7/8
TLE-ACP
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Interpret Plans and Drawings
TLE-ACP-7/8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2– Module 4: Interpret Plans And Drawings
First Edition, 2020
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i
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written for the learners. After going through
this module, the learner is expected to:
1. identify the different farm plans and layouts and planting system.
2. interpret the different designs of irrigation system plan according to
established procedures. (TLE_AFAC9-12ID-0F-G6)
What I Know
Direction: Choose your answer by writing the letter of your answer on your answer
sheet.
1. What do you call the most common row planting arrangement in monocropping
or sole cropping?
A. Multiple row planting arrangement
C. Spatial arrangement
B. Single row planting arrangement
D. Square foot garden plots
2. These gardens are designed for people having little or no traditional garden space.
A. Block style garden
B. Raised bed
C. Single row
D. Vertical growing vegetable garden
3. It is the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.
A. Garden design
C. Topography
B. Lay-outing
D. Trellis
4. ___________ is where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by
gravity.
A. Drip irrigation
C. Sub-surface irrigation
B. Sprinkler irrigation
D. Surface irrigation
5. All of the following are advantages of Drip irrigation except___________.
A. Fertilizer saving
C. Laborious
B. Increased yield
D. Water saving
1
Lesson
1
Interpret Plans and Drawings
Providing the students the fundamental knowledge is one of the objectives
of teaching Crop Production that could help them cope with the life brought by
economic crisis this time of pandemic.
During this time of pandemic, when many people are working at home and
students are learning at home, home gardening can be a positive family activity.
Gardening requires good planning where knowledge in growing plants and the
place for the garden are considered to produce quality crops.
They could apply their knowledge in crop production and produce healthy
vegetables and become not only a source of income for the family but a source of
recreation as well.
What’s In
Direction: Look at the garden below then answer the following questions on your
activity notebook.
row 1
row 2
row 3
1. Name the crops planted in the garden.
2. How many rows of plants are there in the garden?
3. What type of cropping system is shown in the picture?
4-5. Give 2 advantages of this type of cropping system.
2
What’s New
Definition of Terms:
Lay-outing – locating the position of plant in the field.
Irrigation - the application of water to the soil by any other means than rainfall.
Garden design- art and process of designing plans for layout and planting of
gardens and landscapes.
Topography – the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an
area.
Trellis – a framework of light wooden or metal bars, chiefly used as a support for
fruit trees or climbing plants.
Artificial – made or produced by human being rather than occurring naturally,
especially as a copy of something natural
Estimation – a rough calculation of the value, number, quantity or extent of
something.
Turgidity – the fact of being swollen or firm, usually because of
being full of liquid.
Transpiration – process of water movement through a plants and its evaporation
from aerial plants or the exhalation of water vapor through the stomata.
Photosynthesis – is the process through which plants use water and carbon
dioxide to create their food, grow and release excess oxygen into the air.
Surface soil – the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and
disintegrated rock. The upper 5 to 8 inches of the soil layer: the portion of the soil
usually tilled.
Sub-surface soil – earth material (such as rock) near but not exposed at the
surface of the ground.
System – an organized collection of parts (or subsystems) that are highly integrated
to accomplish an overall goal or regularly interacting or interdependent group of
items forming a unified whole.
Irrigated – supply water to (land or crops) to help growth, typically by means of
channels such as pipes, sprinklers, ditches or streams.
Protoplasm - the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell,
including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.
ACRONYM
FFTF - Farming for the Future
REP – Regional Environment Plan
LEP’s – Local Environmental Plans
DCP – Development Control Plan
3
What Is It
DIFFERENT FARM PLANS AND LAYOUTS AND PLANTING SYSTEM
The Farming for the Future (FFTF) program can help you to plan the best
farm layout. A whole farm plan considers the farm’s physical, financial and
human/personal resources for both now and the future.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN PREPARING PLAN
1. If your garden site is in a sloping hill, the plants should be in a row across the
slope to avoid erosion.
2. In order for the plants to receive the maximum sunlight the whole day, plant the
crops in rows from north to south direction.
3. Provide the proper place for soft-stemmed vegetables, bushy vegetables, vine
vegetables, and tree vegetables.
4. Separate tall growing plants from low-growing plants.
5. Plants that will occupy an area in the garden the whole season should be grouped
together.
