COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THE THEORIES OF JUNG, KLEIN, SULLIVAN, FROMM, AND ERIKSON
Group Names
Group 1:
Aldovino, Aleah
Shain
Bacay, Joshua
Canuel, Joseph
Neiljohn
Lubon, John Gerald
Macarandang, Julie
Ann
Mangui, Diana
Matira, Kayecee C.
Panes, Lorece Ann
Verana, Emmanuel
Theory
Structure of Personality
(What is the structure
of personality according
to the theory?)
Dynamic of
Personality
(What motivates
behavior according
to the theory? (i.e.,
how does the
theory explain
why does a person
do what s/he is
doing?)
Development of
Personality
(How does the theory
explain human
development from
infancy to old age?)
Analytical
Psychology
Carl Jung
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
- Jung, like Freud, based
his personality theory
on the assumption that
the mind, or psyche, has
both a conscious and an
unconscious level.
Unlike Freud, however,
Jung strongly asserted
that the most important
portion
of
the
unconscious springs not
from
personal
experiences of
the individual but from
the distant past of
human existence, a
concept
Jung
called
the
collective unconscious.
Of lesser importance to
Jungian theories are the
conscious and the
personal unconscious.
Childhood
Causality
- Jung
- defined as the
compared the
principle
that
childhood to
nothing
happens
early morning
without cause or
to sun
without internal or
- Full of
external influences.
potential but
- holds that present
still lacking in
events have their
brilliance
origin in previous
(consciousnes
experiences.
s)
Teleology - holds
that present events Three Substages of
are motivated by Childhood
1. Anarchic
goals
and
- characterized
aspirations for the
by chaotic and
future that directs a
sporadic
person’s destiny.
consciousness
- defined as the
- Island of
study
of
past
consciousness
experience
to
may exist, but
explain a natural
there is little
phenomenon.
Psychopathology
(What “abnormal”
behavior patterns
develop, according to
the theory?)
Psychotherapy
(What
interventions for
addressing
personality
disorders are
proposed by the
theory?)
Psychopathology,
as
being a variant of the
normal development of
the archetype, according
to psychiatrist diseases
are disorders of normal
processes, and never an
entity by itself with a
standalone Psychology
(JUNG, 1935).
Word Association
Test is a test of
personality
and
mental function in
which the subject is
required to respond
to each of a series
of words within the
first word that
comes to mind or
with a word of a
specified class of
words. The Word
Association
test
was to demonstrate
the validity of
freud's hypothesis
that
the
unconscious
operates as an
autonomous
process. It is based
on the principle
that
complexes
Psychopathology in Carl
g.
Jung,
became
unsatisfactory, because
the author has produced
the concept of shadow
ambiguously,
and
concomitant space of
normal and pathological.
Later will introduce the
category of archetype in
the shade, providing a
third function. Because
of this, the concept
1. CONSCIOUS conscious
images that are
sensed by the
ego, whereas
unconscious
elements have
no relationship
with the ego.
According
to
Jung, ego is the
center
of
consciousness,
but not the core
of personality.
PERSONALITY TYPES:
1. ATTITUDES - a
predisposition
to act or react in
a characteristic
direction.
A. Introversion turning inward
of
psychic
energy with an
orientation
toward
the
subjective.
B. Extraversion the
attitude
distinguished
by the turning
outward
of
psychic energy
so that a person
is
oriented
toward
the
Jung insisted that
human behavior is
shaped by both
causal
and
teleological forces
and that causal
explanations must
be balanced with
teleological ones.
The middle ground
of causality and
teleology suggests
that humans are
motivated by both
past
personal
experiences
and
predictions
or
expectations of the
future. The middle
ground of the two is
able to shape one’s
behavior as well as
personality.
Progression
- the process of
success
development over a
period of time.
- adaptation to the
outside
world
involves
the
forward flow of
psychic energy and
is
called
progression.
-
or no
connection
the
experiences in
this stage
sometimes
enter
consciousness
as primitive
images,
incapable of
being
accurately
verbalized
2. Monarchic
- characterized
by the
development
of the ego and
by the
beginning of
logical and
verbal
thinking
- island of
consciousness
become
larger, more
numerous,
and inhabited
by a primitive
ego
ego is
perceived as
an object, it is
not yet aware
of itself as a
perceiver.
ended up making
difficult to apply.
it create measurable
emotional
responses.
In
administering the
Symbolic
Jungian test, Jung used a list
Psychopathology
of
about
100
conceives the pathos stimulus
words
unlike Freud, in which arranged to trigger
aggression is always an
emotional
destructive and opposite response. People
the Eros, being an undergoing the test
offshoot of the death were instructed to
drive (FREUD, 1920). In respond to each
this
sense
the word with the first
psychoanalysis
word or ideas that
understands
human came
to
their
nature,
having
a minds. During the
tendency to destruction, test, certain types
and grace and creativity of reactions were
comes
from
its observed
which
repression
and indicates that the
sublimation
(FREUD, stimulus word has
1923). In the symbolic touched a complex.
theory, affection or
aggression, as well as the Dream Analysis
couple, life and death The meaning of
constellated
by dream analysis as it
archetypes,
can
be is used in popular
creative or pesticides,
culture is quite
thus operating on behalf
of consciousness or of different from what
Jungian
analysts
the shadow.
mean when they
Shadow: Jung described use the term. The
the shadow as desires components of a
and feelings that are not dream do not have
acceptable to society or
a single connection
the conscious psyche.
People often try to hide to one another;
the
their shadow or project it rather,
objective and Progression inclines
3. Dualistic
away from the a person to react
- ego as
subjective.
consistently to a
perceiver
given
set
of
arises, and it is
2. FUNCTIONS - environmental
divided into
how we see and conditions.
objective and
how we judge
subjective
information;
Regression
conscious
the psyche is an regression
is
- Individuals in
apparatus for similar to recidivism
this phase
adaptation and as it means relapse,
refer
orientation and failure or fall-back.
themselves in
consists of a - adaptation to the
the first
number
of inner world relies
person and
different
on a backward flow
are aware of
psychic
of psychic energy
their
functions.
and
is
called
existence as
A. THINKING
- regression.
separate
logical
- regression is a
individuals
intellectual
necessary backward
- islands of
activity
that step
in
the
consciousness
produces
a successful
become
chain of ideas.
attainment of a
continuous
● Extraverted
goal.
Regression
land,
Thinking
- activates
the
inhabited by
people
rely unconscious
an egoheavily
on psyche, an essential
complex that
concrete
aid in the solution of
recognizes
thoughts, but most problems.
itself as both
they may also
object and
use
abstract Neither progression
subject
ideas if these nor regression leads
ideas have been to
development. Youth
transmitted to Either can bring
- period from
them from the about too much
puberty until
outside,
for one-sidedness and
middle life
example, from failure
in
- strive to gain
parents
or adaptation:
but
physical and
teachers.
when the two are
psychic
working together it
independence
onto
others.
Jung
thought people should
try to get to know their
shadow so it doesn’t
destroy their lives or
others.
An example is “lust” or
“greed” and that a
person keeps having a lot
of sexual lust or financial
greed, but denies this. If
they deny this too much,
the energy of that lust or
greed operates on its
own in their psyche, and
may make them have
destructive or odd sexual
boundaries
or
destructive odd financial
behaviors.
Denying the shadow also
created
repressed
people that could not
fully express themselves
and had a tendency to
blame others.
Jung essentially wanted
people to know all parts
of themselves.
associations that
are generated by
the
dream's
components assist
us in gaining a
deeper
comprehension of
the dream's deeper
meaning.
