UNIT 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy • Presented by Ms N.N Haukongo Define the following concepts Anatomy • The study of the body structure from the cellular level through to the body’s external surface. Anatomy examines the cells and tissues of the body, the systems of the body, the joints, movements and biomechanics of the human body, Microscopic anatomy • Is a branch of anatomy that relies on the use of microscopes to examine the smallest structures of the body, tissues, cells and molecules. Gross anatomy • Refers to the study of body structures that are large enough to be examined without the aid of magnifying devices. Systemic anatomy • Evaluates the body by defined systems e.g. respiratory , nervous Regional anatomy • Focuses on specific regions of the body e.g. head or chest and how different systems work together in the region. Surface anatomy • Also known as superficial or visual anatomy. • Is the study of the external features of the body. Radiological anatomy • The study of the body and its organs and tissue through radiographic films Surgical anatomy • The application of anatomical knowledge to surgical diagnosis and treatment Anatomical pathology • Is the study of organs and tissues to determine the causes and effects of a particular disease Embryology or developmental anatomy • The study of the structural changes of an individual form fertilization to adulthood Anthropology • Is the study of human biological variation and evolution Comparative anatomy • Is the study of similarities in the anatomical structures of different species Applied anatomy • The study of the body structures to determine how they influence the body’s performance and it’s susceptibility to diseases Statistical anatomy • Study that provide crucial insight in anatomical processes, records of variations are kept Describe the following anatomical position of a human body • Standard anatomical position refers to the specific body orientation used when describing an individual’s anatomy. • The body is in the upright position with the head facing forward, the arms at the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward and the feet are together or slightly apart, flat on the floor and facing forward. • Anatomical position provides a clear and consistent way of describing human anatomy. • • • • Body is erect Eyes facing forward Feet together/slightly apart Palms facing forward Body planes Imaginary planes that intersect the body, creating various cuts or slices of various organs and structures. • Medial plane - the body is divided longitudinally through the midline into equal right and left halves. • Sagittal plane - a vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the midline, slicing it longitudinally into right and left parts. E.g. imagine that you are slicing an apple - each slide is a sagittal plane. • Frontal (coronal) plane - divides the body longitudinally into anterior and posterior portions. • Transverse/Horizontal plane - provides a cross section dividing the body or body parts into superior and inferior portions. The sections of the body as follows: • Longitudinal section is a section parallel to the long axis of the body or organ • Transverse section is a perpendicular to the long axis of the body or organ Abdominal regions and quadrants Major organs found in each region Right Hypocondriac Region Liver Gallbladder Right Kidney Portions of small and large intestines Epigastric Region Stomach Liver Pancreas Left Hypocondriac Region Spleen Stomach Pancreas Right Lumbar Region Small intestine Ascending colon Right Kidney Adrenal glands Duodenum Umbilicus Transverse colon Duodenum Small intestines Left Kidney Small and large intestines Left Lumbar Region Descending colon Small intestines Left Kidney Right Illiac Region Appendix Cecum Ascending colon Small intenstines Suprapubic region Bladder Sigmoid colon Small intestines Reproductive organs Left Illiac Region Descending colon Sigmoid colon Small intestines Major organs found in each quadrants Right Upper Quadrant Liver Duodenum Gallbladder Stomach Right kidney Pancreas Right Adrenal gland Right Lower Quadrant Appendix Reproductive organs Right Ureter Left Upper Quadrant Liver Stomach Pancreas Left Kidney Spleen Left Adrenal gland Left Lower Quadrant Left ureter Reproductive organs Name human body cavities and major structures Body cavities • Spaces that contain organs • Help protect, separate, and support internal organs • Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs Body cavities Dorsal body cavity • Cranial cavity • Vertebral/Spinal cavity Ventral body cavity • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity Body cavities Body cavities Cranial cavity • Contains and protects the brain • Boundaries are formed by the bones of the skull (frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid and ethmoid) Vertebral/Spinal cavity • Is a long, narrow cavity inside the vertebral column. • It runs the trunk and contains the spinal cord. Dorsal cavity membranes • Lined by three layers (dura mater,arachnoid and pia mater) of protective membranes called Meninges. Thoracic cavity • Also called the chest cavity and is