6. Fast growing or quick maturing plants such as pechay and lettuce should be
grouped together.
7. If your garden space is limited, the long maturing plants can be planted between
the early maturing ones so that by the time they are harvested, the long maturing
ones will have enough space.
8. The rows must be straight. Provide space between the rows to make cultivation
easier.
9. Provide a space for the garden house the tools, sees, fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides and other supplies.
10. Indicate the location of the fence, well or pump, and drainage or irrigation
ditches.
SITE ASSESSMENT
An on-site assessment of a farm is necessary so that a map can be drawn of
the property’s topography, boundaries, soils, water resources and so on, and a farm
business plan be formulated.
4
MOST COMMON GARDEN LAYOUT FOR GROWING VEGETABLES
1. Vertical growing vegetable gardens. These gardens are designed for people
having little to no traditional garden space. Rather than planting in your typical
garden bed, you take advantage of vertical space, growing plants along trellises,
hanging baskets or even upside down.
2. Block garden layout plan is called the block style garden layout. Also called
close row or wide row planting, this method increases yields significantly over a
traditional row style garden. The bed should be 3-4 feet wide and any length desired.
This width makes it easy to reach into the bed to weed, harvest or replant. Walkways
should be minimal and about 18-24 inches across.
3. Square foot garden plots are generally set up in grids of 4 x 4 squares with
strings or wood attached to the frame to divide the bed into equal square-foot
sections. One type of vegetable is planted in each section. If vine plants are grown,
they’re usually placed in the back with a trellis to allow the plant to grow up.
4. The traditional four-square layout is created by straight paths, one leading from
the garden gate to the front entry of the house, and the other crossing it at a 90degree angle.
5. Raised bed/containers Again, for those having little space or even inadequate
soil, planting veggies in raised beds or containers is a great alternative. With this
layout option, the sky is the limit, as you have the flexibility in moving the garden
around and making use of all available space, including vertical areas.
6. Single Row the most basic garden plan consists of a design with straight, long
rows running north to south orientation.
Vertical Growing
Block Garden Layout
Four Square Layout
Raised bed/ Containers
PLANNING THE GARDEN PLOT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pick a spot that fits the sunlight needs of your plants.
Choose a spot that is level and even.
Used raised beds if you’re in a colder climate.
Go for in-ground beds in a warmer climate.
Decide how many beds you are going to plant.
5
Square Foot Garden
Single Row
ROW PLANTING ARRANGEMENT OF CROPS
1. SINGLE ROW PLANTING ARRANGEMENT is either arranged in equidistance
single row or in multiple rows. Planting in single rows is most common in
monocropping or sole cropping. Examples of crops planted in single row
arrangement: potato, sunflower, dry bean, field pea, flax, soy beans, sugar, oil palm
and coctine.
2. MULTIPLE ROW PLANTING ARRANGEMENT is a system of growing crops in
blocks or strips of 2 or more rows. This planting arrangement is common in multiple
cropping in which two or more crops are grown in the same piece of land.
3. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT is the systematic apportioning of the farm area or any
growing surface for crop production. In multiple cropping by intercropping, the
intercrop can be planted in any of the following ways: (a.) within the rows of the
main crop, (b.) between the rows of the main crop and (c.) in replacement series
planting of the intercrop between two adjacent hills between two adjacent hills
within the same row of the main crop allows inter row cultivation but the intercrop
has limited exposure to sunlight.
Single Row Planting
Multiple Row Planting
Spatial Arrangement
TYPES OF CROPPING SYSTEM / COMMON PRACTICES IN PLANTING CROPS
1. MONOCROP is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year on the same
land and in the absence of rotation.
2. INTERCROPPING – common practice of maximizing the use of vacant interrow
spaces when the main crop has not fully developed, thus, allowing sufficient light
exposure. Examples: coffee, cacao, banana.
3. RELAY CROPPING is essentially a special version of double cropping where the
second crop is planted into the first crop before harvest rather than waiting until
after harvest as in true double cropping.
4. CROP ROTATION is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in
the same area across a sequenced of growing seasons.
METHODS OF PLANTING CROPS IN THE FARM
There are two methods of planting crops: direct seeding and transplanting.
