APA FORMATTING
Font Style
Size
Do NOT manually break lines in References.
Ctrl + Shift + Space = Nonbreaking Space
Ctrl + Shift + Hyphen = Nonbreaking Hyphen
All paragraphs – 1st sentence indented ½ inch
Block quotes – entire quote is indented ½ inch. If quote exceeds one
paragraph, subsequent paragraphs are indented an additional ½ inch
Abstracts – 100% left alignment (no indents)
Entire document – Set line spacing at “Double”
Title Page
Setting page numbering:
Title Page includes only 7 components:
1. Page Number (previously addressed)
2. Paper’s Title – capitalized appropriately:
[Hope for Adults with ADHD]
3. My Name
Chelle Warnars
4. To whom the paper will belong:
English Department, Southern New Hampshire University
5. Course Name:
English 123: Composition 2
6. Instructor’s Name:
Alexandr Tolj
7. Date:
December 25, 2020
Formatting References:
1. At end of paper/essay, insert Page Break. References do not share.
2. Center and type “References” at top of page.
3. Double spaced, type references without paragraph indents, in
alphabetical order.
4. Select references.
5. Go to Home→Paragraph→(Expand)→Special→[Hanging]→[0.5”]
6. Click OK.
Voilá! Weirdly indented paragraphs!!
Annotated Bibliography:
APA formatted reference citation
At end of citation, hit [Enter].
New paragraph (beginning of summary) begins at the hanging indent.
In-text citation:
Single Author:
Citing a work with one author is the simplest of all in-text citation
formats:
Some alternative methods for tracking scholarship's influence have
been suggested (Aguillo, 2009).
The citation above consists of the author's last name, a comma, and
the year, all contained within a set of parentheses.
You might also include the author's name in the sentence, in which case
you would not need to include the author's name in a parenthetical
citation.
Aguillo (2009) suggested some alternative methods for tracking
scholarship's influence.
If the date is particularly important to your purpose for writing (for
example, if you wanted to emphasize how ideas about a topic have
changed over time), you might include both the author and the date in
the sentence. Then you would not need to cite anything in parentheses
for this paraphrase.
Remember, though, that if you are quoting, you always need to include a
page number in parentheses.
In 2009, Aguillo suggested some alternative methods for tracking
scholarship's influence.
The citation above consists of the author's last name, a comma, and the
year, all contained within a set of parentheses.
Two Authors:
In-text citations of works with two authors. When two authors have
written a source, mention both names in either running text or
parenthetical citations:
A recent study dissected the architecture of Google (Brin & Page,
1998).
Brin and Page (1998) wrote that Google manages hypertext more
efficiently than other search engines.
In-text citations of works by authors with the same last name. When
sources are written by authors with the same last name—even if the
years of publication differ—include one or two initials to distinguish
them:
(Smith, A., 2005)
(Smith, F. W., 2010)
A. Smith (2005) and F. W. Smith (2010) independently studied....
3 or More Authors
In-text citations of works with three or more authors. When crafting
an in-text citation for a work that has more than three authors, only the
first author is mentioned in the in-text citation followed by "et al." This
is true both within parentheses and in running text:
Mediators turn out to have serious effect on independent and
independent variables (MacKinnon et al., 2002).
Research by MacKinnon et al. (2002) found that the other
approach is much less effective than previously thought.
In both of these examples, only the first author is named. The presence
of "et al." tells your reader that MacKinnon is the first of at least three
authors.
No Author Named
Sources with the author not named. Remember that the principle
underlying in-text citations is that they facilitate the easy location of full
references. Therefore, when a source does not have an author, the in-text
citation should reflect the composition of the reference-list entry, which
will then begin with the title:
The University of Arizona fact book 2001–2002. (2001). University
of Arizona.
The in-text citation for this source would refer to the title. Since the title
is a book, it will appear in italics in the in-text citation:
More students study social and behavioral sciences than business
and public administration (University of Arizona Fact Book, 2001).
Note three important aspects of the citation above:
1. The title involves a proper noun (the University of Arizona), so the
proper noun phrase must be capitalized.
2. The full title is a bit long, so when you have a longer title, you can
shorten it in the parenthetical citation.
3. In an in-text citation or in running text, but NOT in a reference
citation, all major words in the title are capitalized (headline
capitalization style).
In the case that "Anonymous" is used in place of an author's name, use
the word "Anonymous" in place of the author's last name, followed the
the year. For example, if a source was published in 2020 by an
anonymous author, the in-text citation would be (Anonymous, 2020).
No Author and No Date
When a source has no date assigned to it, use "n.d." in place of the date
inside the in-text citation.
Here is the reference citation for a source with no author and no date.
Remember that when there is no author, you need to use the title of the
work.
United Arab Emirates architecture. (n.d.).
http://www.uaeinteract.com/
For the correlating in-text citation, include the name of the text in
quotation marks, as is the rule for running text for article titles, and
"n.d." in parentheses after the article title, just as you would do in the
running text for a named author and date.
In "United Arab Emirates Architecture" (n.d.), the author argues
that....
