HOMEWORK # 1
LATIN ALPHABET
Latin
letter
Aa
Bb
Cc
Name (in
English)
ah
be
tse
Name (in
Russian)
а
бэ
це
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
de
æ
ef
ge
ha
ee
yot
ka
el
em
en
o
pe
ku
er
es
дэ
э
эф
гэ
ха
и
йот
ка
эл
эм
эн
о
пэ
ку
эр
эс
Tt
Uu
Vv
Xx
Yy
Zz
te
oo
ve
iks
igrek
zet
тэ
у
вэ
икс
игрек
зет
prononciation
(in English)
[^] cup
[b] but
[ts] let’s
[k] crimson
[d] dove
[e] bed
[f] farm
[g] goose
[h] hut
[i] little
[j] yet
[k] crimson
[l] let
[m] moon
[n] noon
[o] dog
[p] please
[k] crimson
[r] river
[s] size
[z] size
[t] beetle
[u] put, book
[v] void
[ks] mix
[i] little
[z] zebra
prononciation
(in Russian)
[а] мама
[б] башня
[ц] цель
[к] капля
[д] дом
[э] этот
[ф] фокус
[г] гамма
[х] выход
[и] мир
[й] май
[к] капля
[л] лапта, лето
[м] манера
[н] нос
[о] нос
[п] палка
[к] капля
[р] рана
[с] соты
[з] заря
[т] тара
[у] утро
[в] волк
[кс] микс
[и] мир
[з] заря
example
amor
bonus
civis
cavum
domus
et
fama
genus
historia
inter
jus
Kalium
laudare
mater
novem
opus
pater
quattuor
res
suus
miser
tempus
umbra
vale
examen
hymnus
zona
Vowels
¯ - long vowel (eg. ā, ō) (mālum – ‘an apple’, pugnā – ‘fight!’ (verb))
ˇ - short vowel (eg. ă, ě) (mălum – ‘an evil’, pugnă – ‘a fight’ (noun))
In Russian tradition long and short vowels are read equally
Diphthongs
ae
oe
au
eu
(in Engl.)
[e]
[e]
[au]
[eu]
(in Russ.)
[э]
[э]
[ау]
[эу]
plantae
poena
causa
Europa
[plante]
[pena]
[kauza]
[europa]
¨, ¯, ˇ (ë, ü, ē, ū, ĕ, ŭ) denote that the vowel is separate (not forms a diphthong), eg. poëta)
Consonnants
c
[ts] before [e], [i] (ce, ci, cy, cae, coe)
cysta, caecus
[tsista, tsekus]
[k] in other cases
communis
[kommunis]
encountered very rarely
Kalium
[kalium]
only in combination ‘qu’ – [kv]
aqua, quoque
[akva, kvokve]
[z] between vowels
casus
[kazus]
[s] in other cases
semel
[semel]
in Greek words at the beginning of philosophus (philo- [filosofia]
root - [s]
sophia)
only in Greek words
hymnus
[himnus]
only in Greek words
zona
[zona]
k
q
s
y
z
Digraphs
(only in Greek words)
ch
ph
rh
th
ngu
ti
[h]
[f]
[r]
[t]
chorus
philosophus
rhombus
theatrum
[horus]
[filosofus]
[rombus]
[teatrum]
Combinations of letters
[ngv] before vowels
lingua
[ngu] in other cases
angulus
[tsi] before vowels
ratio
[ti] in other cases
titulus
after ‘s, t, x’ – always [ti]
bestia, mixtio
in Greek words – always [ti]
Boeotia
[lingva]
[angulus]
[ratsio]
[titulus]
[bestia, mikstio]
[beotia]
Syllables
A syllable always contains 1 vowel / diphthong.
A syllable is long if:
- it contains a diphthong (praemium, gangraena, diarrhoea)
- a vowel is followed by two consonnants or ‘x’ or ‘z’ (classis, victor, lex, ligamentum,
circumflexus)
A syllable is short if:
- a vowel is followed by another vowel or h (via, poёta, spatium, injectio)
A syllable is usually (but not always) short if:
- a vowel is followed by a mute consonnant (‘t, d, c, g, p, b’) followed by a smooth
consonnant (‘r, l’) (replica, fabrica, vertebra, cerebrum)
In the last case and in all other cases the length of the syllable depends on the length of its vowel
which is marked in the dictionary.
Word accent
In two-syllable words the accent falls on the penultimate syllable: rósa, víctor, vía.
In multi-syllable words:
- the accent falls on the penultimate syllable, if it is long: absurdus, natūra
- if the penultimate syllable is short, the accent moves to the syllable before the
penultimate: justitĭa, femĭna.
READ CORRECTLY AND EXPLAIN THE POSITION OF THE ACCENT:
Suffix
Nouns
-ŭl-, -cŭl-, -ŏl-
meaning
diminutive
LEARN THE SUFFIXES:
example
glob-ul-us
gen-i-cul-um
small orb
small knee
-ūr-
result of the action
Adjectives
-ōs-āt-āl-, -ār-
rich in smth.
full of smth.
belonging to smth.
-ĭc-ē-īn-
are-ol-a
incis-ur-a
apert-ur-a
small area
incision
rupture, opening
squam-os-us
dent-at-us
coron-al-is
clavicul-ar-is
thorac-ic-us
phalang-e-us
palat-in-us
squamous, scaly
notched, toothed, cogged
coronal, coronary
clavicular, relating to the ear
thoracic, relating to the chest
phalangeal
palatine
HOMEWORK # 2
PART 1
ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
LEARN THE WORDS:
Nouns – vocabulary forms: Nominative Singular, Genetive Singular, gender.