Dream
analysis
is
performed with the
intention
of
deciphering aspects
of
both
the
individual
and
collective
unconscious
and
bringing
those
aspects into waking
awareness in order
to help the process
of coming into
one's own. It is
anticipated that the
therapist
would
recognize
that
dreams often act as
different types of
compensation. In
addition,
Jung
believed
that
certain
dreams
provided evidence
supporting
the
●
Introverted
Thinking
people react to
external stimuli,
but
their
interpretation
of an event is
colored more
by the internal
meaning they
bring with them
than by the
objective facts
themselves.
B. FEELING
describes the
process
of
evaluating an
idea or an
event.
● Extroverted
Feeling - people
use objective
data to make
evaluations.
They are not
guided so much
by
their
subjective
opinion, but by
external values
and
widely
accepted
standards
of
judgment.
● Introverted
Feeling - people
base their value
judgments
primarily
on
can activate the
process of healthy
personality
development.
from parents,
find
mate,
raise a family
and make a
place in the
world
is and should
be a period of
increased
activity,
maturing
sexually,
growing
consciousness
and
recognition
that
the
problem-free
era
of
childhood is
gone forever
Progression
and
regression
must
work together in
order to fulfill selfactualization and
self-realization.
Progression is when
one adapts to the
external
world
along with allowing
their mentality to
flow
forward;
Regression is the
adaptation in the
internal
world
where one allows
their mentality to
Middle Life
flow backward.
- begins
approximately
at the age of
35 or 40
- middle-aged
people may
experience
increasing
anxieties, but
it is also the
period of
tremendous
potential
- retain the
social and
moral values
of their early
existence of the
collective
unconscious. These
dreams may be
categorized
into
three types: the big
dream, which is
universal in its
significance
and
applies
to
everyone.
This
might also be used
as proof for the
different levels of
the psyche; then,
there are the typical
dreams that are
shared by the vast
majority
of
individuals.
It
consists
of
archetypal events
and
may
also
include archetypal
objects; and lastly,
the earliest dreams
remember. These
dreams may be
traced back to
when the individual
was around 3 or 4
years old. They
feature
mythological and
subjective
perceptions
rather
than
objective facts.
C. SENSING
function that
receives
physical stimuli
and transmits
them
to
perceptual
consciousness.
● Extroverted
Sensing
people perceive
external stimuli
objectively, in
much the same
way that these
stimuli exist in
reality.
● Introverted
Sensing
people
are
largely
influenced by
their subjective
sensations of
sight,
sound,
taste,
touch,
and so forth.
D. INTUITING
involves
perception
beyond
the
workings
of
consciousness.
● Extroverted
Intuition
people
are
-
life
become rigid
and fanatical
in trying to
hold on to
their physical
attractiveness
and agility
Old Age
- this
age
certainly fear
death
- believe that
death is the
goal of life
- life can be
fulfilling only
when death is
seen
symbolic imagery
and themes that
might have been
experienced by the
individual on a
personal level..
Active Imagination
In
Jungian
psychology, active
imagination is a
process used to
connect the gap
between
the
conscious
and
unconscious minds.
To engage in active
imagination, one
must first focus
their attention on
any perception and
maintain
that
concentration until
the image starts to
move.
The
individual
is
required to pursue
these pictures to
whatever
destination
they
may lead, after
which they must
bravely
confront
the
independent
images and openly
●
oriented
toward facts in
the
external
world.
Introverted
Intuition
people
are
guided
by
unconscious
perception of
facts that are
basically
subjective and
have little or no
resemblance to
external reality.
2. PERSONAL
UNCONSCIOUS
- embraces all
repressed,
forgotten,
or
subliminally
perceived
experiences of
one particular
individual.
It
contains
repressed
infantile
memories and
impulses,
forgotten
events,
and
experiences
originally
perceived
below
the
threshold of our
consciousness.
converse
with
them. The intention
behind it is to bring
to consciousness
archetypal pictures
that originate in the
unconscious.
Individuals who are
willing to overcome
the resistance that
typically prevents
open contact with
the
unconscious
and who wish to get
better acquainted
with both their
personal
and
collective
unconscious might
benefit from this
approach.
●
COMPLEXES contents of the
personal
unconscious. A
complex is an
emotionally
toned
conglomeration
of associated
ideas.
3. COLLECTIVE
UNCONSCIOUS
- it has roots in
the ancestral
past of entire
species.
This
collective
unconscious is
not
totally
inherited ideas
from
our
ancestors but
an
innate
tendency
to
react the same
way
our
ancestor
responds in the
same biological
stimuli
presented.
ARCHETYPES - archaic
images found in our
collective unconscious,
commonly expressed
through dreams and
fantasies.
These
archetypes are built in
and just activated when
a specific stimulus is
presented.
1. PERSONA- the
image we tend
to show to the
public
either
intentional or
not.
This
presence
of
archetype to be
psychologically
healthy, person
must find the
balance
between
the
demands
of
society
and
what he truly is.
Too
much
attachment to
one’s persona
will solely block
the process of
self-realization,
being unaware
with
the
unconscious.
2. SHADOW- also
known as the
dark side which
people
don’t
want others to
know and also
the
qualities
which
the
person himself
is reluctant to
face. To be
whole—
according
to
Jung— people
must know and
acknowledge
his shadow as
the first test of
courage.
3. ANIMA- this is
the
feminine
side of men
enabling them
to show their
feelings
and
moods.
This
came from their
experiences
from women in
their life such as
their mothers
and sisters.
4. ANIMUSmasculine side
of
women
responsible for
their thinking
and reasoning.
5. GREAT
MOTHERa
derivative
of
anima,
this
archetype
is
present on both
genders
characterized
with
two
opposing
forces—
fertility
and
nourishment,
power
and
destruction.
6. WISE
OLD
MANderivative
of
animus
responsible for
wisdom
and
meaning. This
symbolizes the
knowledge and
mystery of life.
7. HERO- this is a
powerful
person
who
fights against
great
odds,
conquering evil
and
is
demonstrated
by
our
fascination with
heroes
in
movies
and
television
programs.
8. SELF- this pulls
together all the
other types of
archetypes to
create
selfrealization. This
is represented
as Mandala or
the
ultimate
symbol of self
which
finds
balance in all
archetypes.
Group 2
Astorga, Ma. Maye
Brinosa, Charles
De Guzman, Rhaygel
Garcia, Angela Kim
Hernandez, Christine
Marie
Ilagan, Mawi
Mendoza, Jayne Joie
Munar, Maricel
Pasumbal, Janelle
Object Relations
Theories
Melanie Klein
●
In Kleinian theory, 3
important
internalizations are
the ego, superego,
and the Oedipus
complex.
●
Ego
- According
to
Klein, ego is
already present
at birth but not
strong enough
to feel anxiety
and
utilize
defense
mechanisms.
- Ego starts with
the infant’s first
experience with
feeding. Infants
associate good
breast if they
receive
milk,
love,
and
security.
Bad
breasts
are
when infants do
not
receive
enough milk,
●
●
According ●
to Melanie
Klein,
Infants do
not start life
with a blank
slate. Still,
with
an
inherited
predispositi
on
to
reduce
anxiety they
feel due to
the conflict
between
the forces
of the life
instinct and
the power
of the death
instinct.
Object
●
relations
theories
focuses on
the status
of
relationshi
p between
the mother
and
the
Object
relations ●
theorists stress the
importance of early
family interactions,
primarily
the
mother-infant
relationship,
in
personality
development. It is
believed
that
infants form mental
representations of
themselves
in
relation to others
and that these
internal
images
significantly
influence
interpersonal
relationships later
in life.
Infants tend to
organize
their
experiences
into
positions.
- Positions are
the ways of
dealing with
both internal
and external
objects.
Abnormal behaviors ●
or psychopathology
can be seen in
Psychic
Defense
Mechanisms
and
these
are
the
following:
1. Introjection It's a psychic
defense
mechanism in
which an infant
begins
to
introject in their
first
feeding
and fantasizes
about
absorbing the
perceptions
and
experiences
they've
had
with
the
external object,
initially
the
mother's
breast.
