PAPER 1 Components
Text types
Meaning
Blogs
(Less
frequently
called a
weblog) a blog
is a website
where a person
writes
regularly about
recent events
or topics that
interest them,
usually with
photos and
links to other
websites that
they find
interesting
Further
classification
Its meaning
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Its purpose
Its audience
Its stylistic features
Regular visitors
Guest bloggers
People on the lookout for
specific topic of interest to
them.
Digital natives (are people
who take naturally to online
communication. They can
come from any of the
generations. You’ll recognize
them by two prominent
characteristics: first, they’re
distinctly comfortable with
social media; second, they
have a strong belief in
communicating to share
information)
https://swrightboucher.wordp
ress.com/2013/09/02/digitalnatives-are/
Blog writing consists of a
balance of creative literary
elements and concise writing.
Following are usually used by
bloggers:
1.Imagery to create visual
representation of actions and
ideas
2.Metaphors, analogies for
comparisons
3. Amplification adds more
information to a sentence to
increase the sentence’s worth
and clarity. For example: “Pick
a clean, minimalist theme, one
that puts the reader’s focus on
the text, not the multiple
widgets you have running on
the page.”
4. Concrete rather than flowery
language is used since blogs
mostly inform about facts etc.
5. Politicians might use double
entendre in their blogs.
http://community.copypress.co
m/literary-devices-that-do-anddont-work-in-blog-writing/
a)Personal
Blogs
This is the
broadest category
and includes blogs
about personal
topics like
politics, music,
family, travel,
health, you name
it.
Bloggers
To inform – To
voice their
opinion. Bloggers
have the
opportunity of
reaching hundreds
or even thousands
of people each
and every day.
b) How-to, tips
and reviews
blogs
There are lots of
blogs that share
tips and reviews
about cooking,
games, music,
books, movies,
and so on.
Bloggers
To inform - many
people like to
share details.
They aim to get
people involved in
different kinds of
activities.
SAME AS ABOVE
c) Schools,
charities,
sports teams,
businesses,
politicians also
blog.
Made for their
specific reasons,
mostly to share
information.
Representative of
schools, charities
etc.
To inform of the
work done by
these institutions,
people etc.
SAME AS ABOVE
SAME AS ABOVE
Text types
Newspaper
reports
Meaning
A story in a
newspaper
about
something that
happened or
that gives
information
about
something.
http://www.bb
c.co.uk/school
s/gcsebitesize/
english/creativ
ewriting/comm
issionsrev2.sht
ml
Further
classification
a) News
articles
b) Feature
articles:
Types of
Features:
1. Personality
profiles
2. Human
interest stories
(emotional /
entertainment)
3. Trend
stories
4. In-depth
stories
Its meaning
Found at the front
of a newspaper.
These explore
news stories in
more depth. They
may be triggered
by a story that has
been in the news
for a while.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Journalists
Feature writer
Its purpose
Its audience
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
To inform readers
about things that
are happening in
the world or in the
local area.
Who are interested in current
news, nationally or
internationally.
Following features are
expected to be found in
newspaper articles:
a) Formal language
b) proper nouns / verbs
c) Eye witness accounts etc.
d) facts
e) Active voice used if the focus
is on the doer of an incident
f) Passive voice used if focus is
on the action rather than who
did it.
Not just to inform
what has
happened, but to
explore or analyze
the reasons why.
Would be those who are
interested in the topics of the
features, such as teenagers
would be readers for trend
features or human interest
features.
Following features are
expected to be found in
feature articles:
a) Paragraphs of one to four
sentences are used
b) Quotations of eye witnesses,
sources or experts.
c) Vocabulary will be topic
specific
d) Use of Hypophora instead of
a rhetorical question as the
writer will answer the question
asked in the feature.
e) tone is usually informal
c) Editorials,
op-eds
(opposite the
editorial page),
columns and
opinion pieces.
These are pieces
by 'personality'
writers,
expressing the
writer’s opinions.
Opinion pieces
are articles
usually under the
heading of
opinion in certain
newspapers.