Declination 1 (feminine):
ala, ae f
ampulla, ae f
aorta, ae f
apertura, ae f
arteria, ae f
bucca, ae f
bursa, ae f
capsula, ae f
cellula, ae f
clavicula, ae f
columna, ae f
commissura, ae f
concha, ae f
conjunctīva, ae f
costa, ae f
crista, ae f
curvatura, ae f
fascia, ae f
fibra, ae f
fibula, ae f
fissura, ae f
flexura, ae f
fossa, ae f
fovea, ae f
gingīva, ae f
glandula, ae f
S.N. a
S.G. ae
P.N. ae
wing
ampulla
aorta
hole; aperture
artery
cheek
sac, bag
capsule
cell; cellule
clavicle
column
commisure
shell
conjunctiva
rib
crest
curvature
fascia
fiber
fibula, calf bone, perone, peroneal bone
fissure, slit
flexure
pit (a depression longitudinal in shape)
pit (a natural depression on the surface)
gum
gland
P.G. arum
incisura, ae f
lamĭna, ae f
linea, ae f
lingua, ae f
mandibula, ae f
maxilla, ae f
medulla, ae f
membrana, ae f
mucosa, ae f
nucha, ae f
orbĭta, ae f
palma, ae f
palpĕbra, ae f
patella, ae f
pleura, ae f
plica, ae f
scapula, ae f
spina, ae f
squama, ae f
sutura, ae f
tibia, ae f
tonsilla, ae f
trachēa, ae f
tuba, ae f
tunĭca, ae f
ulna, ae f
urēthra, ae f
vagīna, ae f
valvula, ae f
vena, ae f
vertĕbra, ae f
vesīca, ae f
notch
plate; lamina
line
tongue
mandible; underjaw; lower jaw
maxilla; upper jaw
medulla; medullary substance
membrane
mucosa; mucosal tunics
nape
eye-socket
palm
eye-lid
kneecap; patella
pleura
fold, crease
scapula; blade bone, shoulder blade
spine; thorn
scales; squama
suture
tibia; shin bone
tonsil
wind-pipe; trachea
tuba; tube
sheath, coat; tunica
ulna; cubit
urethra
vagina; sheath
valvule
vein
vertebra
bladder, urinary bladder
Declination 1 Greek (feminine):
raphe (rhaphe), es f
S.N. e S.G. es
P.N. ae
P.G. arum
raphe, rhaphe; seam
a) Translate:
spina scapulae, crista costae, raphe linguae, apertura arteriae, cellulae arteriae, cellulae
arteriarum, linea gingivae, fibula et tibia, flexurae vertebrarum, linea nuchae, lineae maxillae et
mandibulae, flexura gingivae,
coat of the wind-pipe; notch / branch of the lower jaw; notch of scapula; fascia of palm;
(mucosal) tunics of a tongue; line of an opening;
HOMEWORK # 3
LEARN THE WORDS:
Declination 2 (masculine and neutral):
S.N. us (m.) um / on (n.) S.G. i
P.N. i (m.)
a (n.) P.G. orum
Masculine:
alveŏlus, i m
angulus, i m
anus, i m
bronchus, i m
bulbus, i m
calcaneus, i m
carpus, i m
condylus, i m
digĭtus, i m
discus, i m
fonticulus, i m
fundus, i m
gyrus, i m
humĕrus, i m
lobus, i m
lumbi, orum m
meniscus, i m
metacarpus, i m
metatarsus, i m
musculus, i m
nasus, i m
nervus, i m
nodulus, i m
nodus, i m
nucleus, i m
ocŭlus, i m
oesophăgus, i m
pylōrus, i m
radius, i m
ramus, i m
sulcus, i m
talus, i m
tarsus, i m
thalămus, i m
thymus, i m
truncus, i m
utĕrus, i m
ventriculus, i m
alveole; alveolus, alveola
angle
anus, anal orifice
bronchus
bulb
heel bone
wrist
condyle
digit; finger
disk
fontanelle
bottom
convolution
humerus; arm bone
lobe
(only plural!) – loin, small of the back
meniscus
metacarpus
metatarsus
muscle
nose
nerve
nodulus; nodule
knot; node
nucleus
eye
esophagus
pylorus
radius; spoke-bone
branch
sulcus; groove
ankle-bone
underbone, root of foot; tarsus
thalamus; visual nerve
thymus; thymus gland
trunk
womb; uterus; metra
ventricle
Neutral:
acetabulum, i n
antebrachium, i n
atrium, i n
brachium, i n
cotyloid cavity
forearm
atrium; threshold
shoulder
c(a)ecum, i n
cavum, i n
cerebellum, i n
cerĕbrum, i n
cilium, i n
collum, i n
cranium, i n
dorsum, i n
duodēnum, i n
folium, i n
folium, i n
ileum, i n
intestīnum, i n
jejunum, i n
labium (labrum), i n
ligamentum, i n
manubrium, i n
membrum, i n
mentum, i n
ostium, i n
ovarium, i n
palātum, i n
perin(a)eum, i n
periton(a)eum, i n
rectum, i n
retinaculum, i n
segmentum, i n
septum, i n
spatium, i n
sternum, i n
stratum, i n
supercilium, i n
tuberculum, i n
tympănum, i n
vestibulum, i n
Neutral Greek:
colon, i n
encephălon, i n
ganglion, i n
olecranon, i n
orgănum (orgănon), i n
skeleton (sceleton), i n
cecum; blind gut, typhlon
cave
cerebellum
the larger portion of the brain; cerebrum
eyelash
neck
skull
back
duodenum
folium; sheet, leaf
folium; leaf, sheet
ileum
intestine; gut, bowel
jejunum
lip
ligament