Typically,
infants introject
good
objects
(good breasts)
to themselves
Play therapy
- Through
this, young
infants
convey
both
conscious
and
unconsciou
s wishes.
-
Young
patients
convey
both
negative
and
favorable
transferenc
e emotion;
clients also
attack her
verbally,
which gives
a chance to
interpret
the
unconsciou
s intentions
behind
these
attacks.
love,
security.
●
and
-
Split
must
happen before
a unified ego
can emerge.
-
As
infants
mature, their
perceptions
become more
realistic, they
no longer see
the world in
terms of partial
objects,
and
their
egos
become more
integrated
Superego
- In
Kleinian
theory,
Superego
emerges much
earlier in life, it
is
not
an
outgrowth of
the
Oedipus
complex, and it
is much more
harsh
and
cruel.
- Klein rejected
Freud’s notion
infant
during the ●
infant's first
4
or
5
months,
unlike the
Psychoanal
ytic
perspective
which
focuses on
sexual
pleasure. A
behavior
may
be
interpreted
by analyzing
the
relationship
between
the person
and their
mother
during that
time.
●
The
existence of
phylogenet
ic
endowmen
t
●
presuppose
s
the
infant's
innate
readiness to
act or react.
1. Phantasies
2 basic positions:
1. Paranoidschizoid
Position
- A way of
organizing
experiences
that includes
both paranoid
feelings
of
being
persecuted
and a splitting
of internal and
external
objects into
the good and
the bad.
2. Depressive
Position
● The feelings of
anxiety over
losing a loved
object coupled
with a sense of
guilt
for
wanting
to
destroy that
object.
Margaret Mahler’s
View
- To
achieve
psychological
birth
and
individuation,
a
child
proceeds
through
a
as a form of
protection
against
their
anxiety.
Additionally,
some
infants
may introject
the bad breast
(bad objects) in
order to gain
control
over
them.
2. Projection - It is
a
psychic
defense
mechanism in
which an infant
uses projection
to get rid of
both good and
bad objects that
they have taken
in.
Infants
project
impulses
to
another person
rather
than
within
their
own body in
order
to
alleviate
anxiety caused
by
uncontrollable
destructive
impulses
directed
at
external
objects.
-
The
purpose of
this is to
lessen
internalize
d objects'
harshness
and
depressive
anxieties as
well as
persecutor
y concerns.
-
Klein urged
her
patients to
revisit early
feelings
and
fantasies,
but this
time with
the
therapist
emphasizin
g the
distinctions
between
conscious
and
unconsciou
s thought
and reality
and
imaginatio
n.
-
●
about Superego
as
a
consequence of
the
Oedipus
Complex.
In
Kleinian
theory,
she
insisted
that
Superego
grows
along
with
the
Oedipus
Complex. And it
finally emerges
as the realistic
guilt after the
Oedipus
Complex
is
being resolved.
Oedipus complex
- Likely to what
Klein believed
about Ego and
Superego, she
also believed
that Oedipus
Complex begins
during
the
earliest months
of life. Klein
believed that it
overlaps with
oral and anal
stages,
and
reaches
its
climax during
genital stage at
around age 3 or
4.
-
Psychoanal
ysts
may
use
the
term
"phantasy"
to refer to
the
imaginary
realization
of
conscious
or
unconsciou
s
desires
that have
been
unfulfilled.
This roughly
summarizes
what
is
thought to
be Freud's
primary use
of
the
phrase. But
according
to Melanie
Klein, these
phantasies
are psychic
representat
ions
of
unconsciou
s
id
instincts;
infants
possess
unconsciou
s images of
series of three
(3)
major
developmenta
l stages and
four
(4)
substages.
-
Three (3) Major
Developmental
stages
1. Normal
autism
- begins at birth
and lasts for
roughly three
to four weeks.
She thought
that this stage
was a time of
absolute
primary
narcissism
during which a
baby
was
oblivious
to
other people.
She described
normal autism
as
going
through
a
"objectless"
stage, when a
baby
would
ordinarily be
looking for the
mother's
breast.
She
disagreed with
Klein's claim
that
infants
3. Splitting - It’s a
psychic defense
mechanism
wherein infants
way
of
managing the
good and bad
breasts
by
splitting them.
It’s a way to
separate
the
two objects as
the “good me”
and “bad me”
so that infants
can deal with
both
pleasurable and
destructive
impulses
toward external
objects.
Moreover,
splitting can be
a
helpful
mechanism if
the infant can
separate
the
positive
and
negative sides
of a person; it
enables them to
distinguish the
differences.
While if an
infant finds it
difficult
to
differentiate,
there’s
a
tendency that
-
She also
gave
patients
the
freedom to
express
both
positive
and
negative
transferenc
e, which is
crucial for
helping
patients
comprehen
d how their
unconsciou
s fantasies
relate to
their
current
reality.
-
Patients
are able to
project
formerly
terrifying
internal
things onto
the outside
world once
they make
this link,
which also
causes
them to
feel less
persecuted
-
-
Contrast
to
Freud’s concept
of
Oedipus
Complex, Klein
hypothesized
that during its
early
stages,
Oedipus
Complex serves
the same need
for
both
genders. That
is, to establish a
positive
attitude with
the good or
gratifying
object (breast
or penis) and to
avoid the bad or
terrifying object
(breast
or
penis).
Another point
of
Klein’s
Oedipus
Complex is for
children
to
develop
or
have positive
feelings toward
both parents.
“good” and
“bad.”
2. Objects
- Melanie
Klein's
concept of
internal
objects
implies that
these
objects
have their
power,
similar to
Freud's
concept of a
superego,
which
assumes
that
the
conscience
of
the
father
or
mother is
carried
within the
child.
develop
an
ego
that
includes the
excellent
breast
and
other items.
2. Normal
symbiosis.
- It starts in the
fourth or fifth
week of life
and peaks in
the fourth or
fifth month.
The baby acts
and performs
during
this
time
"as
though he and
his
mother
were
an
omnipotent
system—a
dual
unity
within
one
common
boundary"
3. Separation–
individuation
- stretches from
roughly
the
fourth or fifth
month of life
through
roughly
the
thirty-fifth or
thirty-sixth
month.
it’s hard to
accept the bad
side resulting in
dealing
with
their terrifying
impulses
through
repression.
4. Projective
Identification It's a psychic
defense
mechanism in
which an infant
reduces anxiety
by splitting off
unacceptable
parts
of
themselves or
bad
objects,
projecting them
to
another
person (usually
close relatives
or
someone
close to them),
then projecting
them back into
them
in
a
changed
or
distorted form.
An infant or
adult,
for
example, may
project
destructive
impulses onto
another person
(mother
or
partner)
in
by
internalize
d objects
and have
less
depressive
anxiety.
Children
achieve
a
sense
of
individuation,
psychological
separation
from
their
mothers, and
the
emergence of
personal
identity at this
period.
Children must
give up their
illusion
of
omnipotence
and
acknowledge
their
vulnerability
to
outside
forces since
they no longer ●
have a dual
unity
with
their mother.
●
Mahler divided the
separation–
●
individuation stage
into
four
overlapping
substages.
4
substages
separation–
individuation:
of
order to cleanse
the destructive
impulses. When
the person is
finished with it,
the infant or
adult
will
reintroduce it
to
them.
Projective
identification,
in some ways, is
a way for an
individual
to
clean their bad
impulses
through
projection;
once cleaned,
it's time to
introject them
to themselves.
Another
set
of
psychopathology can
be seen under the
views of Heinz Kohut
and John Bowlby.
