Exam 4 Practice Questions
Renal
1. In which part of the kidney does the ultrafiltrate, which ultimately becomes urine, originate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule
Peritubular capillary
Macula densa
Renal pelvis
2. In which part of the nephron is the majority of sodium reabsorbed?
3. Which of the following will occur upon constriction of the renal afferent arteriole?
A. Decrease PGC, decrease GFR, decrease RBF.
B. Decrease PGC, increase GFR, decrease RBF.
C. Decrease PGC, decrease GFR, increase RBF.
D. Increase PGC, decrease GFR, increase RBF.
E. Increase PGC, increase GFR, decrease RBF.
4. If a patient develops potassium depletion due to the consumption of a low potassium diet,
which of the following is true in regard to the renal handling of potassium?
A. Potassium would be secreted in the proximal tubule.
B. 67% of the filtered potassium will be reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.
C. The distal tubule will secrete potassium.
D. The distal tubule will reabsorb potassium.
5. The major mechanism underlying the response of the kidney during hypocalcemia is which
of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
PTH-induced stimulation of Ca2+ reabsorption
Vitamin D-induced stimulation of Ca2+ secretion
PTH-induced stimulation of Ca2+ secretion
Vitamin D-induced inhibition of Ca2+ reabsorption
6. A well-hydrated patient with normal kidneys is producing a hypotonic urine. This patient is
then given an injection of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that causes maximal urine concentration
(1200 mOsm/L). It is accurate to conclude that the injected ADH caused which of the following?
A. A dramatic increase in the activity of the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport pumps
in the ascending thick limbs of Henle’s loops.
B. A maximal decrease in the late distal tubule water permeability.
C. A maximal increase in collecting duct water permeability.
D. Insertion of additional Na+-K+-ATPase proteins in the basolateral membrane.
7. A 17-year-old male presents with a 3-day history of vomiting and diarrhea. He has postural
hypotension and poor tissue turgor and is severely dehydrated, with a serum sodium of 130
mEq/L (normal = 135-145 mEq/L). Which of the following additional findings is most likely?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Decreased serum aldosterone
Increased serum ANP
Increased ECF volume
Increased ADH
Very dilute urine
8. Consider the following data from a patient and then answer the question that follows.




Capillary hydrostatic pressure = 30 mmHg
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 0 mmHg
Plasma oncotic pressure = 25 mmHg
Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure = 0 mmHg
Based on these data, one can most accurately conclude that
A.
B.
C.
D.
Net filtration will occur across this capillary
Net absorption will occur across this capillary
No net fluid movement will occur across this capillary
Excessive albumin leakage is occurring across this capillary
9. What is a direct effect of aldosterone on the late distal tubule and collecting ducts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Decreased sodium reabsorption
Decreased hydrogen secretion
Increased bicarbonate reabsorption
Decreased chloride reabsorption
Increased potassium excretion
10. Respiratory compensation for an acidotic state (i.e. pH < 7.4) involves which of the
following?
A. Inhibition of respiratory centers in the brain
B. Decreased rate and depth of breathing
C. Exhaling more CO2 than normal
D. Excreting more bicarbonate than normal
11. Given the following data, identify the acid base disturbance present.
pH
pCO2
PO2
HCO3-
7.2
80 mmHg
90 mmHg
30 mEq/L
(7.35-7.45)
(33-45)
(75-105)
(22-28)
________________________
12. Given the following data, identify the acid base disturbance present.
pH
pCO2
PO2
HCO3-
7.6
48 mmHg
90 mmHg
44 mEq/L
(7.35-7.45)
(33-45)
(75-105)
(22-28)
________________________
13. After being found unconscious on a popular Camelback Mountain hiking trail, a severely
dehydrated female presents to the ED. An intravenous drip of isotonic NaCl solution was
supposed to be started, but by mistake, a drip of pure water was initiated. Which of the
following will happen if this is left uncorrected?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Erythrocytes will shrink and not effectively carry oxygen
Plasma osmolality will rise above 290 mOsm
Erythrocytes will swell and possibly lyse
Plasma osmolality will remain isosmotic
There will be no ramifications because of this mistake
14. The secretion of hydrogen in the proximal tubule is associated with which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Excretion of potassium
Excretion of chloride
Reabsorption of calcium
Reabsorption of sodium
Reabsorption of phosphate
15. Using the diagram of a nephron to answer the following question. In the presence of ADH,
which part of the nephron becomes more permeable to water?