manubrium; (handle)
limb
chin
ostium; orifice
ovary
palate
perineum
peritonaeum, peritoneum
rectum
retinaculum; frenulum, retaining band
segment
septum; (partition, hedge)
space
breast bone
layer; stratum
eyebrow
tuberculum, tubercle
eardrum; tympanum
vestibule
colon
brain
neural knot; ganglion
elbow bone, point of elbow, tip of elbow
organ
skeleton
a) Translate:
os cranii, manubrium sterni, crista tuberculi, collum costae, angulus mandibulae, septum nasi,
corpus tibiae, tubercula costarum, os digiti, caput mandibulae, caput radii, raphe gingivae,
ligamentum patellae,
suture of the skull; coat of the esophagus; lobes / slits (clefts) of the cerebrum; bottom of the
womb; ligament of tubercle of rib; convolutions of the brain; branches of arteries of the
cerebrum; tubercles of vertebras; pit (a depression longitudinal in shape) of the: tip of the elbow /
skull; condyle of tibia
neck of shoulder blade; branches: of the aorta / of nerves; nucleus of nerve; ligaments of root of
foot; capsule of ganglion; nerve of forearm; fascia of shoulder; nasal septum; line of: muscle /
lips; ligament of: knee-cap / wrist; wings of the nose; veins of the neck; arteries of: humerus /
cotyloid cavity; crest of tubercle of arm bone; neck of: radius / ankle-bone / lower jaw / rib; folds
of duodenum; crest of neck of rib; muscles of the: back / tongue / loin (small of the back);
vaginas of: fingers / muscles; angles of: breast-bone / rib / eye / scapula / aperture; membrane of:
duodenum / forearm;
HOMEWORK # 4
LEARN THE WORDS:
Declination 4 (masculine & neutral):
S.N. us (m.) u (n.)
S.G. us
P.N. us (m.)
ua (n.)
Masculine (and feminine):
arcus, us m
arch
ductus, us m
duct
hiātus, us m
aperture, opening, foramen
meātus, us m
passage; external opening
plexus, us m
plexus
processus, us m
process
recessus, us m
recess, small hole or indentation
sinus, us m
sinus
manus, us f
hand, arm
Neutral:
cornu, us n
genu, us n
horn
knee
Declination 5 (feminine): S.N. es
facies, ēi f
superficies, ēi f
S.G. ei P.N. es P.G. erum
surface; face
outer surface
Declination 3 (masculine, feminine and neutral):
S.G. is
Musculi (all – masculine):
m. abductor
m. adductor
P.N. es G.P. um
abductor; abductor muscle (that abducts)
adductor; adductor muscle (that adducts)
P.G. uum
m. buccinator
m. constrictor
m. depressor
m. levator
m. massēter
m. rotator
m. sphincter
m. tensor
m. corrugator
m. cremaster
m. dilatator
m. extensor
m. flexor
m. pronator
m. supinator
buccinator; buccinator muscle (‘buccal’ muscle)
constrictor; constrictor muscle (that constricts)
depressor; depressor muscle (that depresses)
levator; levator muscle (that lifts)
massēter; massēter muscle (that ‘masticates’)
rotator; rotator muscle (that rotates)
sphincter; sphincter muscle
tensor; tensor muscle (that tenses)
corrugator; corrugator muscle (that corrugates/shrinks)
cremaster; cremaster muscle
dilatator; dilatator muscle (that dilates)
extensor; extensor muscle (that extends)
flexor; flexor muscle (that flexes)
pronator; pronator muscle (that rotates inward)
supinator; supinator muscle
a) Translate:
Arcus vertebrae, sulcus sinus, arteria genus, arteriae genuum, processus radii, facies acromii,
arcus aortae, fossa ductus, glandulae ductus, plexus ductus, apertura sinus, septum sinuum, sinus
tarsi, sinus venarum, facies antebrachii, facies palpebrae, facies uteri, facies ovarii, facies
genuum,
ligament of: knee-cap / wrist, process of the ankle-bone, arch of the lower jaw, arch of ribs,
aperture of a duct, sinus of a wing, sinus of aorta, sinus of a vein, sinus of an eardrum, groove of
a sinus, surface of a shoulder, surface of a gland, surface of a spoke-bone, surface of a cotyloid
cavity, surface of an ankle-bone,
musculus flexor digiti, musculus sphincter ductus, musculus depressor septi nasi, musculus
sphincter ani, musculus abductor digiti, musculus levator labii,
a muscle that lifts a shoulder blade, a muscle that tenses a fascia, a sphincter muscle of a bladder,
an abductor muscle of a wrist, a muscle that rotates the neck, a muscle that tenses the eardrum, a
muscle that corrugates an eyebrow,
HOMEWORK # 5
LEARN THE WORDS:
Declination 3 (masculine, feminine and neutral):
Vocabulary forms:
S.G. = S.N. (1)
S.G. is
(m): canalis – canal, channel
unguis – nail
axis – axis, second cervical vertebra
(f): basis – base
auris – ear
cutis – skin
pelvis - pelvis
s → tis (2)
(m): dens → dentis – tooth
paries → parietis - wall
(f): pars → partis – part frons → frontis – forehead
cavitas → cavitatis - cavity
tuberositas → tuberositatis – tuberosity extremitas → extremitatis – extremity, end
(n): pancreas → pancreatis – pancreas, salivary gland of the belly
S.G. = S.N. + is (3)
(m): ren → renis – kidney vomer → vomeris – ploughshare
lien → lienis – spleen
trochanter → trochanteris - trochanter
(n) tuber → tuberis – tuber, eminence
vas → vasis - vessel
o → inis (4)
(m): margo → marginis – edge, border
tendo → tendinis – tendon
(f): cartilago → cartilaginis – cartilage
x → cis (5)
(m): hallux → hallucis – great toe
thorax → thoracis - thorax, chest
(f): radix → radicis – root
cervix → cervicis - neck
x → gis (6)
(m): larynx → laryngis - larynx
pharynx → pharyngis - pharynx
(f): phalanx → phalangis – phalanx
o → + nis (7)
(m): pulmo → pulmonis – lung
(f): articulatio → articulationis – joint
regio → regionis - region
(m):
ex → icis (8)
index → indicis – forefinger, index finger, second finger
cortex → corticis – cortex
apex → apicis – tip
pollex → pollicis - thumb
s → dis (9) pes → pedis – foot
s → nis (10) sanguis → sanguinis - blood
s → ntis (11) atlas → atlantis – cranial vertebra (first cervical vertebra)
(f):
er → ris (12)
gaster → gastris - stomach
(n):
en → inis (13) foramen → foraminis – openinig, hole
abdomen → abdominis – belly
us → oris (14) corpus → corporis – body
tempus → temporis - temple
ut → itis (15) caput → capitis – head
occiput→ occipitis – back of the head
s → ris (16) crus → cruris – shin
os → oris - mouth
s → + sis (17) os → ossis - bone
ur → oris (18) femur → femoris – thigh-bone
r → tis (19) hepar → hepatis - liver
r → + dis (20) cor → cordis – heart
a → + tis (21) zygoma → zygomatis – zygoma
e → is (22) rete → retis – net, network
Declination 3 (masculine, feminine and neutral):
N.S. various variants
a) P.N. es (m, f)
Masculine:
apex, ĭcis m
coccyx, ygis m (os
tip
coccyx
a (n)
S.G. is
G.P. um
coccygis)
cortex, ĭcis m
hallux, ūcis m
index, ĭcis m
lien, ēnis m
liquor, ōris m
margo, ĭnis m
paries, ĕtis m
pes, pedis m
pollex, ĭcis m
pulmo, ōnis m
ren, renis m
sanguis, ĭnis m
splen, splenis m
stapes, ĕdis m
tendo, ĭnis m
thorax, ācis m
trochanter, ēris m
urēter, ēris m
vertex, ĭcis m
vomer, ĕris m
cortex
great toe
forefinger, index finger, second finger
spleen
liquor, liquid, solution
margin, border, edge
wall
foot
thumb
lung
kidney
blood
(Gr.) spleen
stapes; (stirrup)
tendon
thorax; chest
trochanter
ureter
vertex, crown
ploughshare; vomer
Feminine:
appendix, īcis f
articulatio, ōnis f
cartilāgo, ĭnis f
cavĭtas, ātis f
cervix, īcis f
extremĭtas, ātis f
gaster, tris f
impressio, ōnis f
iris, ĭdis f
pyrămis, ĭdis f
radix, īcis f
regio, ōnis f
tuberosĭtas, ātis f
appendix, appendage
articulation, joint
cartilage
cavity
neck
extremity; end; limb
stomach
impression
(Gr.) iris
(Gr.) pyramid
root
region
tuberosity
Neutral:
abdōmen, ĭnis n
caput, ĭtis n
chiasma, ătis n
corpus, oris n
crus, cruris n
diaphragma, ătis n
femur, ŏris n
forāmen, ĭnis n
hepar, ătis n
nomen, ĭnis n
occĭput, ĭtis n
os, oris n
belly
head
chiasm
body
shin; leg
diaphragm
thigh bone
openinig, hole
liver
name
back of the head
mouth
pancreas, ătis n
pectus, ŏris n
stroma, ătis n
systēma, ătis n
tegmen, ĭnis n
tempus, ŏris n
tuber, eris n
zygōma, ătis n
(Gr.) pancreas, salivary gland of the belly
chest
stroma; frame
system
tegmen, roof
temple; time
tuber; (eminence)
qygoma; cheekbone
a) Find isosyllabic and anisosyllabic nouns; make full Genitive form; underline the root of
the words:
auris, is f; pyrămis, ĭdis f; cutis, is f; dens, ntis m; herpes, ētis m; tabes, is f; viscus, ĕris n;
aponeurōsis, is f; mors, rtis f; extremĭtas, ātis f; mare, is n; nomen, ĭnis n; oedema, ătis n; pestis,
is f; pollex, ĭcis m; terminatio, ōnis f; incus, ūdis f; pectus, ŏris n; glomus, ĕris n; cor, rdis n;
occĭput, ĭtis n.