situated in the upper part of the trunk. • Formed by the ribs, sternum, vertebral and the diaphragm which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. • Subdivided into left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity and the mediastinum • Pleural cavities Two-fluid spaces that surround each lung • Mediastinum Separates the right and left pleural cavities and it extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. Contains the pericardial cavity (Heart and great vessels), trachea, esophagus and thymus gland. Abdominopelvic cavity • Extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis • Formed by the diaphragm, muscles of the abdominal wall, lumbar vertebrae and pelvis floor. • Subdivided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity • Abdominal cavity Holds the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidney, small and large intestines • Pelvic cavity Holds the terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs Ventral cavity membranes • Contains various serous membranes, which are filled with a watery substance that allows for lubrication and movement of organs. • Pleura: the membrane that lines the pleural cavity, which covers the lungs in the thoracic cavity • Pericardium: the membrane that lines the pericardial cavity, which covers the heart in the mediastinum (middle part of the thoracic cavity) • Peritoneum: the membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity abdominopelvic cavity and many of the organs found within it. • Serous membranes is divided according to the location of membrane’s lining. Visceral layer is the layer that touches the organs (viscera). parietal layer is the layer that forms the outer shell of the membrane and touches the surrounding structures and lines the wall of the cavity Other cavities • Oral cavity Tongue and teeth • Nasal cavity Nose • Orbital cavities Eye balls • middle ear cavities Small bones of the middle ear • Synovial cavities Joints Directional terms Directional term Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Superior (Cranial) Inferior (Caudal) Medial Lateral Rostral Proximal Distal Superficial (external) Meaning Toward the front between a more medial and a more Intermediate lateral structure Profundus (Internal Away form the body surface, more /deep) internal Parietal Relating to a wall of the body cavity Toward the back Visceral Relating to organs within a body cavities Toward the top of the head Palmar front of the hand Planter Sole of the foot Toward the feet Toward the median Towards the side, away from the midline Near the front end of the body Describes a part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body Ipsilateral On the same side Contralateral On the opposite sides Dextra toward the right side Sinitra Toward the left Axial Around a central axis Pre-axial Toward or at the body surface Post-axial situated in front of an axis of the body situated at the behind of an axis of the body Terms referring to movement Movement term Meaning Decreasing the angle between two body parts Flexion Increasing the angle between two body parts Extension Moving away from the midline Abduction Moving towards the midline Adduction Moving a part around an axis Rotation Medial (Internal) Rotational movement towards the midline rotation Lateral (External) Rotating movement away from the midline. rotation Moving a part so that its end follows a circular Circumduction path Moving forwards and laterally simultaneously Protraction Retraction Moving upwards Elevation Depression Opposition Eversion Inversion Pronation Moving backwards and laterally simultaneously Supination Moving downwards Touching the pad of any one of your fingers with the thumb of the same hand movement of the sole away from the median plane movement of the sole towards the median plane Medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed) Lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly (if in anatomical position) or superiorly (if elbow is flexed) The organization of the body 1. Chemical level All materials, including those that comprise the human body, are composed of chemicals • Atom Smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element Atom is made up of even smaller subatomic particles, namely proton, neutron and electron. • Molecule Particle composed of two or more joined atoms. small molecules may combine to form larger macromolecules 2. Cellular level • Cells are the smallest independent units of living matter and there are trillions of them within the body. • Cells are made of molecules • The body is made of many different cell types, each with a particular function, E.g. muscle cells, and red blood cells 3. Tissue level • A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function, E.g. muscular, epithelial, nervous and connective. 4. Organ level • An organ is an identifiable structure of the body composed of two or more tissues types e.g. • Organs often perform a specific physiological function e.g. stomach helps digest food 5. Organ system level • Consists of various organs that have similar or related functions The organization of the body The eleven (11) organ systems Activity 1.