Direct seeding is either by broadcast, hill or dibble or by drill method. The hill and
drill methods are alternative options in row planting.
1. Direct seeding or direct sowing – is a method of planting in which seeds are
directly planted on the ground in the farm or any growing surface.
6
2. Transplanting – makes use of pre-grown plants, seedlings or vegetatively
propagated clones. The term transplanting is also used to refer to the practice of
replanting an already established plant in one location and moving it elsewhere.
INTERPRET DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM PLAN
Water is essential for plant growth. It is considered as the lifeblood of the
plants. If water available to the plants from rainfall is not sufficient, it is
supplemented by irrigation water. Irrigation is the process of applying controlled
amounts of water to plants artificially to fulfill their water requirements.
Through irrigation, nutrients may also be provided to the crops. The
irrigation system must be able to deliver and apply the amount of water needed to
meet water requirement of crops. A properly designed irrigation system addresses
uniform irrigation application in a timely manner. The design of a conservation
irrigation system matches soil and water characteristics with water application
rates to assure that water is applied in the amount needed at the right time and at
a rate at which the soil can absorb the water without runoff.
In this lesson, you will learn on how to read and interpret plans and
drawings. An irrigation system is required to be developed that involves planning,
design, construction, operations and maintenance of various irrigation works in
order to achieve this objective.
CONSTRUCTION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines has about 10.3 million hectares agricultural lands. Out of
this, around 3.1 million hectares are considered irrigable, with up to 3% slope, and
primarily devoted to rice and corn. A study of the World Bank, however, identified
more than 6.1 million hectares of irrigable, including areas that are relatively more
difficult to irrigate and up to 8% slope.
As of December 2015, about 1.731 million hectares or 57.3 percent of the
3.1 million hectares have been developed for irrigation. Of the total area under
irrigation, about 754,665 hectares is under National Irrigation System (NIS);
615,797 hectares under Communal Irrigation System that are constructed through
private initiatives.
THREE CATEGORIES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. National Irrigation System (NIS) – are large and medium schemes. These are
basically operated and maintained by NIA where beneficiaries are charged irrigation
service fee for the services rendered in the delivery of water.
2. Communal Irrigation System (CIS) – are small scale schemes and constructed
with the participation of farmer beneficiaries thru their IAs.
3. Private irrigation systems - are those constructed and operated and maintained
by private individuals or groups with or without technical assistance by NIA or other
government agencies.
7
IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plants contain 90% of water.
Water is an essential part of protoplasm.
It regulates the temperature of the plant system.
It is essential to meet the transpiration requirement.
It serves as a medium for dissolving the nutrients present in the soil.
It is an important ingredient in the photosynthesis.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A PLAN
1. Topographic Data – the field shape must be accurately drawn showing
pertinent obstructions, features and elevation details.
2. Water Source Capacity – the water supply must be clearly indicated
showing location and available capacity.
3. Depending on the water source, a well log or water license must
accompany the irrigation plan. Irrigation reservoirs also require Water
Management Branch licensing.
4. Soil and Crop Characteristics – soil and crop limitations must be accounted
for to reduce runoff and deep percolation by mismanagement of the irrigation
system.
5. Design Parameters – soil water holding capacity, maximum application rate
and climatic data must be used to select the correct irrigation system design.
6. Design Data – the nozzle selected, operating pressure, discharge rate and
sprinkler spacing must all be shown on the plan. The irrigation interval, set
time, application rate and net amount applied must also be calculated.
IRRIGATION METHODS AND DESIGN
Surface Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Subsurface Irrigation
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1. Surface irrigation is where water is applied and distributed over the soil
surface by gravity. It is by far the most common form of irrigation throughout
the world and has been practiced in many areas virtually unchanged for
thousands of years.
2. Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar
to rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by
pumping. It is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface
through spray heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall
to the ground.
3. Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the potential to
save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of
plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the surface.
4. Subsurface irrigation uses a network of polyethylene pipes located just
under the ground's surface to apply disinfected effluent in the root zone of
plants, preventing airborne drift and minimizing runoff.
TYPES OF SURFACE IRRIGATION
1. Drain Back Level Basins (DBLB) or contour basins are a variant of basin
irrigation where the field is divided into a number of terraced rectangular
bays which are graded level or have no significant slope.