b) Translate:
Musculus adductor pollicis, misculi flexores digitorum manus, musculus rotator cervicis,
musculus extensor indicis, bursa musculi tensoris,
Paries gastris, margo pulmonis, cortex corticis, cervix vesicae, margo uteri, extremitas claviculae,
cavitas thoracis, arcus tendinis, ductus glandulae, cavitas oris, glandulae corporis, regio thoracis,
arcus cartilaginis, margo pedis, articulatio capitis costae, margo linguae, musculi oris,
muscle rotating the chest, muscles depressing lips, muscle depressing an angle of a mouth,
muscles depressing angles of a mouth,
fascia: of the belly / of shin; joint of head of rib; joints of thumb; wall: of the wind-pipe / of eyesocket; bag of tendon of heel-bone; body: of the pancreas / of clavicle / of calf bone / of cubit;
capsule of kidney; wing of the ploughshare; cartilages of ribs; tuberosity of shin bone; cortex of
the cerebrum; coat / upper end of the spleen; edges of cotyloid cavity; notch of lung; region of
the neck; angle / lips of mouth; glands of tip of tongue;
HOMEWORK # 6
LEARN THE WORDS:
Types of the 3rd declination:
a)
x → cis (5)
S.G. = S.N. + is (3)
o → inis (4)
o → + nis (7)
(m):
ex → icis (8)
s → dis (9)
s → nis (10)
(f):
er → ris (12)
(n):
en → inis (13)
us → oris (14)
ut → itis (15)
s → ris (16
ur → oris (18)
r → tis (19)
a → + tis (21)
b)
S.G. = S.N. (1)
es → is (1a)
(m):
s → ntis (11)
(n):
s → + sis (17)
r → + dis (20)
a) or b)
x → gis (6)
s → tis (2)
(with a precedeing vowel → a),
With a preceding consonant → b))
c)
(n):
e → is (22)
b) P.N. es (m, f)
Masculine:
atlas, ntis m
axis, is m
canālis, is m
dens, ntis m
larynx, ngis m
pharynx, ngis m
unguis, is m
a (n)
G.P. ium
cranial vertebra (first cervical vertebra)
axis, second cervical vertebra
channel, canal
tooth
larynx
pharynx
nail
Feminine:
auris, is f
bilis, is f
cutis, is f
frons, ntis f
lens, ntis f
meninx, ngis f
pars, rtis f
pelvis, is f
phalanx, ngis f
pons, ntis m
ear
gall, bile
skin
forehead
lens
(Gr.) meninx
part
pelvis
(Gr.) phalanx
pons, bridge
Neutral:
cor, cordis n
os, ossis n
heart
bone
c) P.N. es (m, f)
ia (n)
Feminine:
basis, is f
febris, is f
sitis, is f
synchondrōsis, is f
tussis, is f
(Gr.) base; basis
fever
thirst
(Gr.) synchondrosis
cough
Neutral:
rete, is n
net, network
G.P. ium
d) special forms: P.N. a G.P. ōrum
Neutral:
vas, vasis n (P.G. - vasorum)
vessel
b) Translate:
musculus constrictor pharyngis, paries ductus, margo pulmonis, cortex nodi, incisura pulmonis,
caput pancreatis, regio thoracis, os coccygis, vestibulum oris, vagina tendinis musculi flexoris
carpi, circulus iridis, sulcus sclerae, tendo valvulae venae, extremitas ovarii,
basis patellae, basis canii, pars ossis, basis pyramidis, tuberositas phalangis, facies lentis, axis
bulbi oculi, nucleus raphes pontis, vas nervi, vasa nervorum, basis cordis, basis stapedis, incisura
apicis cordis, pars aortae, vena cordis, nucleus et cortex lentis, cutis frontis, cutis manus, cutis
faciei, cutis digiti, cutis digitorum, facies ossis,
Pars oesophagi, tuber ossis ischii, labyrinthus auris, incisura apicis cordis, margo partis aortae,
margo cordis, terminatio nervi cutis, epithelium lentis, ventriculus laryngis, atrium cordis, rima
vestibuli laryngis, venae cordis, basis cartilaginis,
opening of dental tip; base of skull; arteries / lobes of the liver; eminence (tuber) of the upper
jaw; muscles of larynx; cartilage of nasal septum; edge of nail; axis of the pelvis; tuberosity of
radius; aperture of the chest; head / line of thigh-bone; tip of the heart; phalanxes of fingers of
foot; channel of dental root (= canal of root of tooth); bottom of stomach;
vessels of ear; skin: of the forehead / of chin / of eye-lids; bones of: metacarpus / metatarsus;
walls of vessels; part of the duodenum; ligament of the atlas; veins of the hearts;
HOMEWORK # 7
LEARN THE WORDS:
Adjectives, declination 1-2 (first group):
S.N.
S.G.
m
us
i
f
a
ae
n
um
i
P.N.
P.G.
m
i
orum
albus, a, um
cardiăcus, a, um
cavus, a, um
cruciatus, a, um
flavus, a, um
iliăcus, a, um
latus, a, um
longus, a, um
magnus, a, um
medianus, a, um
medius, a, um
parvus, a, um
profundus, a, um
rectus, a, um
white
cardiac
hollow
cross-shaped
yellow
iliac
broad
long
large, great
median
middle
small
deep
straight
accessorius, a, um
coronarius, a, um
cutaneus, a, um
externus, a, um
glut(a)eus, a, um
(Attention to the English endings)
accessory
coronary
cutaneous
external
gluteal
f
ae
arum
n
a
orum
internus, a, um
membranaceus, a, um
peron(a)eus, a, um
urinarius, a, um
internal
membranous
peroneal
urinary
ischiadicus, a, um
nutricius, a, um
obliquus, a, um
planus, a, um
proprius, a, um
quadratus, a, um
serratus, a, um
transversus, a, um
(Attention to the English spelling)
sciatic
nutritious
oblique
flat; plane
proper
quadrate
serrate
transverse
(adjectives, formed from nouns with suffixes according to the model:
(1) base of noun + (2) suffix: e / os / ic / in + (3) endings: us-a-um)
suffix – ōs –
atreriosus, a, um
cavernosus, a, um
fibrosus, a, um
mucosus, a, um
nervosus, a, um
petrosus, a, um
spinosus, a, um
squamosus, a, um
venosus, a, um
arterial
cavernous
fibrous
mucous
nervous
stony; petrous, petrosal
spinous
squamous, squamate, squamosal, scaly
venous
suffix – ĭc –
aorticus, a, um
gastricus, a, um
hepaticus, a, um
lymphaticus, a, um
opticus, a, um
pancreaticus, a, um
pelvĭcus, a, um