Gastrointestinal
1. The following data is most consistent with which specific digestive period?



A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Stimulated by distention
Neural reflex causes release of acetylcholine
Primary event is release of hydrochloric acid
Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
Colonic phase
Interdigestive phase
2. During the intestinal phase of digestion, chyme in the duodenum will stimulate the
release of which of the following that will lead to a reduction in gastric acid secretion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Gastrin
Histamine
Cholecystokinin
Acetylcholine
3. A substance that is secreted from endocrine cells of the GI tract, enters the systemic
circulation and acts on a target cell some distance away is called which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Neurocrine
Paracrine
Hormone
Vitamin
Mineral
4. Which of the following types of motilities is found in the stomach?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Segmentation
Peristalsis
Haustration
Mass movements
5. Which of the following is released from mucous cells in the stomach and serves as a
lubricant in GI tract?
A.
B.
C.
D.
HCl
HCO3Mucin
NaCl
6. Which of the following is released when pH falls below 3 and acts to inhibit gastric acid
secretion from parietal cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Gastrin
HCO3Mucin
NaCl
Somatostatin
Histamine
7. Which of the following is absorbed by the small intestine utilizing Na+ cotransport?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Glucose
Amino acids
Glucose and amino acids
Triglycerides
Glucose, amino acids and triglycerides
8. Which of the following is absorbed only after formation of soluble complexes with bile
salts secreted from the liver?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates and proteins
D. Lipids
E. Carbohydrates, proteins and triglycerides
9. Absorption of Vitamin B12 absolutely requires which of the following from the stomach?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Gastrin
CCK
Secretin
Vitamin A
Intrinsic Factor
10. Long chain fatty acids absorbed by the intestinal mucosa cells reach the blood in the
form of which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Monoglycerides
Diglycerides
Micelles
Chylomicrons
Free fatty acids
Aging Practice Questions
1. Where is aging the most obvious (i.e. visible) in humans?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Skin and hair
GI system
Body composition
Respiratory system
Muscular system
2. Which of the following is found in hair follicles and decreases with age, causing the hair
to turn gray?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Acetylcholine
Melanin
Melatonin
cAMP
cGMP
3. An otherwise healthy 75-year-old female isn’t eating as much as she did when she was
younger and is also using quite a lot of condiments to flavor her food. Which of the
following age-dependent changes occurs in the GI system that likely affects her dietary
habits now?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Increased saliva production
Increased peristalsis
Increased gastric acidity
Decreased taste sensation
4. An otherwise healthy 60-year-old is diagnosed with presbyopia. What does this
specifically mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The lens of the eye grows thinner.
He has distorted color vision, particularly for red hues.
He can’t focus on near objects as well anymore.
He has decreased eye secretions.
5. Which of the following is considered to be a stochastic theory in regards to the cause of
aging?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Oxygen free radicals
Telomere shortening
Programmed senescence
Hormonal
Immunologic
6. Consider three patient profiles:
1. A newborn girl
2. A seventy-year-old, average weight male
3. A forty-year-old obese male, 150 pounds overweight
Which of the following statements is true regarding body water percentage in these individuals?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Patient 1 will have the greatest percent body water
Patient 2 will have the greatest percent body water
Patient 3 will have the greatest percent body water
All patients will have equivalent percentages of body water
Patients 1 and 3 will have nearly equal percent body water