1. Editorial is by a
newspaper editor.
2. Op-eds are
columns by
columnists.
3. Opinion pieces
are usually by a
senior editorial
staff reflecting the
newspapers’
stance.
They might be
there to inform /
criticize the
current sociopolitical scenario
(because the
writer's expert
opinion is
valued), or they
might be there to
entertain (because
the writer has a
comic or
interesting way of
describing
everyday life).
Educated and well-read
audience who are interested
in the political or social
stance of a particular
newspaper and therefore they
read their editorials, opinion
pieces etc.
Following features are
expected to be found in
Editorials etc.:
a) Metaphors for comparisons
b) irony for indirect criticism
c) Simple yet formal language
d) Use of propaganda
techniques
e) Euphemisms
f) Biased opinions
g) Opinion columns use a
conversational tone
h) They use Active voice,
“Show, don’t tell”
i) They are based on one subject
j) They are normally of 600-800
words in length and thus are to
the point.
k) Op-eds use simple and
formal language.
l) They focus on one topic and
are short pieces of writing as
well.
Text types
Meaning
Further
classification
Public
Service
message or
Public
Service Ads
(PSA) or
public service
ad, is a
message in the
public interest
disseminated
by the media
without
charge.
There are
various topics
for PSA’s:
a) Health
b) Nutrition
c) Drinking
and driving
d) Texting and
driving
e) Drug
addiction
f) Obesity
g) Education
h) Women
empowerment
i) Medicines
j) war support
(WWI/ WWII)
k) Child abuse
Its meaning
They primarily
mean public
wellbeing,
regardless of the
topic.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
The leading
producer of
vintage and new
PSAs in US has
been The Ad
Council,
responsible for the
content and
frequency of the
ads that air.
However the most
controversial
PSA’s of the last
decade have come
from Truth
(masterminded by
CP&B – an Ad
agency). Their
PSA are intended
to be shocking,
often using the
"sledgehammer"
approach to facts.
Its purpose
Its audience
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
Are designed to
inform and
educate rather
than sell a product
or service.
All people who are affected
by the problems highlighted
by these PSA’s. Audience
will also depend on the
medium used for these
messages. For examples
listeners of radio broadcasts,
public or national TV
viewers etc. Through posters
it can be intended for the
common man on the streets,
again depending at what
place the poster is pasted. For
example anti-drug PSA
poster near a high school etc.
However most commonly
PSA’s are intended for
parents, teenagers, teachers,
and social groups; basically
any demographic.
a) Visual effects with some
scare tactics
b) emotional language
c) Element of fear is used either
through image or through
language to grab attention
d) Use of hyperboles,
exaggeration.
e) Use of dark colors and
awkward images
f) Contrasting elements to
heighten the impact of the
message.
g) Logo of the company who
has designed the PSA is also
prominent.
h) Use of a conversational tone.
Text types
Meaning
Comic strips
A sequence of
drawings
arranged in
interrelated
panels, often
serialized, with
text in
balloons and
captions. Often
printed in
newspapers.
Further
classification
a) relating a
comic
incident,
b) an
adventure or
c) mystery
story, etc.,
Its meaning
These comic
strips can be spin
offs of regular
comic books on
super heroes such
as superman etc.
They also
highlight social
political scenarios
etc. through
caricatures of
political figures
etc. Otherwise
they have humor
as the main
content.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Comic artist or
cartoonist.
Its purpose
Its audience
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
Is mostly to
entertain. It can
also be to satirize
current political
and social issues.