Heinz Kohut’s View
- According to the
view of Heinz
Kohut, two basic
narcissistic needs
are seen in an
infant. Those two
are the following:
1. The need to
exhibit
the
grandiose self
1. Differentiatio
n
- This
occurs
between the
fifth and the
seventh
to
tenth month
of life and is
characterized
by a body
breaking away
from
the
mother-infant
symbiotic
orbit.
2. Practicing
- Children
readily identify
their bodies
from those of
their mothers
during
this
subphase,
have a special
link with their
mothers, and
start to form
an
autonomous
ego.
3. Rapprocheme
nt
- Children have
a
reconciliation
with
their
mother
between the
This narcissistic
need
arises
when
infants
relate
to
a
"mirroring" selfobject
that
reflects
the
approval of their
actions.
Messages
like
"I'm perfect if
other
people
think
I'm
perfect"
form
the
child's
rudimentary
self-image.
2. The need to
acquire
an
idealized image
of one or both
parents
- On the other
hand, this is in
contrast to the
grandiose self, as
this narcissistic
need means that
someone else is
perfect. This still
satisfies
the
narcissistic need
because
in
return the infant
adopts the “You
are perfect, but I
am part of you”
attitude.
-
ages of 16 and ●
25
months;
they yearn to
reconnect
with
their
mother on a
physical and
emotional
level.
4. Libidinal
object
- consistency, or
about
the
third year of
life. Children
must create an
internal image
of
their
mother
throughout
this period in
order to cope
with
being
physically
apart
from
her.
●
●
Heinz Kohut’s
View
Kohut
emphasized
the process by
which the self
evolves from a
vague
and
undifferentiat
ed image to a
clear
and
precise sense
John
Bowlby’s
Attachment Theory
(separation anxiety)
- He
introduced
three stages of
separation
anxiety
1. Protest stage
- When
the
caregiver is first
out of sight, the
infant
cries,
resists
reassurance
from others, and
seeks out the
caregiver.
2. Despair stage
- As
separation
continues,
infants become
quieter, sadder,
passive, listless,
and apathetic.
3. Detachment
stage
- This stage from
the name itself,
means that an
infant
will
become
emotionally
parted
from
other
people,
which includes
the
caregiver.
This stage is
●
●
of individual
identity.
He
focused on the
early motherchild
relationship as
the key to
understanding
later
development.
He believed
that
human
relatedness,
not
innate
instinctual
drives, is at the
core of human
personality.
According to
Kohut, infants
require adult
caregivers not
only to gratify
physical needs
but also to
satisfy basic
psychological
needs.
In
caring for both
physical and
psychological
needs, adults,
or selfobjects,
treat infants as
if they had a
sense of self.
The early self
becomes
crystallized
around
two
unique
for
human beings. If
time comes that
the caregiver will
return, the infant
will ignore and
avoid her.
basic
narcissistic
needs: (1) the
need to exhibit
the grandiose
self and (2) the
need
to
acquire
an
idealized
image of one
or
both
parents. The
grandioseexhibitionistic
self
is
established
when
the
infant relates
to
a
“mirroring”
selfobject who
reflects
approval of its
behavior. The
idealized
parent image
is opposed to
the grandiose
self because it
implies that
someone else
is perfect.
●
John
Bowlby’s
Attachment Theory
●
Bowlby's
attachment
theory broke
with
psychoanalytic
thought
by
beginning with
childhood and
projecting to
maturity.
Bowlby was
adamant that
early ties have
a significant
influence on
adulthood.
Bowlby
claimed that
because early
relationships
are
so
important for
later
development,
researchers
should focus
on
studying
infancy in its
own
right
rather
than
relying
on
adult
recollections
that are biased
in retrospect.
●
Mary
Ainsworth
and the Strange
Situation
●
Mary
Ainsworth
developed the
standardized
approach
known as the
odd
circumstance
in the 1970s to
study
children's
levels
of
attachment
security in the
setting
of
caregiver
interactions.
Infants
between the
ages of nine
and 18 months
are covered.
●
Group 3
Abag, Kim Abigail
Aclan, Mikaela
Maxenne
Interpersonal
Theory
Harry StackSullivan
Sullivan asserted that
an individual's feeling of
safety, sense of identity,
and the dynamics that
influence their behavior
Dynamisms were
defined by Sullivan
as
behavioral
patterns
that
construct
energy
The process
consists
of
eight sessions,
each lasting
about three
minutes,
in
which
a
mother, kid,
and stranger
are
introduced,
then
later
separated and
reunited.
Sullivan
theorized
seven
epochs
or
stages
of
development that are
crucial
to
the
According to Sullivan, all
psychological disorders
have an interpersonal
cause. Which can only be
understood by having a
With the belief that
one’s personality
develops through
interpersonal
relations, he came
Adranida, Keisha
Aguda, Kyla
Cassandra
Bautista, Louise
Gayle
Calderon, Angela
Reine
Macalalad, Marsha
Mae
Page, Elijah Anthony
are all formed by their
encounters
or
interactions
with
others. He implied that
human existence is
fundamentally social;
without it, we would be
soulless beings without
known personalities. He
further claimed that the
scientific analysis of
interpersonal
relationships is the only
way to get insight into
the human psyche.
Thus, Sullivan developed
the notion of personality
as a system of energy.
This energy becomes a
source of tension, a
potential for action that
can or cannot be
perceived consciously by
an
individual.
He
distinguished between
two primary categories
of tension as follows:
1. Needs
Tensions are induced by
a biological inequity
between a person and
their environment.
● As a result of
the
mother's
care, the infant
demonstrates a
lifelong need for
tenderness.
transformations
among individuals
that
characterize
them throughout
their
lifetime,
similar to traits and
habit patterns.
Subdivided into two
major classes, the
first is related to
specific zones of the
body such as the
mouth, anus, and
genitals and second
are
related
to
tensions which are
further
classified
into
three
categories:
the
disjunctive
dynamism, which
are the destructive
patterns of behavior
such
as
malevolence,
the
isolating
dynamism,
including behavior
patterns that are
unrelated
to
interpersonal
relations, lust as an
example, and the
conjunctive
dynamism
encompassing
beneficial behavior
patterns, such as
formation of human grasp of the patients'
personality
from social
environment.
infancy to old age.
Sullivan further stated
that every person suffers
1. Infancy
from
the
same
Infancy begins at birth deficiencies that patients
and is about age 18 to experience, albeit to a
24 months. He believed lesser extent.
that an infant receives
love and tenderness Due to the reason that
from a mother. Infants Sullivan primarily worked
cannot survive without with
schizophrenic
a mothering one that patients, his earlier
provides for their basic works therefore focused
needs. The mother- on
schizophrenia.
infant
relationship, Sullivan determined that
however, is like a two- there are two general
sided coin. The infant classes of schizophrenia.
develops
a
dual The first one being from
personification of the natural and organic
mother, seeing her causes that are unrelated
good and bad sides.
to
interpersonal
psychiatry. The second
Around mid-infancy, class
consists
of
infants begin to learn schizophrenic disorders
how to communicate based on situational
through
language. factors.
Sullivan
They develop autistic prioritized this class due
language or private to the fact that these are
language
that
is the only disorders that
unclear to others. Face may
be
responsive
expressions and the through
interpersonal
utterance of diverse psychiatry.
phonemes are the
primary means of early Loneliness, low selfcommunication. Both esteem, the uncanny
are picked up through mood,
unsatisfying
imitation,
and relationships
with
eventually, a newborn others,
and
everlearns that gestures increasing worry are
up
with
the
Sullivanian therapy
that focuses on
making an effort to
improve a patient’s
relationship with
others.
His
psychotherapy
requires a therapist
to
have
a
participant
observation
approach wherein
he/she becomes a
part of the whole
process
of
interpersonal
relationship with
the patient.