pyloricus, a, um
thoracicus, a, um
trochantericus, a, um
tympanicus, a, um
aortic
gastric
hepatic
lymphatic
visual
pancreatic
pelvic
pyloric
thoracic
trochanteric
tympanic
zygomaticus, a, um
zygomatic
Translate:
(pay attention to word order):
• surface of stony (petrous) part • disk of visual nerve • branches of sciatic nerve • folds of
mucous coat of the wall of the stomach • cortex of lymphatic knot (node) • tuberosity of serrate
muscle • vessels / canals of internal ear • hole (foramen) of transverse process
213: coronal ligament of the liver • broad fascia of thigh-bone • transverse vein of neck •
quadrate muscle of loin (small of the back) • lymphatic vessels of: face / head / kidney •
membranous wall of the wind-pipe • deep artery of tongue • transverse vein of scapula • oblique
slit of lung • transverse muscle of the chest • internal / external plate of bones of the skull •
gluteal tuberosity of thigh-bone • mucous coat of: tongue / wall of pharynx
231: deep vein of face • middle artery of knee • internal / external base of skull • middle vein of
the heart • middle pit (a depression longitudinal in shape) of skull
3214: deep lymphatic vessels of shin • internal / external oblique muscle of the belly
1 + 213: vagina of the straight muscle of the belly
21 + 213: dermal (relating to the skin) branch of deep artery of shoulder
Decline:
palatine groove • mastoid horn • blood vessel • spinous tendon • arterial ligament • thoracic
vertebra • venous plexus
HOMEWORK # 8
LEARN THE WORDS:
(adjectives, formed from nouns with suffixes according to the model:
(1) base of noun + (2) suffix: e / os / ic / in + (3) endings: us-a-um)
suffix – īn –
palatīnus, a, um
pelvīnus, a, um
uterīnus, a, um
palatine
pelvic
uterine
suffix – ě – (+Latin root)
cartilagineus, a, um
corneus, a, um
osseus, a, um
sanguineus, a, um
tendineus, a, um
cartilaginous
corneous, horny
osseous, bony
sanguineous, blood
tendinous
suffix – ē – (+Greek root)
coccygēus, a, um
laryngēus, a, um
oesophagēus, a, um
phalangēus, a, um
pharyngēus, a, um
sacrococcygēus, a, um
stylopharyngēus, a, um
coccygeal
laryngeal
esophageal
phalangeal
pharyngeal
sacrococcygeal
stylopharyngеal
suffix – ide –
(model: (1) root of Greek noun + (2) connecting vowel: o + (3) suffix + (4) endings: us / a / um)
beak - shaped or coracoid (corac – beak)
coronal
hyoid (sublingual) (of bone)
breast - shaped , nipple - shaped or mastoid (mast –
breast, nipple)
wing - shaped or pterygoid (pteryg – wing)
boat - shaped or scaphoid (scaph – boat)
stylohyoid (awl + sublingual)
peg- shaped, awl – shaped or styloid (styl – peg, awl)
shield - shaped or thyroid (thyre - shield)
trapezoid (trapeze - shaped)
sword - shaped or xiphoid (xiph – sword)
coracoideus, a, um
coronoideus, a, um
hyoideus, a, um
mastoideus, a, um
pterygoideus, a, um
scaphoideus, a, um
stylohyoideus, a, um
styloideus, a, um
thyr(e)oideus, a, um
trapezoideus, a, um
xiphoideus, a, um
Irregular (non standard) adjectives of 1 & 2 declination (first group):
a)
S.N.
S.G.
m
er
eri
f
era
erae
n
erum
eri
P.N.
P.G.
m
eri
erorum
f
erae
erarum
n
era
erorum
f
liberae
liberarum
n
libera
liberorum
Example:
a)
S.N.
S.G.
m
liber
liberi
asper, ĕra, ĕrum
liber, ĕra, ĕrum
b)
m
f
libera
liberae
n
liberum
liberi
m
P.N.
liberi
P.G. liberorum
rough, coarse, uneven
free
f
n
шероховатый
свободный
m
f
n
S.N.
S.G.
er
ri
ra
rae
rum
ri
P.N.
P.G.
ri
rorum
rae
rarum
ra
rorum
Example:
b)
S.N.
S.G.
m
dexter
dextri
dexter, tra, trum
niger, gra, grum
ruber, bra, brum
sacer, cra, crum
sinister, tra, trum
f
dextra
dextrae
n
dextrum
dextri
m
f
n
P.N.
dextri
dextrae
dextra
P.G. dextrorum dextrarum dextrorum
right
black
red
sacral (of bone)
left
HOMEWORK # 8
(adjectives, formed from nouns with suffixes according to the model:
(1) base of noun + (2) suffix: e / os / ic / in + (3) endings: us-a-um)
Irregular (non standard) adjectives of 1 & 2 declination (first group):
Translate:
(nouns of 1 - 5 declinations, adjectives of the 1 group (independent & formed from nouns):
• tendinous arch of fascia of pelvis • fold of laryngeal nerve • styloid process of the radius • lobe
of thyroid gland • horny (corneous) layer of nail • fibrous coat of the spleen • horns of thyroid
cartilage • artery of wing-shaped (pterygoid) canal • fibrous vaginas of fingers of foot • bony
(osseous) part of nasal septum • esophageal branches of thoracic part of the aorta • zygomatic
process of the upper jaw • deltoid branch of deep artery of shoulder • sesamoid cartilage of the
larynx • dermal (cutaneous) layer of drum (tympanic) membrane • tubercle of boat-shaped
(scaphoid) bone • rhomboid depression of the brain • beak-shaped (coracoid) process of scapula •
transverse palatine suture • venous network of arm / foot • arterial / venous blood • arterial
grooves of the internal base of skull • coronal (coronoid) process of the lower jaw • oblique line
of the thyroid cartilage • coronal (coronoid) sinus of the heart • arterial network of knee joint •
sigmoid lymphatic knots (nodes) • laryngeal part of pharynx • groove of sigmoid sinus
Decline:
• cross-shaped ligament • cardiac plexus • external horn • straight part • cavernous body •
lymphatic vessel • plane bone • hollow vein • long root • gluteal nerve • internal canal
HOMEWORK # 9
LEARN THE WORDS:
Adjectives, declination 3 (second group):
m
is
is
S.N.