Comics were aimed at
children once, now they are
mostly aimed at young
adults. According to current
statistics, comic strips these
days are more intended for
women since more women
comic artists are producing
such work.
https://www.theguardian.com
/books/2015/sep/18/femalecomic-book-readers-womenavengers-a-force
Audience are also those
reading the newspapers in
which these comic strips are
published.
a) They are horizontally
displaced panels
b) These panels usually have
dark black borders, however
cloud-like wavy line might
suggest a dream scene or a flashback.
c) Body shapes and postures of
characters depict a lot about
their personalities.
d) Facial expressions also depict
much about the mood of
characters.
e) Physical activities such as
throwing or fighting also needs
to be analyzed.
f) Also close-up frames of
characters suggests an intimate
relation, while a medium shot
implies a certain distancing. A
long shot may suggest either an
impersonal or a completely
distant relationship.
g) The text is usually in white
colored balloons. But text colour
can be different.
h) Onomatopoeia is usually used
in comic strips.
i) Pictograms or symbols are
also used like a bulb could mean
a sudden bright idea.
j) Language usage can be
humorous depending on the
theme.
k) Read the picture attached with
this document relating to the
linguistic terminology of certain
comic features.
explanatory.
It
is
self-
Text types
Speech
Meaning
A talk, lecture
usually given
to a large
audience by
someone
important
Further
classification
Political
speeches
Activists
Welcome
speeches
Its meaning
These are
primarily done to
persuade and
convince
audiences
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Public speakers
Its purpose
To persuade
To convince
Or to dissuade
Its audience
The audience present to listen
to the speech
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
1 persuasive techniques
2 propaganda techniques
3 rhetorical devices
4 bias (depending on the
purpose of the speaker)
Text types
Appeals
Meaning
Make a
serious,
urgent, or
heartfelt
request.
Further
classification
Its meaning
1) Advertising
appeals:
Fear.
Humor
Rational.
Sex.
Bandwagon.
a) Fear Appeals Fear appeals focus
on the negative
outcomes that can
happen because of
an action or
inaction.
b) Humor Appeals
- Humor appeals
make consumers
laugh and create
an emotional link
with the product.
c) Rational
Appeals Rational or logical
appeals focus on
the consumer’s
need for
practicality and
functionality in a
product, for
example showing
cost effectiveness
of a product.
d) Sex appeals
capture attention,
but seldom
promote product
consumption. For
example,
fragrance products
use sex appeal to
convey romance
to women.
e) Bandwagon
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Advertising
agencies
Its purpose
Its audience
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
To persuade
consumers to buy
a product.
Consumers of any
demographic, looking out for
a particular product. Mostly
teenagers, homemakers,
parents, etc.
The audience will also
depend on the medium used
for the ad, television or a
social networking site, etc.
a) strong emotive language ,
hyperboles
b) frequent use of adjectives,
superlatives
c) stark comparisons
d) repetition
e) strong or humorous visual
images
f) Colors are of utmost
importance in appeal
advertising.
g) Use of Neologism (new
words coined)
h) Clarity in message
i) persuasive techniques –
ethos, pathos, logos
j) counter advertising
techniques (anti-ads,
philanthropic ads, culture
jamming, parody and pastiche)
A bandwagon
appeal makes
consumers believe
what they are
missing out. For
example, a cold
medicine ad may
say, "Eight out of
10 doctors
recommend this
product" to show
product
effectiveness.
2) Letters of
appeal /
petition
Appeal letters are
formal letters
written to seek
help of some sort
from the
addressee, so it is
also a request
letter. The most
common appeal
letter is one that
seeks relief from a
judgment by a
school,
governmental
agency, or
professional
organization.
Petitions too like
such letters are
written, signed by
many people,
appealing to
authority in
respect of a
particular cause.
These are written
by employees,
students, NGO’s,
etc. It will be
known by the
content of the
appeal.
To persuade an
authority to accept
their request.
The intended audience for
such letters or petitions are
the addressees.
a) These letters are written in
formal English.
b) Professional or a business
letter format is used.
c) Addresses, subject, formal
salutations, etc. all will be used.
d) Persuasion techniques of
Ethos, pathos, logos will be
used.
Ethos - an appeal to ethics, and
it is a means of convincing
someone of the character or
credibility of the persuader.
Pathos - an appeal to emotion,
and is a way of convincing an
audience of an argument by
creating an emotional response.
Logos - an appeal to logic, and
is a way of persuading an
audience by reason.