In line with this, his
proposed
interventions under
psychotherapy for
addressing personal
disorders is through
consensually
validated personal
relations. By means
of
this,
the
interventions help
the patients come
across, build up the
presence of mind,
and restore the
ability
to
participate
in
consensually
validated
experience.
This
●
●
They rely on
social
interactions
with others for
their
survival
and
psychological
well-being
through their
longing for a
mother
and
their desire for
affection.
General needs
are
an
individual's
physiological
needs
for
survival—
breathing air,
eating
food,
and
drinking
water.
Meanwhile, the
mouth, hands,
anus,
and
genitalia are all
examples
of
bodily features
that generate
zonal
needs.
The
body's
general
and
zonal needs are
interconnected
since
several
different organs
play
crucial
roles
in
satisfying them.
intimacy and self- and spoken sounds
system.
mean the same thing
as they do to other
1. Malevolence
people. The end of
As Sullivan noted infancy
and
the
the
need
of beginning of syntaxic
mothering care in language are both
the
form
of marked
by
this
tenderness, the lack communication.
and ignorance of it
can
result
in 2. Childhood
Malevolent
Childhood begins with
behavior. This is the the development of
disjunctive
syntaxic language and
dynamism of evil continues to extend
and hatred, denoted one’s
interpersonal
by the feeling of relationships outside
living among one’s of the immediate
enemies. Occurring family to peers (friends
at ages 2 or 3, when and playmates).
physical pain or
reproving remarks The mother continues
are
utilized
to to be the most
control a child’s important
other
behavior, they will person throughout this
learn to inhibit their stage. The child's
expression of the perception of the
need for tenderness, mother is now more in
and in turn adopt a line with the "actual"
malevolent attitude mother as the two
to
protect personifications
of
themselves, giving mother have been
rise to timidity and combined into one.
cruelty as well as
asocial or antisocial Children also have one
behavior.
other
significant
relationship, besides
2. Intimacy
from their parents.
A
conjunctive Sullivan referred to this
dynamism
that as
an
imaginary
characteristics
of
dissociated
reactions,
which
frequently
precedes schizophrenia.
Like
everyone
else,
people with detached
personalities work to
reduce
anxiety
by
creating a complex selfsystem that filters out
experiences
that
comprise their safety.
While normal individuals
feel no threats to the
security
of
their
interpersonal relations
and do not need to rely
on dissociation to protect
their
self-esteem,
individuals that are
mentally
disturbed
dissociate
their
experiences from their
self-system. If this type of
method persists, these
people will continue to
develop
parataxic
distortions
while
decreasing consensually
validated experiences.
refers
to
the
involvement of two
or more persons
who more or less
agree.
It aims to exhibit
patients’ difficulties
in relating to others
and provide them
with
an
environment where
they
can
comfortably deal
and communicate
with other people
without
feeling
anxious.
Furthermore, the
theory
proposed
that face to face
relationship
between therapist
and patients is the
therapeutic
ingredient in the
process. Although
this has been said,
therapists
avoid
themselves to have
a personal feeling
or get personally
involved with the
patients. For and
foremost, this type
of
activity
is
unethical when it
comes to therapies
between the doctor
2. Anxiety
Unified, vague, and less
likely
to
initiate
consistent alleviation
activities.
● The act of
showing
empathy
likewise extends
from the parent
to the child. If
the parent or
caregiver
is
anxious,
the
infant will be,
too. It may
affect
a
person's
life
because
it
disrupts
interpersonal
ties.
● Unlike
other
forms
of
tension, it leads
to
responses
that make it
more probable
that
the
anxious person
will repeat the
same mistakes,
remain fixated
on
an
unrealistic goal
of
absolute
safety, and fail
to mature due
occurs in the stage
of
puberty,
developing a more
specific
and
interpersonally
close relationship
than
tenderness.
This is primarily
experienced by two
people of equal
status, who both
culminate
loving
reactions
that
decrease
anxiety
and
loneliness,
giving way to the
creation
of
a
beneficial
behavioral pattern.
3. Lust
Usually
manifested as
an autoerotic
behavior, lust
becomes
an
isolating
tendency which
is
prominent
during
adolescence.
When
a
person’s
attempt
of
lustful activity,
others
may
reject this and
would
soon
result in
a
reduction
of
playmate, who offers
an opportunity to
interact with “other
people”.
Sullivan referred to the
period
of
rapid
acculturation as a
process for children to
adapt to different
cultural patterns such
as cleanliness and
eating habits. They
also
learn
about
dramatizations
and
preoccupations.
Dramatizations
are
attempts to sound or
behave like important
authorities,
often
parents.
Preoccupations
are
coping
mechanisms
that keep people from
engaging in situations
that might otherwise
make them anxious or
fearful.
3. Juvenile Era
The juvenile era begins
with the appearance of
the need for peers of
equal status. Sullivan
believed that a child
should
learn
to
compete, compromise,
and cooperate.
and
patient.
Therapists
are
considered to be the
experts in helping
deal
with
the
difficulties of a
patient's
interpersonal
relations.
Thus,
“friendship is not a
condition
of
Psychotherapy.”
Considering all this,
the purpose of all
behavior is to have
needs met through
interpersonal
interactions and to
decrease or avoid
anxiety.
●
to
life
experiences.
Anxiety
is
unsettling;
therefore,
it
stands
to
reason
that
most
individuals
would rather be
in a state of
euphoria,
where there is
no tension or
worry.
Personality, aside from
tensions, may also take
the form of energy
transformations,
actions through which a
person fulfills their own
needs and experiences
less anxiety. It has been
hypothesized
and
indicated
that
a
person's
level
of
emotional health is
directly related to the
degree to which their
needs for satisfaction
and safety are met and
balanced.
Moreover, an infant's
first several months are
spent creating mental
images of their parents
and themselves since
they have no true
self-esteem. It is
a self-centered
desire that may
be met in the
absence of a
close
interpersonal
interaction. Lust
is
purely
motivated by
sexual
enjoyment and
requires
no
other person to
be satisfied.
A child should have
acquired
an
orientation to life by
the end of the juvenile
stage that makes it
simpler to regularly
manage
anxiety,
satisfy zonal and
tenderness needs, and
form objectives based
on
memory
and
foresight.
This
orientation
toward
living readies a person
for
deeper
interpersonal
4. Self-System relationships to follow
If Freud has its (Sullivan, 1953b).
defense
mechanisms, and 4. Preadolescence
Alder
has
its Preadolescence begins
safeguarding
at age 8 ½ and ends
tendencies, Sullivan with adolescence. This
believes that each stage is a time for
person has a self- intimacy with one
system
which particular
person.
maintains
a Sullivan called this
personal
security process of becoming a
that protects them social being the “quiet
from anxiety. This is miracle
of
developed at about preadolescence”,
a
12 to 18 months of likely reference to the
age and children personality
associate
which transformation
he
behaviors increase experienced during his
or decrease their preadolescence.
anxiety. As the selfsystem
is
the Intimacy and love
principal stumbling become
the
block to favorable foundation
of
concept of who their
mother is or who they
are. We refer to these
images
as
personifications, and
they may often be at
odds with one another.
Depending on one's
diverse needs and
anxieties, some may be
accurate, while a few
may
be
grossly
distorted.
Sullivan identified the
three
basic
child
personifications
that
emerge
throughout
infancy:
1. The Bad-Mother
An infant's negative
associations with the
bad nipple that does not
adequately fulfill the
infant's
hunger
demands give rise to
this personification. This
metaphor realistically
depicts a child's abstract
idea when they are not
getting enough to eat.
2. The Good-Mother
A child acquires them
after internalizing a
negative conception of
mothers based on their
rearing and cooperative
demeanor. On the
contrary,
Sullivan
changes
in
personality, it can
serve as a signal to a
person’s increasing
anxiety or hinder
them
from
experiencing
anxiety-filled
situations
thus
making the selfsystem
resist
change.
friendships
during
preadolescence.
