Republic of the Philippines MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE SCHOO L OF ENVIRONM ENTAL SCIENCES Tanza, Boac, Marinduque BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRO NM ENTAL SCIENCE Level I Candidate Status by AACCUP, Inc. AILEEN R. CALANOG Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science School of Environmental Sciences Marinduque State College – Boac Campus Insects play a critical role in the survival of life on Earth. They pollinate flowers and are the primary source of food for many birds and mammals. If a significant portion of it vanishes, it will have a huge effect on nature and, eventually, humans. Butterflies are one of the most attractive species of Earth’s biodiversity. It comes from different types of species and crucial for the ecological balance of the ecosystem. The presence of butterfly’s species makes up the biodiversity and indicate as a healthy environment. The butterfly's current state shows a lot about our future world, so it should be the center of attention.They are excellent indicators for biodiversity monitoring because they respond rapidly and sensitively to changes in their climate. In general, one of the most important aspects of studying butterfly species diversity knows the statistics of common species across different habitats, which shows beta diversity and how different (or similar) these habitats are in terms of the range, richness and abundance of species found in there. There are over 28,000 species of butterflies worldwide, with around 80% of them occurring in tropical areas (Tiplet, 2011). According to related literature of (Gohel & Raval, 2019), butterflies and moths belong to the same phylum, Lepidoptera, and their niches and habitats are different.Butterflies are currently categorized into two super families: Hesperiodea, which includes skippers, and papillionoidea, which includes the rest, or “true” butterflies. Hesperiodea has only one family, Hesperidae (Skippers), while Papillonoidea has four: Papillionidae (Swallow tails), Pieridae (whites and yellows), Nymphalidae (Brush-footed butterfly), and Lycaenidae (Brush-footed butterfly) (Blues) (Parasharya and Jani, 2007). VISION: “Marinduque State College is a research – driven higher education institute pursuing excellence and innovation by 2025” MISSION: “Marinduque State College is committed to pursue progressive and innovative lifelong education founded on humanistic, professional and technologically advance program across cultures and communities by establishing centers of excellence and development and research – driven outreach program.” Republic of the Philippines MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE SCHOO L OF ENVIRONM ENTAL SCIENCES Tanza, Boac, Marinduque BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRO NM ENTAL SCIENCE Level I Candidate Status by AACCUP, Inc. In a related study conducted by (Majumder, Lodh, & Agarwala, 2013), in the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary (South Asia) overall the Nymphalidae family was the most speciose and individualized, the Pieridae family was the least speciose, and the Hesperidae family was the least individualized in the study field. Hesperiidae is the family with the lowest number of members. One explanation for the disparity may be the difficulty in observing Hesperiidae butterflies due to their dull color and ability to fly quickly in response to any disturbance. However, fifty-nine species were found to have unequal abundance distribution across the four habitats due to habitat disturbance. The Philippines is a Southeast Asian archipelago with more than 7,100 islands. There are currently 927 butterfly species known from the region, with a third of the total being endemic (Lawrence & Hardy, 2017).The ecological status of Philippine butterflies collected in Mt. Nebo, Valencia City includes 11 rare species (22.4%), 22 common species (44.9%), 16 undetermined species (32.7%), and 1 very common species (2%). 14 (28.6%) of the species are extremely rare, 22 (44.9%) are rare, 11 (22.4%) are common, and 2 (4.1%) are very common.Jamides bochus pulchrior, a potential new record for Mindanao, is one of the insects. The study sites revealed two endangered species: Monodontides hondai and Prosotas nora semperi. In addition to this, a total of 49 species, 34 subspecies, and 2 varieties of butterflies from 33 genera representing five families were collected and described. The Nymphalidae family has the most species in the study sites, while the Papilionidae family has the fewest (Sumagaysay & Sumagaysay, 2012). In relation to this, I have formulated my research title the “Biodiversity of Butterfly species in Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary”. Generally, the topic aims to (1) classify taxonomically the butterfly species found in the sanctuary and specifically aims to (2) to determine the species richness and abundance of butterfly species in the sanctuary and (3) tomeasure the biodiversity indices of the butterfly in terms of using (i.) Shannon -Weiner Index and (ii.) Simpson Diversity Index VISION: “Marinduque State College is a research – driven higher education institute pursuing excellence and innovation by 2025” MISSION: “Marinduque State College is committed to pursue progressive and innovative lifelong education founded on humanistic, professional and technologically advance program across cultures and communities by establishing centers of excellence and development and research – driven outreach program.” Republic of the Philippines MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE SCHOO L OF ENVIRONM ENTAL SCIENCES Tanza, Boac, Marinduque BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRO NM ENTAL SCIENCE Level I Candidate Status by AACCUP, Inc. Works Cited Gohel, V. H., & Raval, J. V. (2019, April). Butterfly Diversity, Seasonality and Status of Atjunagadh, Gujarat, India. International Journal of Environment, Ecology, 9(2), 1528pp. Hardy, P. B., & Lawrence, J. M. (2017). Field Guide to Butterflies of the Philippines. Siri Scientific Press, 27(2), 488pp. Majumder, J., Lodh, R., & Agarwala, B. K. (2013). Butterfly Species richness and diversity in the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary in South Asia. Journal of Insect Science, 13. Sumagaysay, J. B., & Sumagaysay, C. L. (2012). Biodiversity and Status of Butterflies in the Vicinity of Mountain View College, Mt. Nebo, Valencia City. Asian Journal of Biodiversity CHED Accredited Research Journal, Category A, 3, 142-155pp. VISION: “Marinduque State College is a research – driven higher education institute pursuing excellence and innovation by 2025” MISSION: “Marinduque State College is committed to pursue progressive and innovative lifelong education founded on humanistic, professional and technologically advance program across cultures and communities by establishing centers of excellence and development and research – driven outreach program.”