Text types
Meaning
Advertiseme
nts
A notice or
announcement
in a public /
private
medium
promoting a
product,
service, or
event etc.
Further
classification
Types of
printed Ads:
a) Newspaper
Advertising
b) Magazine
Advertising
c) Directory
Advertising
Its meaning
Newspaper
Advertising
includes
publications such
as national, local
and community
newspapers.
According to Dun
& Bradstreet,
small businesses
have an advantage
over national
businesses when it
comes to
newspaper
advertising.
http://smallbusine
ss.chron.com/listtypes-printadvertising21004.html
It includes
advertising in
regional and
national
magazines.
Magazines present
an effective way
to brand a
business.
Includes
advertising that
appears in places
such as the
Yellow Pages
(telephone
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Advertising
agencies, small
businesses
Its purpose
Its audience
To persuade /
inform consumers
to buy their
product or avail
their services etc.
Local audience of a small
town or community. Can be
readers of national
newspapers as well.
Advertising
agencies /
business groups
etc.
To persuade and
to inform
consumers about
their product,
service etc.
Mainly the readers of a
particular magazine. The ad
would be printed according
to the theme of a magazine.
For example an Ad for
beauty products likely to be
in a women’s magazine etc.
Local retail
business groups
etc.
To inform other
businesses and
consumers of
being a legitimate
business, thus the
Printing ad in a directory is
likely to increase the clientele
or consumer base of a
company etc. All local and
older demographic would be
the target audience since they
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
a) Text is clear and concise.
b) Font type and size will
complement the message of
printed ads.
c) Photos, illustrations and
company logos are prominent.
Graphic details should be
looked into for analysis.
d) Size and placement of the
ads in newspapers and
magazines varies, suggesting
the amount spent on the ad.
e) a mailing address is also
incorporated in such ads.
f) Verbs and imperatives are
usually used. Such as ‘go, get
it’, ‘look’, ‘call us’ etc.
g) Words with positive
connotations are used such as
adjectives highlighting the
qualities of products.
h) Use of Neologisms
i) Use of short sentences rather
than long structured sentences.
SAME AS ABOVE
directory of local
businesses) and
regional or
industry
directories.
d) Brochures
and flyers.
Are promotional
documents,
sometimes found
on display racks
in public places or
inserted in
newspapers. Even
handed over
personally on the
streets.
Usually tourist
agencies / local
businesses/
NGO’s, local
health care
facilities etc.
ad in Yellow
Pages.
are most likely to go through
Yellow pages, as young
adults opt for local ads on
internet Yellow pages
instead.
To inform
prospective
customers or
members of the
public of the
benefits of an
organization,
product or
company etc.
Audience depends on the
content of the brochure.
Could be travelers, parents,
teachers etc.
a) Catchy headlines
b) Illustrations, graphics,
pictures
c) Use of bullet points to focus
on key features of products
d) Contact details etc.
e) Usually money back
guarantee is mentioned to
ensure to the consumer to trust
the company / organization etc.
f) positive words
g) Imperatives used
h) Slogans of companies etc.
mostly rhyme for reader’s
attention.
i) Slogans highlight benefits
associated with the product or
company etc.
j) Use of a conversational tone
Text types
Pastiche
Meaning
Pastiche
describe works
that are either
composed by
several
authors, or that
incorporate
stylistic
elements of
other artists'
work. Simply
put, it imitates
the style,
words, and
ideas of others.
Further
classification
Types of
pastiche:
a) Literature
Pastiche
b) Advertising
pastiche
Its meaning
Literature
Pastiche - In
literature usage,
the term denotes a
literary technique
employing a
generally lighthearted tongue-incheek imitation of
another's style;
although
humorous, it is
usually respectful.
Many stories
featuring Sherlock
Holmes,
originally penned
by Arthur Conan
Doyle, have been
written as
pastiches since the
author's time.
b) Advertising
pastiche – certain
vintage ads
through certain
graphics or
images, colour
etc., imitate a
popular vintage
ad.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Novelists / Ad
agencies / film
makers
Its purpose
Its audience
The main purpose
of using pastiche
is to entertain, to
celebrate great
works of the past,
or genres.