According to Sullivan,
love exists “when the
satisfaction or the
security of another
person becomes as
significant to one as is
one’s satisfaction or
security”.
Any interpersonal
situations can be
subject to contrary
to one’s self-regard
and this threatens
their security. With
the
means
of
security operations,
it reduces anxiety
which can endanger
our self-esteem.
Sullivan believed that
this stage is the most
untroubled
and
carefree time of life.
Experiences are crucial
for
the
future
development
of
personality.
It
is
possible to correct
mistakes made in
earlier
stages
of
development during
preadolescence, but it
is more challenging to
do so in later stages.
One kind of security
operation
is
dissociation. When
a person refuses
some
impulses,
desires, and needs
to
enter
their
awareness
this
becomes
dissociated. Foreign
experiences
also
belong to this and
dissociation
continues
to
5. Early Adolescence
Early
adolescence
begins
at
an
individual’s
puberty
and ends with the
longing for romantic
love with one person. It
is characterized by the
emergence of lustful
connections and the
explosion of genital
attraction.
argues that a bad
mother image and a
good mother image
might easily coexist in
the same individual,
giving the impression of
a
multifaceted
character.
3. Me Personification
A child's concept of selfpersonification consists
of the bad-me, goodme, and not-me that
they develop through
time.
● Bad-me
The
children
learn that they
are bad through
repeated
exposure
to
negative
reinforcements
in the form of
disapproval and
punishments,
but not so much
that
they
become entirely
dissociated and
unattended to
some aspects. It
manifests
through social
interactions in
which
others
teach
newborns,
often the bad
influence
one’s The desire for intimacy
personality on an attained during the
unconscious level.
previous stage persists
during this stage.
Another type of However, it is now
security operation joined with a rival,
focuses on focal distinct need known as
awareness and is lust.
Because
called
selective closeness, desire, and
inattention. With security
frequently
this, we refuse to clash
with
one
see the things we do another, the early
not wish to see. It is teenager has been
triggered by our stressed out and in
attempts to not conflict in at least
attend
to three different ways.
experiences that are First, desire disrupts
not
harmonious security
operations
with our existing because the genital
self-system.
activity is typically
Selective
associated with worry,
inattention plays a shame,
and
vital
role
in embarrassment.
determining which Second, intimacy can
elements of our compromise security,
experiences will be as is the case when
seen or attended young
adolescents
and which will be form close ties with
ignored or denied.
teenagers of different
genders.
These
endeavors have a high
risk of failure due to
self-doubt, ambiguity,
and rejection from
others which may
result in anxiety. Third,
throughout the early
stages of adolescence,
intimacy and lust
usually clash. Strong
●
●
mother,
that
they
are
terrible.
Good-me
They
are
developed as a
result of an
infant's
increased
experience of
praise
and
positive
reinforcement.
When
young
children display
compassion and
adoration from
their
good
mothers, they
no
longer
experience an
uncomfortable
sense of worry.
Not-me
Experiencing
abrupt, intense
anxiety
may
have created
this
personification
by making them
avoid situations
that
trigger
their anxiety.
These events,
which
may
emerge
in
dreams,
schizophrenic
episodes,
or
genital tensions seek
release
without
respect
for
the
intimacy requirement,
even when personal
connections with peers
of the same status are
still
vital.
Early
adolescence is the
turning
point
in
personality
development
as
Sullivan believed. The
person either enters
this stage in control of
the
dynamics
of
intimacy and desire, or
experiences significant
interpersonal
challenges in later
stages.
6. Late Adolescence
Young
individuals
enter late adolescence
when they experience
lust and intimacy for
the same person, and it
ends
when
they
become adults and
have a committed love
relationship.
Late
adolescence refers to
the phase of selfdiscovery
when
teenagers are figuring
out
their
genital
behavior preferences,
which often occurs
during the secondary
other
dissociative
responses, are
denied
and
disregarded so
that they do not
become part of
the
not-me
persona.
Eidetic personification,
in which children create
fictitious attributes or
imaginary friends to
protect their sense of
self-worth. Most adults,
not just infants, are
susceptible to this
tendency to attribute
invented
traits
to
others.
They make it difficult for
individuals
to
understand one another
and
hinder
their
communication ability.
school
years,
or
between the ages of 15
and 17 or 18.
Late adolescence is
distinguished by the
union of intimacy and
lust. It is also primarily
determined
by
interpersonal
relations. This is when
the early adolescents'
disturbed attempts at
self-discovery, develop
into
a
consistent
pattern of sexual
behavior in which the
partner is also the
target
of
lusty
attention.
The
attraction for persons
of the opposite gender
is shifting away from
their exclusivity as sex
objects but towards
their capacity for
unconditional love. A
developing
syntaxic
mode is a sign of
successful
late
adolescence
where
late adolescents start
sharing ideas with
others and having their
thoughts and opinions
acknowledged
or
rejected.
With
a
successful progression
through the early
phases of this stage,
they also learn from
others how to live in
the adult world.
7. Adulthood
When late adolescence
is
successfully
completed, a person
enters
adulthood,
which is a stage when
they can start a love
connection with at
least one important
other
person.
Regarding this love
relationship, Sullivan
stated that “this really
highly
developed
intimacy with another
is not the principal
business of life, but is,
perhaps, the principal
source of satisfaction
in life”
Sullivan believed that
mature adulthood was
outside the purview of
interpersonal
psychiatry. He also
believed that adults
who have reached
adulthood are aware
of the needs, security,
and worry of others.
Moreover, they mostly
function
at
the
syntactic level and are
fascinated by life.
Group 4
Bacay, Joanne L.
Balason, Lee Axl C.
Malabanan, Darla
Pauline R.
Malabuyoc,
Monalisa N.
Nevero, Connie Rose
C.
Solomon, Jhon Ivan
D.
Humanistic
Psychoanalysis
Fromm
Fromm’s most basic
assumption is that
individual personality
can be understood only
in light of human
history.
He
believed
that
humans experience a
“human dilemma,” or
the acquired facility to
reason, because they
have been separated
from their prehistoric
union with nature and
yet have the capacity to
be aware of themselves
as isolated beings.
Fromm stated that
rooted in people’s very
existence, “existential
dichotomies” occur and
humans can only react
to these dichotomies
relative to their culture
and
individual
personalities:
1. Between
life
and death - the
first and most
fundamental
existential
dichotomy
Self-awareness
and
reason tell us that we
will die, but we try to
In
addition
to
physiological
or
animal
needs,
people
are
motivated by five
distinctively human
needs
—
relatedness,
transcendence,
rootedness, a sense
of identity, and a
frame
of
orientation. These
needs have evolved
from
human
existence
as
a
searate species and
are
aimed
at
moving
people
toward a reunion
with the natural
world.
Fromm
believed that the
lack of satisfaction
of any of these
needs is unbearable
and
results
in
insanity.
Thus,
people are strongly
driven to fulfill
them in some way
or another, either
positively
or
negatively.
These
existential
needs
have
emerged during the
evolution of human
culture, growing out
of their attempts to
Fromm is classified as a
neo-Freudian because
he
progressively
elaborated and refined
his ideas on a number
of central themes. In
the
psychosexual
theory of character
development, Fromm
accepted
Freud's
clinical description of
personality
orientations. Two of
these characters are
anal
and
oralreceptive. Although he
accepted both of these
ideas, Fromm rejected
the libido theory as an
explanation
for
character
development
(Maccoby, 1980).
According to Fromm,
the development of
character
enabled
people to satisfy their
needs for physical
survival, the need to be
emotionally related to
others for defense,
work,
material
possessions,
sexual
satisfaction,
play,
childrearing, and the
transmission
of
knowledge (Maccoby,
1980). However, the
aforementioned
According to Fromm’s
theory,
abnormal
behavior could manifest
from
either
“Mechanisms of Escape”
or from “Personality
Disorders.”
