Noise Noise is defined as an unwanted form of signal that disturbs, interferes and affects the wanted signal. In general, any undesired signal becomes noise. Types of Noise (1) External Noise External noise is normally introduced in the transmitting medium or the channel. I Ins noise type is difficult to quantify and to solve for their sources are not within the system and usually of natural origin. Examples of this noise type are: (a) Industrial Noise or Man-made Noise The industrial or man-made noise can occur randomly at frequencies up to around 600 MHz. The common sources are man-made devices used in the industry and the home such as fluorescent lights, ignition system of engines, switching equipments, commutators of electric motors and leakage from high voltage transmission lines. This noise is usually, considered mainly from the point of view of environmental health and safety, rather than nuisance, as sustained exposure can cause permanent hearing damage (long-term exposures of over 85 decibels). (b) Atmospheric Noise or Static Noise Atmospheric noise is mainly caused by lightning discharges during thunderstorms and other natural electrical disturbances occurring in the earth's atmosphere. The intensity of this noise is inversely proportional with frequency and therefore it becomes less severe at frequencies above 30 MHz or in general as frequency increases, the effect of this noise decreases until it will become negligible. (c) Extraterrestrial Noise or Space Noise Space noise can be observed at frequencies in the range from about 8 MHz to somewhat above 1.43 GHz (up to a maximum of 1.5 GHz). Some sources are the sun (solar noise) in the solar system, the stars (cosmic noise) and galaxies (galactic noise) in the universe. The solar noise is a constant noise radiation from the sun. This is an electrical disturbance due to solar cycle activities that has a 1-year cycle like corona flares and sunspots. The cosmic noise is an rf noise radiated by distant stars although very far from our solar system but the distance is compensated by their number in effect still can affect frequencies, used for communications. (2) Internal Noise Internal noise is produced and introduced at the receiver by the components that make up the receiver itself like resistors, diodes, transistors and even wires or conductors within. The following are examples of internal noise of receivers: (a) Thermal Noise Thermal noise was discovered by a Scottish botanist Robert Brown (hence the name Brownian noise) in 1827 and was first thoroughly studied and measured by J.B. Johnson at Bell Labs (also known as Johnson noise) in 1928. It is dependent on temperature (Thermal noise) and its frequency content is spread equally throughout the usable spectrum (White noise). This is also called Gaussian noise. [he primary source is the rapid and random motion of charge carriers inside a resistive component when heated. Page 1 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon ππ = √4πΎππ΅ππ k = Boltzmann's constant =1.38 x 1023 J/K T = noise temperature (K) = 290 K or 17°C (if not given- this value is considered the standard noise temperature) BW = bandwidth (Hz) R = resistance generating the noise The maximum available noise power in watts (W) is given by N = kTBW Total thermal noise voltage generated by several resistors For several resistors, the total generated noise voltage is given by ππ = √4πΎππ΅ππ π πβπππ βΆ π π = π 1 + π 2 + π 3 + β― (π πππππ πππππππ‘ππ) 1 1 1 1 = + + + β― (ππππππππ πππππππ‘ππ) π π π 1 π 2 π 3 Alternately, the total noise voltage and current can be found using these formulas: For series resistors, √ππ = ππ1 2 + ππ2 2 + ππ3 2 + β― For parallel resistors, √πΌπ = πΌπ1 2 + πΌπ2 2 + πΌπ3 2 + β― (b) Shot Noise The shot noise is consisting of random fluctuations of the electric current in an electrical conductor which is caused by the fact that the current is carried by discrete charges (electrons). In electronic devices, the shot noise is due to shot effect caused by random variations in the arrival of electrons or holes at the output electrode of an amplifying device and appearing as a randomly varying noise current superimposed on the output. The name is derived from the fact that when amplified it is supposed to sound as though a shower of lead shots were falling on the metal sheet. The shot noise formulas for a diode are given below: A. Temperature-limited vacuum-tube diode πΌπ = √2ππ πΌππ π΅π B. PN-Junction semiconductor diode πΌπ = √2ππ (πΌππ + πΌπ )π΅π I„ = rms shot noise current for a diode (A) qe = charge of an electron ldc = direct diode current (A) Is = reverse saturation current (A) Page 2 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon πΌππ = πΌπ (π ππ ππ πΎπ − 1) (c) Transit-time Noise This noise is caused by the transit-time effect that is when the time taken by an electron to travel from the emitter to the collector of a transistor becomes comparable to the period of the signal being amplified. Its greatest effect is at higher frequencies particularly in the microwave region. It is otherwise known as the "high-frequency noise". (d) Flicker noise The flicker noise is a poorly understood form of noise found at low audio frequencies in transistors. it is proportional to emitter current and junction temperature. It is also inversely proportional to frequency and may be completely negligible at about above 500 Hz. It is sometimes considered the "low-frequency noise" and otherwise known as modulation noise or excess noise or 1/f noise or pink noise. (3) Miscellaneous noise (a) Partition noise Partition noise occurs whenever current is divided between two electrodes and results to random fluctuations in the process. (b) Burst noise Burst noise is another low-frequency noise found in transistors. Its name arises because it appears as a series of bursts at two or more levels. It is also called "pop-corn" noise. (c) Avalanche noise Avalanche noise is large noise spikes present in the avalanche current due to oscillations that result in the avalanching action. The Equivalent Noise Resistance π ππ = π 1 + π 2 π 3 π π + + β―+ 2 2 2 2 (π΄1 ) (π΄1 ) (π΄2 ) (π΄1 ) (π΄2 )2 … (π΄π−1 )2 π ππ = π 1 + π 2 π 3 π π + + β―+ πΊ1 πΊ1 πΊ2 πΊ1 πΊ2 … πΊπ−1 A = voltage gain G = power gain The Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noise ratio is a relative measure of the desired signal power to the undesired noise power at a particular point in a system. The higher the value the better the system is. Page 3 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon π ππππππ πππ€ππ = π ππππ π πππ€ππ ππ π ππ£ (ππ) = 10 log = 20 log π ππ ππ£ The Noise Factor (NF) or Noise Ratio (NR) and Noise Figure (F) The noise factor is used to specify how noisy a device is. It is defined as the ratio of input signal-to-noise ratio to the output signal-to-noise ratio usually determined at the standard noise temperature of 290 K (17°C). The noise factor is an absolute value or unitless value while the noise figure is its dB value. ππ ππ ππππ’π‘ ππΉ = ππ ππ ππ’π‘ππ’π‘ πΉ = 10πππππΉ Note that for an ideal noiseless device, the input S/N is equal to the output S/N. ππΉ = 1 πππ πΉ = 0ππ The Equivalent Noise Temperature (π»π ) The equivalent noise temperature is not the actual operating temperature of the device. ππ = ππ (ππΉ − 1) ππ = equivalent noise temperature (K) ππ = reference temperature = 290 K NF = noise factor (unitless) πππ = π1 + π2 π3 ππ + + β―+ 2 2 2 2 (π΄1 ) (π΄1 ) (π΄2 ) (π΄1 ) (π΄2 )2 … (π΄π−1 )2 πππ = π1 + π2 π3 ππ + + β―+ πΊ1 πΊ1 πΊ2 πΊ1 πΊ2 … πΊπ−1 Overall Noise Factor ππΉ = ππΉ1 + ππΉ2 − 1 ππΉ3 − 1 ππΉπ − 1 + + β― + (π΄1 )2 (π΄1 )2 (π΄2 )2 (π΄1 )2 (π΄2 )2 … (π΄π−1 )2 ππΉ = π1 + ππΉ2 − 1 ππΉ3 − 1 ππΉπ − 1 + + β―+ πΊ1 πΊ1 πΊ2 πΊ1 πΊ2 … πΊπ−1 Friis Formula the term Friis' formula can refer to either of two formulas used in telecommunications engineering. The first is used to compute the noise figure or noise temperature of a receiver composed of a number of Page 4 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon cascaded stages. The second, called the Friis Transmission Equation, is used in computing transmission of signals between two antennas using electromagnetic waves, and is discussed in a separate article. Other Noise Problems Environmental noise Environmental noise is the collection of offending sounds to which humans are involuntarily exposed. The principal sources of environmental noise are motor vehicles and aircraft. This noise form is commonly referred to as noise pollution. Acoustic noise comparing noise in relation to sound, what is commonly meant is meaningless Hound of greater than usual volume. Thus, a loud activity may be referred to as noisy. However, conversations of other people may be called noise for people not involved in any of them and noise can be any unwanted sound such as the noise of aircraft, neighbors playing loud music, or road noise spoiling the quiet of the countryside. Industrial noise Industrial noise is usually considered mainly from the point of view of environmental health, rather than nuisance, as sustained exposure causes permanent hearing damage. A-weighted measurements are commonly used for this as well, and special exposure meters are available that integrate noise over a period of time to give an equivalent sound pressure level, defined by standards. In the case of industrial noise affecting nearby residences or other sensitive receptors, the phenomenon is considered noise pollution. Audio noise In audio recording and broadcast systems, audio noise refers to the residual low level sound (usually hiss and hum) that is heard in quiet periods of program. In audio engineering. audio noise can also refer to the unwanted residual electronic noise signal that gives rise to acoustic noise heard as 'hiss'. This signal noise is commonly measured using A-weighting or ITU-R 468 weighting. Radio noise Radio noise is interference picked up between transmitter and receiver output, often referred to as static. Radio noise can be caused by virtually any electromagnetic source, from lightning to man-made electronics, including the receiver itself. Transmitter power must be increased to overcome radio noise over long distances. Video noise In video and television, video noise refers to the random dot pattern that is superimposed on the picture as a result of electronic noise, the 'snow' that is seen with poor (analog) television reception or on VHS tapes. Interference and static are other forms of noise, in the sense that they are unwanted, though not random, which can affect radio and television signals. Page 5 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon The Colors of Noise The color names for these different types of sounds are derived from an analogy between the spectrum of frequencies of sound wave present in the sound and the equivalent spectrum of light wave frequencies White noise White noise is a signal with a flat frequency spectrum in linear space. In other words, the signal has equal power in any linear band, at any center frequency, having a given bandwidth. For example, the 20 Hz frequency range between 40 and 60 Hz contains the same amount of power as the range between 4000 and 4020 Hz. An infinite-bandwidth white noise signal is purely a theoretical construct. By having power at all frequencies. the total power of such a signal would be infinite. In practice. a signal is "white" if it has a flat spectrum over a defined frequency band. Pink noise Pink noise has a flat frequency spectrum in the logarithmic space. It has equal power in bands that are proportionally wide. This means that pink noise would have equal power in the frequency range from 40 to 60 Hz as in the band from 4000 to 6000 Hz. Since humans hear in such a proportional space, where a doubling of frequency is seen as the same size regardless of actual frequency (40 - 60 Hz is heard as the same interval and distance as 4000 - 6000 Hz). every octave contains the same amount of energy and thus pink noise is often used as a reference signal in audio engineering. That is, the human auditory system perceives approximately equal magnitude on all frequencies. The power density, compared with white noise, decreases by 3 dB per octave (density proportional to 1/f). Brown (or red) noise Brown noise is similar to pink noise, but with a power density decrease of 6 dB per octave with increasing frequency (density proportional to 102) over a frequency range which does not include DC. It can be generated by an algorithm which simulates Brownian motion or by integrating white noise. Brown noise is not named for a power spectrum that suggests the color brown; rather, the name is a corruption of Brownian motion. Also known as "random walk" or "drunkard's walk" noise. Blue (or azure) noise The power density of blue noise increases 3 dB per octave with increasing frequency (density proportional to f) over a finite frequency range. In computer graphics, the term "blue noise" is sometimes used more loosely as any noise with minimal low frequency components and no concentrated spikes in energy. This can be good noise for dithering; retinal cells are arranged in a bluenoise-like pattern for this reason. Purple (or violet) noise The power density of purple noise increases 6 dB per octave with increasing frequency (density proportional to f2) over a finite frequency range. It is also known as differentiated white noise or violet noise. Grey noise Page 6 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon Grey noise is noise subjected to a psychoacoustic equal loudness curve (such as an inverted A-weighting curve) over a given range of frequencies, so that it sounds like it is equally loud at all frequencies. Some people say that this would be a better definition of "white noise" than the "equal power at all frequencies" definition, since white light never has an equal power spectrum, but rather can have a range of spectra, for example that of a 5400K black body. Red noise Red noise has more than one definition: (a) Red noise is a synonym for brown noise. (b) Red noise is a synonym for pink noise. The oceanic ambient noise (that is, noise from distant sources) is often described as "red" due to the selective absorption of higher frequencies by the ocean. Orange noise Orange noise is quasi-stationary noise wither finite power spectrum with a finite number of small bands of zero energy dispersed throughout a continuous spectrum. These bands of zero energy are centered about the frequencies of musical notes in whatever scale is of interest. Since all in-tune musical notes are eliminated, the remaining spectrum could be said to consist of sour, citrus. or "orange" notes. Green noise Green noise is supposedly the background noise of the world. A really long term power spectrum averaged over several outdoor sites. Rather like pink noise with a hump added around 500 Hz. The midfrequency component of white noise, used in halftone dithering. Black noise Black noise, or silent noise has several different definitions. (a) Noise with a 1/fβ spectrum, where β > 2. Used in modeling various environmental processes. It is said to be a characteristic of "natural and unnatural catastrophes like floods, droughts, bear markets, and various outrageous outages, such as those of electrical power." Further, "because of their black spectra, such disasters often come in clusters." (b) Noise that has a frequency spectrum of predominately zero power level over all frequencies except for a few narrow bands or spikes. An example of black noise in a facsimile transmission system is the spectrum that might be obtained when scanning a black area in which there are a few random white spots. Thus, in the time domain, a few random pulses occur while scanning. Black noise is a noise with a power density that is constant for a finite frequency range above 20 kHz. it is more accurately called ultrasonic white noise. This black noise is like the so-called black light with frequencies too high to be sensed but still capable of affecting the environment. Page 7 of 7 Prepared by: Engr. Enmar Tuazon