Those who still have a liking
for the original literary work
would be the audience for
pastiche literature. Likewise
for advertising pastiche.
It can also educate
audiences
regarding their
beliefs in certain
old genres. Unlike
parody, pastiche
does not mock or
make fun of
somebody else’s
work.
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
a) Tone is often humorous but
not disrespectful.
b) Can be compared to parody
and satire.
c) For an ad, pastiche will
highlight particular angles,
colour scheme, font size and
type.
d) A pastiche literary text
would ring in memories of the
original work, in terms of the
original characters, the setting
or the themes of the original
work.
Text types
Graphic
novel
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
a novel in the
form of a
comic strip, it
combines
words and
images
(usually hand
drawn)
Types:
a) Fiction
b) Non fiction
c) history
d) fantasy
This medium now
enjoys the status
of being a literary
genre rather than
being a product
produced for mass
appeal.
In any type,
graphic novels
explore use
sophisticated art
work and serious
literary themes.
‘Watchmen’ by
Alan Moore is
regarded a one of
the best graphic
novels.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Novelists
Its purpose
To entertain
To mirror human
life
Its audience
Mostly young adults and
teenagers.
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
Graphic novel uses images in
interesting relationships with
the text. Following are some
important aspects:
a) Frames – apart from panels,
these novels use distinct frames.
Several frames can make a
panel.
b) Gutters – the frames of a
graphic novel are clearly
divided with gaps in between.
These gaps – which may or may
not include empty space, are not
hidden but openly exposed as
opposed to other media that
uses frames. (such as films)
c) Fragmented – through the
above elements, the graphic
novel mimics the processes of
memory, recollection and
storytelling.
d) Collapsed time and space –
the frames of a graphic novel
can convey multiple time
periods on a single page
simultaneously.
e) Voice over – Narrators can
speak directly to the reader
through voice over. This is done
by a hard line separating the
narrator’s speech at the top or
bottom of a panel.
f) Speech bubbles – written in
capital letters – dialogues of
characters.
g) Emanata – tear drops, sweat
drops, question marks near the
characters’ face to show their
emotions.
h) Drawing style can be
various, such as simple, realistic
etc.
Other details are attached with
the document.
Text types
Reviews
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
An
examination of
something,
with the
intention of
changing it if
necessary or a
critical
appraisal of a
book, play,
film, etc.
Types
a) book review
b) movie
review
c) Govt. laws
a) Book review A book review is
a form of literary
criticism in which
a book is analyzed
based on content,
style, and merit. A
book review can
be a primary
source opinion
piece, summary
review or
scholarly review.
They are
published in a
newspaper,
magazine.
b) Movie review –
The film review is
a popular way for
critics to assess a
film's overall
quality and
determine whether
or not they think
the film is worth
recommending.
They are
published in
newspapers,
magazines and on
entertainment
websites.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Literary critics
Film critics
Analysts
Its purpose
a) To inform
readers whether to
read the book
themselves. A
book review
should identify
the central idea of
the book, give the
reader some
indication of the
author's style,
approach, or
premises, and
then offer an
overall evaluation.
b) To inform
cinemagoers if a
current movie in
the theaters is
worth watching.
They critique the
performances,
direction, post
production etc.
c) To analyze
existing laws
whether they are
in favor of current
socio political
scenario etc.
Its audience
a) Avid book readers of
bestselling books
b) Cine goers interested in
current movies. Again
depends on the content of the
book, movie etc.
c) Government officials,
parliamentarians, common
citizens are likely to be
audience for the reviewed
laws etc.