“With time I came
to see that my
boredom stemmed
from the fact that I
was not in touch
with the life of my
patients” (Fromm,
1986, p. 106).
Mechanisms of Escape Fromm was trained
involves the following as an orthodox
Freudian
analyst
behaviors:
but became bored
with
standard
1. Authoritarianis
m - tendency to analytic techniques.
give up the He evolved his own
independence of system of therapy,
one’s
own called humanistic
individual
self psychoanalysis.
and to fuse one’s
self
with • Compared with
somebody
or Freud, Fromm was
much
more
something
outside oneself, concerned with the
in
order
to interpersonal
of
a
acquire strength aspects
which
the therapeutic
individual
is encounter.
lacking.
2. Destructiveness • Goals of Fromm’s
- an attempt to Psychotherapy:
restore
lost
➢ To
work
feelings of power
toward
by eliminating
satisfaction
others.
of the 5
3. Conformity - an
basic
attempt
to
human
escape a sense of
needs
aloneness and
(relatednes
isolation
by
negate this dichotomy
by postulating life after
death, an attempt that
does not alter the fact
that our lives end with
death.
2. Humans
are
capable
of
conceptualizing
the goal of
complete selfrealization, but
we also are
aware that life
is too short to
reach that goal.
Some people try to solve
this
dichotomy
by
assuming that their own
historical period is the
crowning achievement
of humanity, while
others postulate a
continuation
of
development
after
death.
3. People
are
ultimately
alone, yet we
cannot tolerate
isolation.
They are aware of
themselves as separate
individuals, and at the
same time, they believe
that their happiness
find an answer to
their
existence and to
avoid
becoming
insane.
1. Relatednes
s
- The drive
for union
with
another
person or
persons.
Fromm
proposed
three
primary
ways
for
people to
relate to the
world: (1)
submission,
(2) power,
and (3) love.
2. Transcende
nce
- Humans are
motivated
by
the
desire for
transcende
nce, which
is defined as
the desire
to
move
beyond a
passive and
accidental
existence
human development
(in terms of character)
was
not
further
elaborated in Fromm’s
theory as progressive
stages from infancy to
old age.
References:
giving up their
individuality and
becoming what
other
people
desire them to
be.
Personality Disorders on
the other hand could
Maccoby, M. (1980). manifest as:
Erich
Fromm.
Biographical
1. Necrophilia
Supplement of the
love of death.
International
They behave in a
Encyclopedia of the
destructive
Social Sciences, New
manner
and
York 1980. pp. 215build their lives
220.
around death,
destruction,
Nickerson, C. (2022,
disease,
and
March
08).
decay.
Contributions of Erich
2. Malignant
Fromm to Psychology.
Narcissism
Simply
Psychology.
Impediment of
www.simplypsycholog
one’s perception
y.org/Erichof reality by
Fromm.html
overvaluing self
and devaluing
others.
Their
sense of worth
depends on their
narcissistic
image and not
on
their
achievements,
3. Incestuous
Symbiosis
extreme
dependence on
s,
transcende
nce,
rootedness,
sense
of
identity,
and frame
of
orientation
).
➢ For patients
to come to
know
themselves.
• Therapy should be
built on a personal
relationship
between a therapist
and patient.
• Therapist tries to
accomplish
the
psychotherapy
through
shared
communication
(asking patients to
reveal their dreams)
in
which
the
therapist is simply a
human being rather
than a scientist.
•
In
addition,
Fromm examined
historical
documents in order
to
sketch
a
psychological
depends on uniting with
their fellow human
beings.
In Fromm’s theory,
personality is reflected
in one’s character
orientation
—
a
person’s
relatively
permanent way of
relating to people and
things.
Fromm (1992) believed
that character is a
substitute for instincts.
Instead
of
acting
according
to
their
instincts, people act
according to their
character; people can
relate to things and to
people
either
nonproductively
or
productively.
People can acquire
things through any one
of four nonproductive
orientations:
(1)
receiving
things
passively; (2) exploiting,
or taking things through
force; (3) hoarding
objects;
and
(4)
marketing
or
exchanging
things.
However, the basic
and
into
"the
domain of
purposefuln
ess
and
freedom."
Transcende
nce can be
attained
through
either
positive or
negative
means.
People can
overcome
their inertia
by
either
producing
or
destroying
life.
3. Rootedness
- A
third
existential
need
is
rootedness,
or the need
to
build
roots or feel
at home in
the world
again.
Humans
lost
their
place in the
natural
world when
they
emerged as
the mother or
mother
surrogate;
exaggerated
version of the
benign mother
fixation.
portrait
of
a
prominent person,
a technique called
psychohistory or
psychobiography.
➔ Syndrome
of
Decay - a person
that possesses
all
three
personality
disorders
mentioned
above.
According to his
psychohistory of
Hitler, he regarded
Hitler
as
the
embodiment of the
syndrome of decay.
For the reason that
Hitler was attracted
to
death
and
destruction
(necrophilia),
narrowly focused
on
self-interests
(malignant
narcissism)
and
driven
by
an
incestuous devotion
to the Germanic
“race”,
being
fanatically
dedicated
to
preventing its blood
from being polluted
by Jews and other
“non-Aryans”
(incestuous
symbiosis).
However,
in
Fromm’s analysis,
human dilemma: that is,
to unite with the world
and with others while
retaining
uniqueness
and individuality, can be
solved only through (1)
productive work, (2)
love,
and
(3)
thought/reasoning —
the three dimensions of
productive orientation.
Fromm (1947) believed
that healthy people rely
on some combination of
all
five
character
orientations.
Their
survival as healthy
individuals depends on
their ability to receive
things
from
other
people, to take things
when appropriate, to
preserve things, to
exchange things, and to
work, love, and think
productively.
a separate
species. At
the same
time, their
ability
to
think
enabled
them
to
recognize
that they
lacked
a
home and
roots. The
feelings of
isolation
and
powerlessn
ess
that
resulted
were
intolerable.
4. Sense
of
Identity The fourth
human
need is for a
feeling of
identity, or
the ability
to recognize
oneself as a
distinct
being.
People
would lose
their sanity
if they did
not have a
sense
of
identity,
all
these
characteristics did
not make Hitler
psychotic, instead
made him a sick and
dangerous
man.
Fromm (1973) then
concluded
his
psychohistory with
these words: “Any
analysis that would
distort
Hitler’s
picture by depriving
him of his humanity
would only intensify
the tendency to be
blind
to
the
potential
Hitlers
unless they wear
horns” (p. 433).
and
this
threat gives
a
great
motive to
try nearly
everything
to gain a
sense
of
identity.
5. Frame of
Orientation
- A
final
human
need is for a
frame
of
orientation.
Being split
off
from
nature,
humans
need a road
map,
a
frame
of
orientation,
to
make
their way
through the
world.
Without
such a map,
humans
would be
“confused
and unable
to
act
purposefull
y
and
consistently
” (Fromm,
1973,
p.
Group 5
Abarintos, Edimae
Calingasan, Mark
Joel
Carag, Gladys
Post-Freudian
Theory
Erik H. Erikson
Erikson suffered several
personal identity crises
and
developed
a
personality theory in
230).
A
frame
of
orientation
enables
people to
organize
the various
stimuli that
impinge on
them.
People who
possess a
solid frame
of
orientation
can make
sense
of
these
events and
phenomena
, but those
who lack a
reliable
frame
of
orientation
will,
nevertheles
s, strive to
put these
events into
some sort of
framework
in order to
make sense
of them.