S.G.
f
is
is
n
e
is
brevis, e
commūnis, e
tenuis, e
short
common
thin
generalis, e
genitalis, e
medialis, e
sacralis, e
spinalis, e
ventralis, e
general, generic
genital
medial
relaiting to the sacrum - sacral
spinal
ventral
articularis, e
jugularis, e
navicularis, e
articular
jugular
boat – shaped, navicular
P.N.
P.G.
m
es
ium
f
es
ium
n
ia
ium
suffix – form –
(model: (1) root of Latin noun + (2) connecting vowel: i + (3) suffix + (4) endings: is / e)
pisiformis, e
pea – shaped, pisiform
suffix – id-al –
(model: (1) root of Greek noun + (2) connecting vowel: o + (3) suffix + (4) endings: is / e)
ethmoidalis, e
sphenoidalis, e
ethmoid (sieve – shaped)
sphenoid (wedge – shaped)
(adjectives, formed from nouns with suffixes according to the model:
(1) base (root) of noun + (2) suffix: al / ar + (3) endings: is / e)
analis, e
cerebralis, e
cervicalis, e
corticalis, e
dorsalis, e
facialis, e
frontalis, e
intestinalis, e
nasalis, e
occipitalis, e
orbitalis, e
relaiting to the anus - anal
relaiting to the cerebrum - cerebral
relaiting to the neck - cervical
relaiting to the cortex - cortical
relaiting to the back - dorsal
relaiting to the face - facial
relaiting to the forehead - frontal
relaiting to the bowel - intestinal
relaiting to the nose - nasal
relaiting to the back of the head - occipital
relaiting to the eye-socket - orbital
parietalis, e
pectoralis, e
peritonealis, e
radialis, e
superficialis, e
temporalis, e
vaginalis, e
vertebralis, e
vesicalis, e
parietal:
a) relaiting to the wall (paries);
b) relating to the vertex (of the head)
relaiting to the chest - pectoral
relaiting to the peritoneum - peritoneal
relaiting to the spoke-bone - radial
relaiting to the outer surface - superficial
relaiting to the temple - temporal
relaiting to the vagina / sheath - vaginal
relaiting to the vertebra - vertebral
relaiting to the (urinary) bladder - vesical
auricularis, e
fibularis, e
glandularis, e
mandibularis, e
ulnaris, e
relaiting to the ear - auricular
relaiting to the calf bone - fibular
relaiting to the gland - glandular
relaiting to the lower jaw - mandibular
relaiting to the ulna - ulnar
alaris, e
lumbalis, e
maxillaris, e
medullaris, e
pulmonalis, e
(Attention to the English endings)
relaiting to the wing - alar, alary
relaiting to the loin - lumbar
relaiting to the upper jaw - maxillary
relaiting to the medulla -medullary
relaiting to the lung - pulmonary
Irregular (non standard) adjectives of 3 declination (second group):
a)
S.N.
S.G.
m
er
ris
f
ris
ris
n
re
ris
P.N.
P.G.
m
res
rium
f
res
rium
n
ria
rium
m
acres
acrium
f
acres
acrium
n
acria
acrium
m
es
ium
f
es
ium
n
ia
ium
f
simplices
simplicium
n
simplicia
simplicium
f
teretes
n
teretia
Example:
a)
S.N.
S.G.
m
acer
acris
f
acris
acris
n
acre
acris
acer, cris, e
sharp, acute
b)
S.N.
S.G.
m
s/x
is
f
s/x
is
b-1
S.N.
S.G.
m
simplex
simplicis
f
simplex
simplicis
b-2
S.N.
m
teres
f
teres
n
s/x
is
P.N.
P.G.
P.N.
P.G.
Examples:
n
m
simplex
P.N.
simplices
simplicis
P.G.
simplicium
n
teres
P.N.
m
teretes
S.G.
teretis
teretis
teretis
P.G.
teretium
teretium
teretium
b-3
S.N.
S.G.
m
biceps
bicipitis
f
biceps
bicipitis
n
biceps
bicipitis
P.N.
P.G.
m
bicipites
bicipitium
f
bicipites
bicipitium
n
bicipitia
bicipitium
simplex, icis
teres, ětis
biceps, ipĭtis
triceps, ipĭtis
quadriceps, ipĭtis
simple
round
biceps
triceps
quadriceps
Decline:
• red blood • cranial nerve • pulmonary vein • frontal sinus • superficial layer • short vessel ;
Cranial nerve • superficial layer • frontal sinus • ethmoid hole • articular depression • • tear
( lacrimal ) canal • sacral horn • short vessel • pulmonary vein • metatarsal bone •
Make Latin adjectives from these nouns:
• artery • head • tooth • cheek • alveole •
Translate:
(nouns of 1 - 5 declinations, adjectives of the 1 & 2 group):
• orbicular muscle of mouth • costal pit of transverse process • plantar branches of tibial nerve •
aperture of frontal sinus • nasal / orbital surface of the upper jaw • medial angle of eye •
pulmonary groove of the thorax • root / nucleus of facial nerve • tuberosity of distal phalanx •
middle temporal convolution • patellar surface of thigh-bone • vertical muscle of tongue •
septum of sphenoid sinuses • medial border of tibia • nasal part of the pharynx • perpendicular
plate (lamina) of palatine bone • longitudinal fold of the duodenum • deep palmar branch of ulnar
artery • groove of tympanic part of temporal bone • lateral region of the belly (abdomen) •
groove of vertebral artery • nucleuses of cranial nerves • orbital part of frontal bone • lateral
nerve of great toe • sternal extremity of clavicle • pit of tear (lacrimal) gland • wing-shaped
(pterygoid) process of sphenoid bone • parietal lobe of the larger portion of the brain (cerebrum)
• layer of superficial muscles of the back • radial artery of the forefinger • muscular coat of
vessels • central vein of liver • common palmar / plantar digital arteries • internal / external
occipital crest
HOMEWORK # 10
LEARN THE WORDS:
Irregular (non standard) adjectives – degrees of comparison
Positive degree
(endings of 1-2 declination)
magnus, a, um
parvus, a, um
large, great, of large size
small
Comparative degree
S.N.