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
Book reviews will have:
a) First they will give a concise
summary of the book (facts
such as title, author) with some
description. Can start with an
anecdote as well.
b) It will be a commentary on
the book and not only a
summary
c) Such reviews critically
evaluate the content and the
context (of the writer / genre) of
the book to highlight the idea or
the theme of the book.
d) Good reviews will have a
balanced opinion and would
develop an argument in favour
or against the book with
examples from within the book.
e) Lastly these review will
recommend the book under
evaluation to readers. They
might also not recommend.
f) These reviews are brief, 1000
words approximately.
g) Adjectives, nouns can be
used.
Film reviews will mostly have:
a) Anecdotes by the writer
b) Rhetorical questions.
c) Assertions – facts about the
movie
d) Some reviews would use
emotive language depending on
the content of the movie.
c) Review of
Govt. laws – such
as review of a
country’s
immigration
policy, defense
policy etc.
e) Use of imperatives and
repetition for emphasis
f) Exaggeration
g) Use of alliterations for effect
h) Other vocabulary will be in
sync with the content of the
movie, for example words to
describe a horror move etc.
i) Some spoilers will be there
but the entire story will not be
revealed.
j) Ratings for both book, movie
reviews can be given for the
readers.
Review of laws:
a) Formal language
b) use of legal terminology
c) Sophisticated or complicated
sentences
d) references made to other
related laws, statutes etc.
Text types
Journals
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Written on a
particular
subject
Types:
a) A
newspaper or
magazine that
deals with a
particular
subject or
profession, for
example a
scientific or
trade journal.
a) In academic
publishing, a
scientific journal
is a periodical
publication meant
for exploration
and in depth study
of sciences etc.
b) A daily
record of news
and events of a
personal
nature; a diary.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
a) Researchers,
experts in their
fields.
Its audience
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
a) Intended to
educate, to further
the progress of
science, usually
by reporting new
research.
a) Researchers and specialists
who are peers of the
contributors.
Can also be well educated
general readers of the
particular newspaper or
magazine in which these
journals are published.
a) Scientific journals will have
formal and specific
terminology.
b) Based on facts.
c) Opinions might not be
prominent.
d) Trade journals will focus on
no yellow journalism. They will
not bad mouth other trade or
businesses.
e) They will give advices on
appropriate business and jobs to
the readers.
f) are likely to highlight 5 or 8
steps to attain success etc.
(Bullet point information)
b) Intended to
inform about new
developments (in
which role it
functions
similarly to how
academic
journals, scientific
journals, medical
journals, and
engineering
journals serve
their audiences)
b) A periodical
containing news
and items of
interest
concerning a
particular trade.
c) A personal
diary may include
a person's
experiences,
thoughts.
Journaling then
changes its role
from being a
superficial list of
the day’s events
to a platform
where one can
reveal and
discover our true
selves again.
Its purpose
b) Any person
could be the
writer of a
personal diary.
Traveler, a
teenager, a
prisoner etc. They
are called diarists.
c) They inform us
about the writer.
The can serve to
be used for
memoirs, (auto)
biographies.
War diaries for
instance inform of
military unit's
administration
and activities
during wartime
maintained by an
officer in the unit.
b) People who work in a
particular trade or industry. ...
They also generally contain
industry-specific job notices,
a highly pertinent aspect to
many readers.
c) Audience for a diary
would be the writer himself.
Sense of audience is vague in
diaries and private journals.
However the writer might
suggest a reader in the
content.
Diaries:
a) Informal and conversational
tone – as if talking directly to a
reader.
b) opinions
c) Rhetorical questions
d) Use of first person
e) description of events , thus
adjectives and nouns
f) Chronological order.
g) Past and past perfect tense
(was, had been)
h) Dates in full can be
mentioned
Text types
Poster
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Its purpose
Its audience
A large notice,
often with a
picture on it
that is put in a
public place to
advertise
something.
Types:
a) Election/
campaign
posters
b)Propaganda
/political
posters (WWI
/II)
c)Movie /
celebrity
posters
d) Commercial
posters
Posters play an
important role in
participatory civic
life.
a) Advertising
agencies
b) Political parties
c) Governments
d) Movie
production houses
a) Posters during
wartime were also
used for
propaganda
purposes,
persuasion, and
motivation.
