Lifespan Consideration
Racial/Ethnic Groups
Greater genetic predisposition to insulin
resistance.
Older adults
Reduced insulin production
Increased visceral fat and less lean muscle
mass.
Infants
Increased energy needs and insufficient
glycogen stores
Hypoglycemia in reference to neonatal
hyperinsulinemia
At risk if mother had gestational diabetes
Pregnant Women
Associated risk for hyperglycemia, higher
postprandial.
Produce a state of insulin resistance
Assessment Data
History
-
Social history
Family history: diabetes and obesity.
Personal medical history.
Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria,
retinopathy, poor wound healing, sleep
apnea, depression, chronic fatigue, and
peripheral neuropathy.
Diagnostic Tests
- Blood glucose testing, antibody testing,
lipid analysis, renal function tests, creactive protein
Examination Findings
- Vital signs
- Skin tags
- Foot exam
- Visual acuity
-
Concept
Fluid and Electrolytes
The process of regulating the extracellular
fluid volume, body fluid osmolality and
plasma concentration of electrolytes.
Risk Factors
Scope
There is either an optimal balance or an
imbalance.
Two aspects: extracellular volume and
osmolarity.
Age
-
The very young and the very
old.
- Preterm infants are at risk
because of their immature
kidneys and large surface
area of skin and lungs.
- Adults have a blunted thirst
sensation and decrease renal
reserve due to a loss of
nephrons.
Conditions
- Vomiting, diarrhea, fever,
inadequate or excessive fluid
and water intake.
Health Promotion
Primary Prevention (Education)
-
Exercise
Diet
Maintaining a safe-healthy body
weight.
Physiological Process
Intake and absorption – oral are the most
common route. Fluids must be absorbed by
the blood stream.
Distribution – necessary for optimal
function. Filtration distributes the ECF
between the vascular and interstitial
extracellular compartments. Osmosis
distributes water between ECF and cells.
Output – urine, feces, sweat, and lungs.
Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances.
- Output is greater than intake and
absorption.
- Output is less that intake
absorption.
- Distribution is altered.
Secondary Prevention (Screening)
-
A1C measurements at least
twice a year
Monitor thyroid function
Lipid and renal tests
Screening for hypoglycemia
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