall of the cavity
Mesenteries – hold the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to
organs
Pericarditis – inflammation of the pericardium
Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura
Peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum
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