Sense of audience will
depend on the content and
context of the posters. Movie
posters will be aimed at
young adults, again
depending on the subject of
the movie.
https://en.wiki
pedia.org/wiki/
Poster#Types_
of_poster_desi
gns
http://www.ge
o.uzh.ch/micro
site/olwa/olwa/
en/html/unit5_
kap53.html#un
it5_kap53.html
They are essential
to the lifeblood
and culture of a
place.
They reflect on
something deeper:
the creativity,
entrepreneurship,
passion and
political ideals of
communities.
b) political posters
persuade people
to believe in their
ideology or in
democracy etc.
c) Movie /
celebrity posters
though are for
entertainment
purposes but they
are made to sell
the movie and
motivate the
audience to watch
it.
d) Commercial
posters used for
advertising also
aim to persuade
audiences to buy
their product.
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
Posters will usually have:
a) logo of a company
b) Title, in big font size
c) The main content in the
middle of the poster – image,
picture, caption, graphics tec.
d) Movie posters usually have
smaller font sized titles
e) The captions are catchy and
are directed towards the reader
as if asking them personally.
f) The layout, colors, use of
people, or actors etc. will be
different as per the content and
theme of a poster.
g) Colours are used to
emphasize, differentiate and to
add interest.
h) Words on posters are precise
and clear. Short phrases or
captions are mostly used.
i) Movie and commercial
posters use the marketing
technique of AIDA (Attention,
Interest, Desire and Action)
Attention – grabbing the
attention of passers-by and
encouraging them to look.
Interest – create an incentive to
see the film.
Desire
Convince target audience that
they want and need to see the
movie or buy the product or
service and that it will satisfy
their requirements.
Action- asking audiences to
watch the movie or try the
product etc.
Text types
Websites
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Its purpose
Its audience
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
A place
connected to
the Internet,
where a
company or an
organization,
or an
individual
person, puts
information.
Types:
a)Personal
b) writers’
website
c) Photo
sharing
d) Social
websites /
forums
e) Blogs
(explained
above on pg.1)
f) E-commerce
Websites
a) Personal
websites are
owner’s own
website that might
include some
family photos and
an online diary.
b) Writer’s
website are part of
what's known as
the Writer's or
Author's Platform
in the publishing
business. The
platform includes,
a website, a
Facebook
presence, blog,
Twitter account.
c) Photo Sharing
Websites like,
Flickr.com,
Photosite.com,
offer free photo
sharing paid for
by their online
advertising.
d) Social
websites/ forums
build online
communities of
people who want
to interact with
other people
socially or meet
people who share
Website designers
or graphic
designers
a) Purposes of
websites depends
on who the
intended audience
is. Some websites
are geared
towards selling
products (Ecommerce
websites) and
other websites are
geared towards
providing
practical
information, while
others are merely
for entertainment.
Audiences can be determined
by the content of the
websites. Ranging from
family, social circle, to
business entrepreneurs etc.
Website builder - tools that
typically allow the construction
of websites without manual
code editing.
(Someone who
prepares content
for the Web. This
role is mainly
related to the
styling and layout
of pages with
content, including
text and images.)
b) Service-based
business website
is to convince
website visitors
that they should
become customers
of the service
company.
Usage of language and layout
will differ from website to
website. Again this will be
content specific.
their interests.
Forums help small
businesses to
share information.
f) Millions of
small businesses
who use their ecommerce
websites to sell
their products
over the
Internet. Amazon.
com is one such
example.
Text types
Guide
(travel
writing)
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Its purpose
A book,
magazine, etc.
that gives
information,
help or
instructions
about
something.
Types
a) Guidebook:
book that gives
information
about a place
for travelers or
tourists.
It will usually
include
information about
sights,
accommodation,
restaurants,
transportation,
and activities.
Maps of varying
detail and
historical and
cultural
information are
often included.
Different kinds of
guide books exist,
focusing on
different aspects
of travel, from
adventure travel
to relaxation, or
aimed at travelers
with different
incomes,
Travel agencies
Guidebook writer
(travel writers)
To inform of
places worth
visiting and its
attractions, etc.