Regarding
the
structure
and
dynamics
of
personality, Erikson
upholds
Freud’s
Erik Erikson's idea
concentrated on the
eight phases of life that
occur
from
early
childhood to late
People
with
schizophrenia
and
chronic illnesses may
have difficulty navigating
the Eriksonian stages of
Erikson’s
assessment
methods were play
therapy,
Castilo, Carol
Conje, Lorylyn
Coral, Abigail
Holgado, Heart Rae
Vilches, Miaka
which the search for
identity plays a major
role. He built on Freud’s
theory by elaborating
on the developmental
stages, emphasizing the
ego over the id, and
recognizing the impact
on
personality
of
culture, society, and
history.
Erikson’s
Theory
maintained
that
personality develops in
a predetermined order
through the
eight
stages of psychosocial
development,
from
infancy to adulthood.
The stages
follows:
are
as
Stage 1: Trust vs.
Mistrust
Stage 2: Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs.
Guilt
Stage 4:Industry vs.
Inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs.
Confusion
Stage 6: Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Stage 7: Generativity vs.
Stagnation
view and agrees
with him about the
tripartite system of
the mind. But, as to
personality
development,
he
deviates
from
Freud’s idea of
psychosexual stages
of
libido
development. This is
also contrary to
Freud's theory of
psychosexual
stages.
Erikson's
theory defines the
consequences
of
social interaction
over the course of a
person's life. He was
fascinated by how
human engagement
and
connections
influenced human
growth
and
progress. Erikson's
different stages of
life are based on an
epigenetic principle,
a term borrowed
from embryology.
The idea which is
established through
a
predefined
progression of our
personal character,
and
that
our
environment,
surrounding, and
culture
influence
adulthood. Since his
theory is impacted by
his experiences in
developing it, it has
tremendously clarified
how people perceive or
behave on stages.
Erikson’s psychosocial
stages made explicit
the social dimension
that was implied in
Freud’s work. Each of
Erikson’s stages was
established around an
emotional conflict that
people encounter at
certain critical periods.
His
stages
were
epigenetic,
progressing
in
a
cumulative
fashion.
Each stage provided
opportunities for a
basic ego strength, or
virtue, to grow.
Trust versus mistrust is
the emotional duality
that corresponds to
Freud’s oral stage. It
leads
to
the
development of hope.
Autonomy
versus
shame and doubt
marks
the
analmuscular stage and
culminates in will. The
phallic
stage
is
characterized
by
development.
Erik
Erikson created the
psychosocial
stage
theory, which describes
how
people
move
through several phases
as they age. Erikson's
theory also may have an
impact
on
adult
treatment
for
schizophrenia. In his fifth
stages,where
it
is
signified by "identity
versus role confusion,"
which
occurs
in
adolescence.It is notable
that this stage coincides
with the period of life
during which people can
develop schizophrenia.
Due to the advent of
mental illness, this stage
may be badly navigated,
which would compromise
the proper completion of
this
developmental
stage's goals. This may
compromise the fidelity
aim connected with this
level.
The
person
suffering from a mental
illness
could
feel
alienated,
which
prevents them from
being exposed to many
options and perspectives
about themselves. As a
result, he or she may
consider themselves as
mentally sick, which
anthropological
studies, and
psychohistorical
analysis.
His
research relied on
case studies. There
is considerable
research support
for the first six
stages
of
psychosocial
development and
for the concept of
ego
identity.
However,
the
identity crisis may
occur later than
Erikson
believed,
and
attending college
may
delay
resolution of the
crisis.
Other
research confirms
the importance of
developing a sense
of trust early in life,
and the benefi ts
of generativity in
middle age. Among
minority-group
members,
the
formation of
ethnic identity in
adolescence may
affect
the
development of ego
identity and infl
uence subsequent
behavior. The Cross
Stage 8: Integrity vs.
Despair
In each stage, the
individual experiences a
psychosocial
crisis
which could have a
positive or negative
outcome for personality
development.
Erikson’s stages are
epigenetic (from the
Greek
words
epi,
“upon,” and genesis,
“emergence”):
One
stage develops on top of
another in a sequential
and
hierarchical
pattern.
At each successive level
the human personality
becomes more complex.
Erikson stressed the
prospective features of
the life cycle, and he
amended the logic of
psychoanalysis so that
early events are seen
not only in terms of their
contributions to later
development but also as
themselves directed by
potentials that do not
flower until later.
Each of the eight stages
entails its own life crisis,
how we proceed
through all these
phases. He rather
agrees with Alfred
Adler’s concept of
ego development
which gives a man
his identity. Like
Adler’s,
Erikson’s
theory applies to
numerous
points
across
the
life
course. Adler and
Erikson agree that
we all make active
contributions
to
growing
our
personality
by
understanding who
we are and who we
want to become.
initiative versus guilt.
The ego strength that
emerges at this time is
purpose.
Industry
versus inferiority is the
hallmark of the latency
period, whose ego
strength
is
competence. Erikson
subdivided the genital
stage into four stages.
The primary duality
during adolescence is
ego identity versus role
confusion. The virtue
developed at this time
is fidelity. Intimacy
versus isolation
is
characteristic of young
adulthood and leads to
the emergence of love.
The middle years are
characterized by a
conflict of generativity
versus stagnation; the
ego strength that
emerges is care. The
final stage is marked
by ego integrity versus
despair, and the ego
strength is wisdom.
could be the most
important aspect of their
identity and add to their
sense of stigmatization.
Those two latter stages
of Erikson may take place
when the schizophrenic
first develops mental
illness; it is obvious that
he or she may require
assistance throughout
this period of time. This is
true regardless of how
well he or she completes
the assignments for
these latter two phases.
In reality, all of the stages
that the individual is
expected to navigate
may be damaged by
psychosis, including the
last
stages
of
"generativity
vs
stagnation" and "ego
integrity
versus
despair."In fact, the
Eriksonian
paradigm
could not accurately
reflect how the mentally
ill
develop.
The
schizophrenic may have
developmental
regression as a result of
his or her psychosis, not
just issues in early stages
of
development.
However, it is evident
that by studying a
divergent
view
of
development in light of
Racial
Identity
Model
describes
four stages
in the development
of a psychologically
healthy adolescent
Black
identity.
Gender
preference identity
may also affect
characteristics of
ego identity. People
who have conflicts
about their gender
preference appear
to
be
less
psychologically
healthy
than people who
experience no such
confl ict.
a crucial period in which
the individual cannot
avoid a decisive turn
one way or the other.
Each stage also provides
new opportunities for
particular
ego
strengths, or basic
virtues, to develop.
These psychosocial
gains result from the
ego’s
successful
adaptation
to
its
environment and must
be nurtured
and
reaffirmed
continuously (see also
Berk & Andersen, 2000;
Green,
Richardson,
Lago, &
Schatten-Jones, 2001;
Pinquart & Sorensen,
2001; Roberts & Del
Vecchio, 2000).
the
impact
of
psychopathology
on
these
developmental
stages, these stages may
help us comprehend the
psychopathology of the
mentally ill.As previously
mentioned,
however,
schizophrenia's impact
on the psychosocial self
can make schizophrenic
people regress to a more
basic
level
of
psychosocial functioning.
Despite the validity of the
theory, this may rule out
the claim that a young
child's poor negotiation
of the "trust versus
mistrust" stage and the
"autonomy versus shame
and doubt" stage may
result in a later-life
adult's poor negotiation
of the "identity versus
role confusion" stage and
the "intimacy versus
isolation" stage. Another
viable
theory
of
psychosocial functioning
in adult schizophrenics is
that of regression as a
result
of
mental
disease.Stressing
psychosocial
development may assist
to lessen some of the
psychopathological
symptoms
of
schizophrenia because
social participation is
helpful, if not curative,
for
major
mental
diseases
like
schizophrenia. In the end,
employing the Eriksonian
stages as a paradigm for
psychotherapy may offer
a significant foundation
for
work
with
schizophrenics
that
surpasses basic social
skills instruction.