Multiple Sources:
More than one work within one set of parentheses. It is possible to cite
more than one work at a time. Follow the rules above as they pertain to
the specific sources that you are citing, and then present the list of
sources, alphabetically and separated by semicolons:
Many studies have confirmed this (Brin & Page, 1998; Garfield,
2005; Kousha & Thelwall, 2006; Merton, 1973; Uyar, 2009a).
Always list the sources alphabetically, according to their arrangement in
the reference list.
Organization Author:
Sometimes, you may need to cite a website with an organizational
author. In this case, cite the organization, and if you are referring to
specific page, cite the title of the page. If you can find a year of
publication, you'll need to cite that as well.
"Besides prescribing these legal limits, EPA rules set water-testing
schedules and methods that water systems must follow" (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2011, "Current Drinking Water
Regulations").
The quotation above is taken from a specific page, so the title of that
page is cited. The paraphrase below refers to the website in general, so it
does not include the page header information.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency's website is
updated regularly with information on current regulations and
regulations under development (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2011).
Notice that the year cited above is the year the site was updated. Usually,
this information can be found at the bottom or top of the page. In this
case, the website said "Last updated September 06, 2011," so that
information was used in the citation.
Quotations
If the name of the author is not mentioned in the sentence, the author's
last name, the year of publication, and the page number on which the
quotation can be found will be placed after the closing quotation mark
and before the closing punctuation of the sentence.
One study found that "developing social networks on campus
counteracted isolation and invisibility" (Reyes, 2011, p. 257).
Note that a comma separates the name from the year and the year from
the page number or page range. This is the general pattern that you will
use for almost all in-text citations.
If the author is mentioned in the sentence, the year of publication
follows the author name, and the page number comes after the closing
quotation mark.
According to Reyes (2011), "developing social networks on campus
counteracted isolation and invisibility" (p. 257).
If multiple pages were cited, use "pp." and list the page range.
According to Beheiry et al. (2006), "Corporations that are more aware of
the three pillars of sustainability and more vocal about them tend to
incorporate that consciousness into their large and mega-project
planning." (pp. 390–391).
If a source has neither page numbers nor visible paragraph numbers, just
include the author and the year of publication. This is a common pattern
for web sources.
For instance, the article begins with this advice to health care providers:
"A provider has a responsibility to listen to and to try to understand a
patient's or parent's concerns, fears, and beliefs about vaccination and to
take them into consideration when offering vaccines" (CDC, 2007).
You do not need to give page or paragraph information when you simply
paraphrase material. If you paraphrased Reyes instead of quoting her,
you would leave out the page number:
Students may feel unconnected and inconsequential on campus; social
networks alleviate such feelings (Reyes, 2011).
APA format requires four parts to a citation:
1) an introductory phrase,
2) the paraphrase or quotation used as evidence,
3) an in-text citation, and
4) a formal citation on the reference page.
Note location of page # in this narrative & corresponding citation:
Galanti (2004) asserts, "In some cultures, part of the 'job' of the family is
to make sure that the nurses are spending enough time caring for their
loved one" (p. 87).
Integrating Quotes
Introductory words
acknowledges concludes
admits
contends
advises
criticizes
agrees
demonstrates
argues
describes
asserts
disagrees
believes
discusses
claims
disputes
concedes
emphasizes
elucidates
expresses
illustrates
implies
insists
lists
maintains
notes
objects
offers
presents
refutes
rejects
replies
reports
responds
suggests
writes
Be sure that every time you include a quotation in your paper, you have
all of the following parts:
1. An introductory phrase that includes an introductory word, the
name of the author, the publication date, and perhaps the title of
the resource. On subsequent quotations from the same source,
however, you can place the author's name, the publication date,
and the page number at the end of the citation. Remember that you
will need to place a comma between the introductory phrase and
the quotation.
2. The quotation, surrounded by quotation marks. If the quotation
ends in an exclamation point or a question mark, put that
punctuation right before the closing quotation mark.
3. An in-text citation with the author's name and publication date (if
either of these were not included in your introductory phrase) and
the page number. Place a period after the closing parenthesis of the
in-text citation.
4. At least one sentence that sums up why that quotation was so
important to your thesis statement or the major point you are
supporting in that place in the paper. This usually means that
you should not end a paragraph with a quotation because you
would not be providing enough context for why the quotation is
important.
5. A reference page citation.
The paragraph below contains a quotation in the middle of a sentence.
Pay special attention to the way in which this quotation is cited.
Beheiry et al. (2006) explain that their experiment suggested
that companies that were more committed to all three pillars of
sustainable business practices—social development, environmental
sustainability, and economic development—were more likely to
see projects coming in under budget and on schedule. This is
important, the authors claim, because "the historical tendency to
focus on environmental sustainability overaligned SD [sustainable
development] with the green movement and alienated the business
executives" (Beheiry et al., 2006, p. 384). The authors argue that
the reason many companies are slow to embrace sustainable
practices is that there is no relevant business case to persuade those
in charge that sustainability will increase value to shareholders.
The results of this experiment may be used to support the idea that
sustainability can reduce costs, which might encourage business
owners to adopt sustainable management practices.
Remember that, regardless of the punctuation that the in-text citation
precedes, the closing parenthesis of the citation falls before the closing
punctuation. Never place the closing punctuation of the sentence
inside the parenthetical citation.