S.G.
m
or
oris
major, jus
minor, us
anterior, ius
inferior, ius
posterior, ius
superior, ius
f
or
oris
n
us
oris
P.N.
P.G.
m
ores
orum
f
ores
orum
n
ora
orum
major, great, large (out of two), larger, greater
minor, small (out of two), smaller, lesser
anterior (front)
inferior (lower)
posterior (rear, back, hinder)
superior (upper, top, higher)
Superlative degree
(suffix + endings of 1-2 declination)
maximus, a, um
greatest, largest
minimus, a, um
smallest
suprēmus, a, um
highest
longissimus, a, um longest
Prefixes
extraintrainterinfrasuprasubhypoepipre(prae-)
post-
extra- (outside
of, without)
intra- (inside,
within)
inter- (among,
between)
infra- (below)
extrauterinus, a, um extrauterine - outside the uterus
supra- (above,
over)
sub- (beneath,
under)
hypo- (below,
under)
epi- (upon, over,
above)
pre- (anterior,
before)
post- (after,
intrajugularis, e
intrajugular - ‘inside jugular’
intercostalis, e
intercostal – between ribs
infraclavicularis, e
supraorbitalis, e
infracalvicular - under the clavicle
(subclavian)
supraorbital – above the orbit
sublingualis, e
sublingual - beneath the tongue (of duct)
hypoglossus, a, um
hypoglossal – below the tongue (of nerve)
epigastricus, a, um
epigastric (on or above the belly)
precaecalis, e
prececal – in front of the cecum
postcentralis, e
‘behind central’
retroparaperi-
behind,
posterior)
retro- (behind,
backward)
para- (adjacent,
near, alongside)
peri- (around,
about, near)
retroauricularis, e
retroauricular – posterior to the auricle
paravaginalis, e
paravaginal – alongside the vagina
pericardialis, e
relating to pericardium (heart sac) –
‘around the heart’
Adjectives with prefixes
submucosus, a, um
hypoglossus, a, um
paranasalis, e
subcutaneus, a, um
submucosal – beneath the mucosa
hypoglossal – below the tongue (of nerve)
paranasal – near or adjacent to the nose
subcutaneous – beneath the skin
simple joint • round muscle
horn • anterior ligament
Decline:
• great (major) wing • left part • free extremity (limb) • posterior
Make Latin adjectives with the following meaning:
• situated under the ribs • situated between the bones • situated under the orbit • situated above
clavicle • situated inside the muscles • situated after the knot • situated near the nose •
Translate:
(nouns of 1 - 5 declinations, adjectives of the 1 & 2 group & irregular adjectives):
• inferior surface of the stony (petrous) part • right border of the heart • notch of the round
ligament of the liver • anterior tibial lymphatic node • joints / muscles of free superior limb • free
part of gum • muscle of superior eye-lid • tendon of quadriceps muscle of thigh-bone • long head
of triceps muscle of shoulder • large & small wings of sphenoid bone • root of the right lung •
superior nasal shell • left kidney • anterior region of knee • anterior wall of the stomach • right
jugular trunk • posterior surface of fibula • tip of the posterior horn • anterior longitudinal
ligament of the vertebral column
HOMEWORK # 11
LEARN THE WORDS:
Complex terms:
arteria carōtis (ĭdis) f
articulatio coxae
bulbus ocŭli
glandula parōtis (ĭdis) f
glandula suprarenalis
intestinum tenue
medulla ossium
medulla spinalis
os coxae
pelvis renalis
vena portae
vesīca biliaris
(Gr.) carotid artery
hip joint, thigh joint
eyeball
(Gr.) parotid gland, external salivary fland
suprarenal gland
small intestine
bone marrow
spinal cord
hip bone, pelvic bone
renal pelvis
hepatic portal vein
gall bladder
Abbreviations
A.
B.
Gl.
For.
Lig.
M.
N.
R.
Vag.
V.
arteria, ae
bursa, ae
glandula, ae
foramen, ĭnis
ligamentum, i
musculus, i
nervus, i
ramus, i
vagina, ae
vena, ae
Aa.
Bb.
Gll.
Forr.
Ligg.
Mm.
Nn.
Rr.
Vagg.
Vv.
arteriae, ārum
bursae, ārum
glandulae, ārum
foramina, -um
ligamenta, ōrum
musculi, ōrum
nervi, ōrum
rami, ōrum
vaginae, ārum
venae, ārum
Singular (N.S. & G.S.):
artery
sac, bag
gland
openinig, hole
ligament
muscle
nerve
branch
vagina; sheath
vein
Plural (N.P. & G.P.):
arteries
sacs, bags
glands
openinigs, holes
ligaments
muscles
nerves
branches
vaginas; sheaths
veins
Write full forms and translate: