PAPER 1 Components Text types Meaning Blogs (Less frequently called a weblog) a blog is a website where a person writes regularly about recent events or topics that interest them, usually with photos and links to other websites that they find interesting Further classification Its meaning Composers/ writers of Text types Its purpose Its audience Its stylistic features Regular visitors Guest bloggers People on the lookout for specific topic of interest to them. Digital natives (are people who take naturally to online communication. They can come from any of the generations. You’ll recognize them by two prominent characteristics: first, they’re distinctly comfortable with social media; second, they have a strong belief in communicating to share information) https://swrightboucher.wordp ress.com/2013/09/02/digitalnatives-are/ Blog writing consists of a balance of creative literary elements and concise writing. Following are usually used by bloggers: 1.Imagery to create visual representation of actions and ideas 2.Metaphors, analogies for comparisons 3. Amplification adds more information to a sentence to increase the sentence’s worth and clarity. For example: “Pick a clean, minimalist theme, one that puts the reader’s focus on the text, not the multiple widgets you have running on the page.” 4. Concrete rather than flowery language is used since blogs mostly inform about facts etc. 5. Politicians might use double entendre in their blogs. http://community.copypress.co m/literary-devices-that-do-anddont-work-in-blog-writing/ a)Personal Blogs This is the broadest category and includes blogs about personal topics like politics, music, family, travel, health, you name it. Bloggers To inform – To voice their opinion. Bloggers have the opportunity of reaching hundreds or even thousands of people each and every day. b) How-to, tips and reviews blogs There are lots of blogs that share tips and reviews about cooking, games, music, books, movies, and so on. Bloggers To inform - many people like to share details. They aim to get people involved in different kinds of activities. SAME AS ABOVE c) Schools, charities, sports teams, businesses, politicians also blog. Made for their specific reasons, mostly to share information. Representative of schools, charities etc. To inform of the work done by these institutions, people etc. SAME AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE Text types Newspaper reports Meaning A story in a newspaper about something that happened or that gives information about something. http://www.bb c.co.uk/school s/gcsebitesize/ english/creativ ewriting/comm issionsrev2.sht ml Further classification a) News articles b) Feature articles: Types of Features: 1. Personality profiles 2. Human interest stories (emotional / entertainment) 3. Trend stories 4. In-depth stories Its meaning Found at the front of a newspaper. These explore news stories in more depth. They may be triggered by a story that has been in the news for a while. Composers/ writers of Text types Journalists Feature writer Its purpose Its audience Its stylistic and/or formal features To inform readers about things that are happening in the world or in the local area. Who are interested in current news, nationally or internationally. Following features are expected to be found in newspaper articles: a) Formal language b) proper nouns / verbs c) Eye witness accounts etc. d) facts e) Active voice used if the focus is on the doer of an incident f) Passive voice used if focus is on the action rather than who did it. Not just to inform what has happened, but to explore or analyze the reasons why. Would be those who are interested in the topics of the features, such as teenagers would be readers for trend features or human interest features. Following features are expected to be found in feature articles: a) Paragraphs of one to four sentences are used b) Quotations of eye witnesses, sources or experts. c) Vocabulary will be topic specific d) Use of Hypophora instead of a rhetorical question as the writer will answer the question asked in the feature. e) tone is usually informal c) Editorials, op-eds (opposite the editorial page), columns and opinion pieces. These are pieces by 'personality' writers, expressing the writer’s opinions. Opinion pieces are articles usually under the heading of opinion in certain newspapers. 1. Editorial is by a newspaper editor. 2. Op-eds are columns by columnists. 3. Opinion pieces are usually by a senior editorial staff reflecting the newspapers’ stance. They might be there to inform / criticize the current sociopolitical scenario (because the writer's expert opinion is valued), or they might be there to entertain (because the writer has a comic or interesting way of describing everyday life). Educated and well-read audience who are interested in the political or social stance of a particular newspaper and therefore they read their editorials, opinion pieces etc. Following features are expected to be found in Editorials etc.: a) Metaphors for comparisons b) irony for indirect criticism c) Simple yet formal language d) Use of propaganda techniques e) Euphemisms f) Biased opinions g) Opinion columns use a conversational tone h) They use Active voice, “Show, don’t tell” i) They are based on one subject j) They are normally of 600-800 words in length and thus are to the point. k) Op-eds use simple and formal language. l) They focus on one topic and are short pieces of writing as well. Text types Meaning Further classification Public Service message or Public Service Ads (PSA) or public service ad, is a message in the public interest disseminated by the media without charge. There are various topics for PSA’s: a) Health b) Nutrition c) Drinking and driving d) Texting and driving e) Drug addiction f) Obesity g) Education h) Women empowerment i) Medicines j) war support (WWI/ WWII) k) Child abuse Its meaning They primarily mean public wellbeing, regardless of the topic. Composers/ writers of Text types The leading producer of vintage and new PSAs in US has been The Ad Council, responsible for the content and frequency of the ads that air. However the most controversial PSA’s of the last decade have come from Truth (masterminded by CP&B – an Ad agency). Their PSA are intended to be shocking, often using the "sledgehammer" approach to facts. Its purpose Its audience Its stylistic and/or formal features Are designed to inform and educate rather than sell a product or service. All people who are affected by the problems highlighted by these PSA’s. Audience will also depend on the medium used for these messages. For examples listeners of radio broadcasts, public or national TV viewers etc. Through posters it can be intended for the common man on the streets, again depending at what place the poster is pasted. For example anti-drug PSA poster near a high school etc. However most commonly PSA’s are intended for parents, teenagers, teachers, and social groups; basically any demographic. a) Visual effects with some scare tactics b) emotional language c) Element of fear is used either through image or through language to grab attention d) Use of hyperboles, exaggeration. e) Use of dark colors and awkward images f) Contrasting elements to heighten the impact of the message. g) Logo of the company who has designed the PSA is also prominent. h) Use of a conversational tone. Text types Meaning Comic strips A sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. Often printed in newspapers. Further classification a) relating a comic incident, b) an adventure or c) mystery story, etc., Its meaning These comic strips can be spin offs of regular comic books on super heroes such as superman etc. They also highlight social political scenarios etc. through caricatures of political figures etc. Otherwise they have humor as the main content. Composers/ writers of Text types Comic artist or cartoonist. Its purpose Its audience Its stylistic and/or formal features Is mostly to entertain. It can also be to satirize current political and social issues. Comics were aimed at children once, now they are mostly aimed at young adults. According to current statistics, comic strips these days are more intended for women since more women comic artists are producing such work. https://www.theguardian.com /books/2015/sep/18/femalecomic-book-readers-womenavengers-a-force Audience are also those reading the newspapers in which these comic strips are published. a) They are horizontally displaced panels b) These panels usually have dark black borders, however cloud-like wavy line might suggest a dream scene or a flashback. c) Body shapes and postures of characters depict a lot about their personalities. d) Facial expressions also depict much about the mood of characters. e) Physical activities such as throwing or fighting also needs to be analyzed. f) Also close-up frames of characters suggests an intimate relation, while a medium shot implies a certain distancing. A long shot may suggest either an impersonal or a completely distant relationship. g) The text is usually in white colored balloons. But text colour can be different. h) Onomatopoeia is usually used in comic strips. i) Pictograms or symbols are also used like a bulb could mean a sudden bright idea. j) Language usage can be humorous depending on the theme. k) Read the picture attached with this document relating to the linguistic terminology of certain comic features. explanatory. It is self- Text types Speech Meaning A talk, lecture usually given to a large audience by someone important Further classification Political speeches Activists Welcome speeches Its meaning These are primarily done to persuade and convince audiences Composers/ writers of Text types Public speakers Its purpose To persuade To convince Or to dissuade Its audience The audience present to listen to the speech Its stylistic and/or formal features 1 persuasive techniques 2 propaganda techniques 3 rhetorical devices 4 bias (depending on the purpose of the speaker) Text types Appeals Meaning Make a serious, urgent, or heartfelt request. Further classification Its meaning 1) Advertising appeals: Fear. Humor Rational. Sex. Bandwagon. a) Fear Appeals Fear appeals focus on the negative outcomes that can happen because of an action or inaction. b) Humor Appeals - Humor appeals make consumers laugh and create an emotional link with the product. c) Rational Appeals Rational or logical appeals focus on the consumer’s need for practicality and functionality in a product, for example showing cost effectiveness of a product. d) Sex appeals capture attention, but seldom promote product consumption. For example, fragrance products use sex appeal to convey romance to women. e) Bandwagon Composers/ writers of Text types Advertising agencies Its purpose Its audience Its stylistic and/or formal features To persuade consumers to buy a product. Consumers of any demographic, looking out for a particular product. Mostly teenagers, homemakers, parents, etc. The audience will also depend on the medium used for the ad, television or a social networking site, etc. a) strong emotive language , hyperboles b) frequent use of adjectives, superlatives c) stark comparisons d) repetition e) strong or humorous visual images f) Colors are of utmost importance in appeal advertising. g) Use of Neologism (new words coined) h) Clarity in message i) persuasive techniques – ethos, pathos, logos j) counter advertising techniques (anti-ads, philanthropic ads, culture jamming, parody and pastiche) A bandwagon appeal makes consumers believe what they are missing out. For example, a cold medicine ad may say, "Eight out of 10 doctors recommend this product" to show product effectiveness. 2) Letters of appeal / petition Appeal letters are formal letters written to seek help of some sort from the addressee, so it is also a request letter. The most common appeal letter is one that seeks relief from a judgment by a school, governmental agency, or professional organization. Petitions too like such letters are written, signed by many people, appealing to authority in respect of a particular cause. These are written by employees, students, NGO’s, etc. It will be known by the content of the appeal. To persuade an authority to accept their request. The intended audience for such letters or petitions are the addressees. a) These letters are written in formal English. b) Professional or a business letter format is used. c) Addresses, subject, formal salutations, etc. all will be used. d) Persuasion techniques of Ethos, pathos, logos will be used. Ethos - an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. Pathos - an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response. Logos - an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason. Text types Meaning Advertiseme nts A notice or announcement in a public / private medium promoting a product, service, or event etc. Further classification Types of printed Ads: a) Newspaper Advertising b) Magazine Advertising c) Directory Advertising Its meaning Newspaper Advertising includes publications such as national, local and community newspapers. According to Dun & Bradstreet, small businesses have an advantage over national businesses when it comes to newspaper advertising. http://smallbusine ss.chron.com/listtypes-printadvertising21004.html It includes advertising in regional and national magazines. Magazines present an effective way to brand a business. Includes advertising that appears in places such as the Yellow Pages (telephone Composers/ writers of Text types Advertising agencies, small businesses Its purpose Its audience To persuade / inform consumers to buy their product or avail their services etc. Local audience of a small town or community. Can be readers of national newspapers as well. Advertising agencies / business groups etc. To persuade and to inform consumers about their product, service etc. Mainly the readers of a particular magazine. The ad would be printed according to the theme of a magazine. For example an Ad for beauty products likely to be in a women’s magazine etc. Local retail business groups etc. To inform other businesses and consumers of being a legitimate business, thus the Printing ad in a directory is likely to increase the clientele or consumer base of a company etc. All local and older demographic would be the target audience since they Its stylistic and/or formal features a) Text is clear and concise. b) Font type and size will complement the message of printed ads. c) Photos, illustrations and company logos are prominent. Graphic details should be looked into for analysis. d) Size and placement of the ads in newspapers and magazines varies, suggesting the amount spent on the ad. e) a mailing address is also incorporated in such ads. f) Verbs and imperatives are usually used. Such as ‘go, get it’, ‘look’, ‘call us’ etc. g) Words with positive connotations are used such as adjectives highlighting the qualities of products. h) Use of Neologisms i) Use of short sentences rather than long structured sentences. SAME AS ABOVE directory of local businesses) and regional or industry directories. d) Brochures and flyers. Are promotional documents, sometimes found on display racks in public places or inserted in newspapers. Even handed over personally on the streets. Usually tourist agencies / local businesses/ NGO’s, local health care facilities etc. ad in Yellow Pages. are most likely to go through Yellow pages, as young adults opt for local ads on internet Yellow pages instead. To inform prospective customers or members of the public of the benefits of an organization, product or company etc. Audience depends on the content of the brochure. Could be travelers, parents, teachers etc. a) Catchy headlines b) Illustrations, graphics, pictures c) Use of bullet points to focus on key features of products d) Contact details etc. e) Usually money back guarantee is mentioned to ensure to the consumer to trust the company / organization etc. f) positive words g) Imperatives used h) Slogans of companies etc. mostly rhyme for reader’s attention. i) Slogans highlight benefits associated with the product or company etc. j) Use of a conversational tone Text types Pastiche Meaning Pastiche describe works that are either composed by several authors, or that incorporate stylistic elements of other artists' work. Simply put, it imitates the style, words, and ideas of others. Further classification Types of pastiche: a) Literature Pastiche b) Advertising pastiche Its meaning Literature Pastiche - In literature usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally lighthearted tongue-incheek imitation of another's style; although humorous, it is usually respectful. Many stories featuring Sherlock Holmes, originally penned by Arthur Conan Doyle, have been written as pastiches since the author's time. b) Advertising pastiche – certain vintage ads through certain graphics or images, colour etc., imitate a popular vintage ad. Composers/ writers of Text types Novelists / Ad agencies / film makers Its purpose Its audience The main purpose of using pastiche is to entertain, to celebrate great works of the past, or genres. Those who still have a liking for the original literary work would be the audience for pastiche literature. Likewise for advertising pastiche. It can also educate audiences regarding their beliefs in certain old genres. Unlike parody, pastiche does not mock or make fun of somebody else’s work. Its stylistic and/or formal features a) Tone is often humorous but not disrespectful. b) Can be compared to parody and satire. c) For an ad, pastiche will highlight particular angles, colour scheme, font size and type. d) A pastiche literary text would ring in memories of the original work, in terms of the original characters, the setting or the themes of the original work. Text types Graphic novel Meaning Further classification Its meaning a novel in the form of a comic strip, it combines words and images (usually hand drawn) Types: a) Fiction b) Non fiction c) history d) fantasy This medium now enjoys the status of being a literary genre rather than being a product produced for mass appeal. In any type, graphic novels explore use sophisticated art work and serious literary themes. ‘Watchmen’ by Alan Moore is regarded a one of the best graphic novels. Composers/ writers of Text types Novelists Its purpose To entertain To mirror human life Its audience Mostly young adults and teenagers. Its stylistic and/or formal features Graphic novel uses images in interesting relationships with the text. Following are some important aspects: a) Frames – apart from panels, these novels use distinct frames. Several frames can make a panel. b) Gutters – the frames of a graphic novel are clearly divided with gaps in between. These gaps – which may or may not include empty space, are not hidden but openly exposed as opposed to other media that uses frames. (such as films) c) Fragmented – through the above elements, the graphic novel mimics the processes of memory, recollection and storytelling. d) Collapsed time and space – the frames of a graphic novel can convey multiple time periods on a single page simultaneously. e) Voice over – Narrators can speak directly to the reader through voice over. This is done by a hard line separating the narrator’s speech at the top or bottom of a panel. f) Speech bubbles – written in capital letters – dialogues of characters. g) Emanata – tear drops, sweat drops, question marks near the characters’ face to show their emotions. h) Drawing style can be various, such as simple, realistic etc. Other details are attached with the document. Text types Reviews Meaning Further classification Its meaning An examination of something, with the intention of changing it if necessary or a critical appraisal of a book, play, film, etc. Types a) book review b) movie review c) Govt. laws a) Book review A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. A book review can be a primary source opinion piece, summary review or scholarly review. They are published in a newspaper, magazine. b) Movie review – The film review is a popular way for critics to assess a film's overall quality and determine whether or not they think the film is worth recommending. They are published in newspapers, magazines and on entertainment websites. Composers/ writers of Text types Literary critics Film critics Analysts Its purpose a) To inform readers whether to read the book themselves. A book review should identify the central idea of the book, give the reader some indication of the author's style, approach, or premises, and then offer an overall evaluation. b) To inform cinemagoers if a current movie in the theaters is worth watching. They critique the performances, direction, post production etc. c) To analyze existing laws whether they are in favor of current socio political scenario etc. Its audience a) Avid book readers of bestselling books b) Cine goers interested in current movies. Again depends on the content of the book, movie etc. c) Government officials, parliamentarians, common citizens are likely to be audience for the reviewed laws etc. Its stylistic and/or formal features Book reviews will have: a) First they will give a concise summary of the book (facts such as title, author) with some description. Can start with an anecdote as well. b) It will be a commentary on the book and not only a summary c) Such reviews critically evaluate the content and the context (of the writer / genre) of the book to highlight the idea or the theme of the book. d) Good reviews will have a balanced opinion and would develop an argument in favour or against the book with examples from within the book. e) Lastly these review will recommend the book under evaluation to readers. They might also not recommend. f) These reviews are brief, 1000 words approximately. g) Adjectives, nouns can be used. Film reviews will mostly have: a) Anecdotes by the writer b) Rhetorical questions. c) Assertions – facts about the movie d) Some reviews would use emotive language depending on the content of the movie. c) Review of Govt. laws – such as review of a country’s immigration policy, defense policy etc. e) Use of imperatives and repetition for emphasis f) Exaggeration g) Use of alliterations for effect h) Other vocabulary will be in sync with the content of the movie, for example words to describe a horror move etc. i) Some spoilers will be there but the entire story will not be revealed. j) Ratings for both book, movie reviews can be given for the readers. Review of laws: a) Formal language b) use of legal terminology c) Sophisticated or complicated sentences d) references made to other related laws, statutes etc. Text types Journals Meaning Further classification Its meaning Written on a particular subject Types: a) A newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or profession, for example a scientific or trade journal. a) In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication meant for exploration and in depth study of sciences etc. b) A daily record of news and events of a personal nature; a diary. Composers/ writers of Text types a) Researchers, experts in their fields. Its audience Its stylistic and/or formal features a) Intended to educate, to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. a) Researchers and specialists who are peers of the contributors. Can also be well educated general readers of the particular newspaper or magazine in which these journals are published. a) Scientific journals will have formal and specific terminology. b) Based on facts. c) Opinions might not be prominent. d) Trade journals will focus on no yellow journalism. They will not bad mouth other trade or businesses. e) They will give advices on appropriate business and jobs to the readers. f) are likely to highlight 5 or 8 steps to attain success etc. (Bullet point information) b) Intended to inform about new developments (in which role it functions similarly to how academic journals, scientific journals, medical journals, and engineering journals serve their audiences) b) A periodical containing news and items of interest concerning a particular trade. c) A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts. Journaling then changes its role from being a superficial list of the day’s events to a platform where one can reveal and discover our true selves again. Its purpose b) Any person could be the writer of a personal diary. Traveler, a teenager, a prisoner etc. They are called diarists. c) They inform us about the writer. The can serve to be used for memoirs, (auto) biographies. War diaries for instance inform of military unit's administration and activities during wartime maintained by an officer in the unit. b) People who work in a particular trade or industry. ... They also generally contain industry-specific job notices, a highly pertinent aspect to many readers. c) Audience for a diary would be the writer himself. Sense of audience is vague in diaries and private journals. However the writer might suggest a reader in the content. Diaries: a) Informal and conversational tone – as if talking directly to a reader. b) opinions c) Rhetorical questions d) Use of first person e) description of events , thus adjectives and nouns f) Chronological order. g) Past and past perfect tense (was, had been) h) Dates in full can be mentioned Text types Poster Meaning Further classification Its meaning Composers/ writers of Text types Its purpose Its audience A large notice, often with a picture on it that is put in a public place to advertise something. Types: a) Election/ campaign posters b)Propaganda /political posters (WWI /II) c)Movie / celebrity posters d) Commercial posters Posters play an important role in participatory civic life. a) Advertising agencies b) Political parties c) Governments d) Movie production houses a) Posters during wartime were also used for propaganda purposes, persuasion, and motivation. Sense of audience will depend on the content and context of the posters. Movie posters will be aimed at young adults, again depending on the subject of the movie. https://en.wiki pedia.org/wiki/ Poster#Types_ of_poster_desi gns http://www.ge o.uzh.ch/micro site/olwa/olwa/ en/html/unit5_ kap53.html#un it5_kap53.html They are essential to the lifeblood and culture of a place. They reflect on something deeper: the creativity, entrepreneurship, passion and political ideals of communities. b) political posters persuade people to believe in their ideology or in democracy etc. c) Movie / celebrity posters though are for entertainment purposes but they are made to sell the movie and motivate the audience to watch it. d) Commercial posters used for advertising also aim to persuade audiences to buy their product. Its stylistic and/or formal features Posters will usually have: a) logo of a company b) Title, in big font size c) The main content in the middle of the poster – image, picture, caption, graphics tec. d) Movie posters usually have smaller font sized titles e) The captions are catchy and are directed towards the reader as if asking them personally. f) The layout, colors, use of people, or actors etc. will be different as per the content and theme of a poster. g) Colours are used to emphasize, differentiate and to add interest. h) Words on posters are precise and clear. Short phrases or captions are mostly used. i) Movie and commercial posters use the marketing technique of AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire and Action) Attention – grabbing the attention of passers-by and encouraging them to look. Interest – create an incentive to see the film. Desire Convince target audience that they want and need to see the movie or buy the product or service and that it will satisfy their requirements. Action- asking audiences to watch the movie or try the product etc. Text types Websites Meaning Further classification Its meaning Composers/ writers of Text types Its purpose Its audience Its stylistic and/or formal features A place connected to the Internet, where a company or an organization, or an individual person, puts information. Types: a)Personal b) writers’ website c) Photo sharing d) Social websites / forums e) Blogs (explained above on pg.1) f) E-commerce Websites a) Personal websites are owner’s own website that might include some family photos and an online diary. b) Writer’s website are part of what's known as the Writer's or Author's Platform in the publishing business. The platform includes, a website, a Facebook presence, blog, Twitter account. c) Photo Sharing Websites like, Flickr.com, Photosite.com, offer free photo sharing paid for by their online advertising. d) Social websites/ forums build online communities of people who want to interact with other people socially or meet people who share Website designers or graphic designers a) Purposes of websites depends on who the intended audience is. Some websites are geared towards selling products (Ecommerce websites) and other websites are geared towards providing practical information, while others are merely for entertainment. Audiences can be determined by the content of the websites. Ranging from family, social circle, to business entrepreneurs etc. Website builder - tools that typically allow the construction of websites without manual code editing. (Someone who prepares content for the Web. This role is mainly related to the styling and layout of pages with content, including text and images.) b) Service-based business website is to convince website visitors that they should become customers of the service company. Usage of language and layout will differ from website to website. Again this will be content specific. their interests. Forums help small businesses to share information. f) Millions of small businesses who use their ecommerce websites to sell their products over the Internet. Amazon. com is one such example. Text types Guide (travel writing) Meaning Further classification Its meaning Composers/ writers of Text types Its purpose A book, magazine, etc. that gives information, help or instructions about something. Types a) Guidebook: book that gives information about a place for travelers or tourists. It will usually include information about sights, accommodation, restaurants, transportation, and activities. Maps of varying detail and historical and cultural information are often included. Different kinds of guide books exist, focusing on different aspects of travel, from adventure travel to relaxation, or aimed at travelers with different incomes, Travel agencies Guidebook writer (travel writers) To inform of places worth visiting and its attractions, etc. To persuade travelers to come to the writer’s selected place. Its audience Potential travelers Tourists Its stylistic and/or formal features a) descriptive and imaginative language (imageries) b) use of first person pronoun c) Visuals / scenic atmosphere shown d) Maps may be used. e) Culture specific words may be used. f) Can have personalized accounts of the place from the writer. g) verbs, adjectives (superlatives etc.) Text types Meaning Further classification Its meaning Autobiograp hy the story of a person’s life, written by that person Types: a) Memoir b) Personal essay http://penandth epad.com/thre e-typesautobiographic al-writing8743231.html a) Memoir revolves around a specific time, place or relationship. More limited than the autobiography, it focuses on an important part of one’s life, for example a coming of age memoir. b) Persoanl Essay - Focuses on the aspect of one’s life or a journey combined with their thoughts and emotions, personal discoveries and realizations. Composers/ writers of Text types Autobiographer Its purpose Authors of autobiographies often want to make sense of events in their lives and to communicate an important personal statement about life. Controversial individuals often write autobiographies to explain or justify their actions. Its audience The writer himself. Their family, friends and the writer’s community. Its stylistic and/or formal features a) Language is descriptive and imaginative b) written in first person c) metaphors d) rhetorical questions e) imagery used to describe a situation etc. Text types Lectures Meaning A talk that is given to a group of people to teach them about a particular subject, often as part of a university or college course. Further classification Oral presentations Its meaning Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories, and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, or even a businessman's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Composers/ writers of Text types University professors, lecturers, teachers, priests, Business men tec. Its purpose To educate To inform To illustrate Its audience Will depend on the content of the lecture or the oral presentation. Most probably, college / university students, religious congregation, a business convention etc. Its stylistic and/or formal features a) Conversational tone b) based on facts / information c) anecdotes used d) persuasion techniques e) rhetorical techniques Text types Meaning Further classification Its meaning Composers/ writers of Text types Its purpose Its audience Magazine covers These are the front page of a magazine 1Health magazine Along with newspapers, magazines also provide good information and entertainment along with many techniques to persuade audiences / readers to buy the magazine Magazine publication To sell the magazine Will depend on the magazine cover but nonetheless of any demographic 2Beauty magazine 3Economy based 4 Politics related 5 sports related 6 children’s’ magazine 7cooking magazine 8 lifestyle magazines The covers are thus the main selling point of any magazine Its stylistic and/or formal features Formal features of ears, teasers , symbolism colour typography headline captions title language features of persuasive techniques advertising techniques tone mood use of imperatives assertions propaganda techniques (depending what the content is on the cover page) Text types Meaning Further classification Its meaning Composers/ writers of Text types Its purpose Its audience Infographic Is a collection of imagery, charts, and minimal text that gives an easy-tounderstand overview of a topic. infographics use striking, engaging visuals to communicate information quickly and clearly. Can be on varied subjects Infographics will explain maximum information in less words and good illustrations NGOs Companies educate, inform, persuade Depending on the content law education health new govt policies movies awareness campaigns Its stylistic and/or formal features colour scheme, condensed information, subheadings, data/facts & figures/statistics, charts, symbols, graphics, exaggeration/symbolic value, varying font sizes, cohesion/sequence of information, representation of groups use of proper nouns use of adjectives use of imperatives use of emotive language (depending on the content) Strong visuals