To persuade
travelers to come
to the writer’s
selected place.
Its audience
Potential travelers
Tourists
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
a) descriptive and imaginative
language (imageries)
b) use of first person pronoun
c) Visuals / scenic atmosphere
shown
d) Maps may be used.
e) Culture specific words may
be used.
f) Can have personalized
accounts of the place from the
writer.
g) verbs, adjectives
(superlatives etc.)
Text types
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Autobiograp
hy
the story of a
person’s life,
written by that
person
Types:
a) Memoir
b) Personal
essay
http://penandth
epad.com/thre
e-typesautobiographic
al-writing8743231.html
a) Memoir revolves around a
specific time,
place or
relationship. More
limited than the
autobiography, it
focuses on an
important part of
one’s life, for
example a coming
of age memoir.
b) Persoanl Essay
- Focuses on the
aspect of one’s
life or a journey
combined with
their thoughts and
emotions,
personal
discoveries and
realizations.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Autobiographer
Its purpose
Authors of
autobiographies
often want to
make sense of
events in their
lives and to
communicate an
important
personal statement
about life.
Controversial
individuals often
write
autobiographies to
explain or justify
their actions.
Its audience
The writer himself. Their
family, friends and the
writer’s community.
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
a) Language is descriptive and
imaginative
b) written in first person
c) metaphors
d) rhetorical questions
e) imagery used to describe a
situation etc.
Text types
Lectures
Meaning
A talk that is
given to a
group of
people to teach
them about a
particular
subject, often
as part of a
university or
college course.
Further
classification
Oral
presentations
Its meaning
Lectures are used
to convey critical
information,
history,
background,
theories, and
equations. A
politician's
speech, a
minister's sermon,
or even a
businessman's
sales presentation
may be similar in
form to a lecture.
Composers/
writers of Text
types
University
professors,
lecturers, teachers,
priests, Business
men tec.
Its purpose
To educate
To inform
To illustrate
Its audience
Will depend on the content of
the lecture or the oral
presentation. Most probably,
college / university students,
religious congregation, a
business convention etc.
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
a) Conversational tone
b) based on facts / information
c) anecdotes used
d) persuasion techniques
e) rhetorical techniques
Text types
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Its purpose
Its audience
Magazine
covers
These are the
front page of a
magazine
1Health
magazine
Along with
newspapers,
magazines also
provide good
information and
entertainment
along with many
techniques to
persuade
audiences /
readers to buy the
magazine
Magazine
publication
To sell the
magazine
Will depend on the magazine
cover but nonetheless of any
demographic
2Beauty
magazine
3Economy
based
4 Politics
related
5 sports related
6 children’s’
magazine
7cooking
magazine
8 lifestyle
magazines
The covers are
thus the main
selling point of
any magazine
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
Formal features of ears,
teasers ,
symbolism
colour
typography
headline
captions
title
language features of persuasive
techniques
advertising techniques
tone
mood
use of imperatives
assertions
propaganda techniques
(depending what the content is
on the cover page)
Text types
Meaning
Further
classification
Its meaning
Composers/
writers of Text
types
Its purpose
Its audience
Infographic
Is a collection
of imagery,
charts, and
minimal text
that gives an
easy-tounderstand
overview of a
topic.
infographics
use striking,
engaging
visuals to
communicate
information
quickly and
clearly.
Can be on
varied subjects
Infographics will
explain maximum
information in
less words and
good illustrations
NGOs
Companies
educate,
inform,
persuade
Depending on the content
law
education
health
new govt
policies
movies
awareness
campaigns
Its stylistic and/or formal
features
colour scheme,
condensed information,
subheadings,
data/facts & figures/statistics,
charts,
symbols,
graphics,
exaggeration/symbolic value,
varying font sizes,
cohesion/sequence of
information,
representation of groups
use of proper nouns
use of adjectives
use of imperatives
use of emotive language
(depending on the content)
Strong visuals