2. Furrow irrigation is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the
field length in the direction of predominant slope. Water is applied to the top
end of each furrow and flows down the field under the influence of gravity.
The spacing between adjacent furrows is governed by the crop species,
common spacing typically range from 0.75 to 2 meters.
TYPES OF FURROW IRRIGATION
1. Graded straight furrows are small irrigation channels in a straight line,
parallel to a field boundary, used to irrigate all row crops. They are used on
all soils except sandy, which has very high intake rate and provides poor
lateral spread of water between furrows. This furrow type also requires a wellleveled field with little or no slope and high human labor.
2. Graded contour furrows are small graded irrigation channels with uneven
or warped surfaces. They are mainly used on surfaces where it is not
practical to use straight furrows. The furrows are curved to fit the field
contour. This type can be used on all slopes and soil types except sandy, and
soils which crack easily when dry. The disadvantage of this type is constant
furrow management and rodent control to prevent furrow damage.
3. Border strip, otherwise known as border check or bay irrigation could be
considered as a hybrid of level basin and furrow irrigation. The field is divided
into a number of bays or strips, each bay is separated by raised earth check
banks (borders). Typical bay dimensions are between 10-70m wide and 100700m long. The water is applied to the top end of the bay, which is usually
constructed to facilitate free-flowing conditions at the downstream end.
9
ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE IRRIGATION
1. Management is quite easy, you do not need any modern technology. If you
have local traditional knowledge, you can do it.
2. You do not need high financial support. You can be beneficial with small
lands too.
3. If you have short time water supplies, then this is the best process for you.
4. If your drainage system is far, then you just need longer tubes
5. This is a nature-friendly system, you can utilize rainwater.
6. It also works effectively in a low filtration rate.
7. Low capital and no energy cost needed.
8. You can use this irrigation process in sloping lands and long fields.
ADVANTAGES OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1. Sprinkler irrigation does not require surface shaping of leveling.
2. Can be applied to areas of variable topography
3. Flexibility is possible because sprinkler heads are available no wide range of
discharge capacities.
4. Cost of labor is generally reduced.
5. Erosion of soil can be eliminated.
6. Chemical and fertilizer applications are easily used with sprinkler system.
7. No special skills trained personal can operate the system reasonably well.
ADVANTAGES OF DRIP IRRIGATION
1. Increased yield
2. Early maturity
3. Water saving
4. Fertilizer saving
5. Increased fertilizer use efficiency by crop energy saving
6. Labor saving
7. Marginal land & undulated land can be irrigated
8. Reduced weed growth
9. Less problem of disease and pest
10. Makes intercultural operations easy
10
What’s More
A. Directions: Read the statement about garden and irrigation plans and layout.
Choose the correct answer from the box. Write the letter of your answer on your
activity notebook.
A. Square Foot Garden
B. Single Row
C. Raised bed Container
D. Vertical Growing Vegetable Garden
E. Mock Style garden Layout
F. Four Square Layout
1. With this layout option, the sky is the limit, as you have the flexibility in
moving the garden around and making use of all available space.
2. Set up in grids of 4 x 4 squares with strings or wood attached to the frame
to divide the bed into equal square-foot sections.
3. Most basic garden plan consists of a design with straight, long rows
running north to south orientation.
4. These gardens are designed for people having little to no traditional garden
space.
5. This is also called close row or wide row planting.
B. Directions: Read the following sentences about irrigation method and design.
Identify the appropriate method and design. Write SI if it is refers to surface
irrigation, SP for Sprinkler Irrigation, and DI for Drip Irrigation. Write your answer
on your activity notebook.
1. Low capital and no energy cost
2. Early maturity
3. Cost of labor is generally reduced
4. Reduced weed growth
5. Best for short time water supplies
C. Directions: Read the statement carefully then identify whether it is true or false.
Write T if it is true and F it is false. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
1. Garden design is the art and process of designing plans for layout and
planting of gardens and landscapes.
2. In order for the plants to receive the maximum sunlight the whole day, plant
the crops in rows from north to south direction.
3. Through irrigation, nutrients may also be provided to the crops.
4. Sub-surface irrigation uses a network of polyethylene pipes located justnder
the ground's surface to apply disinfected effluent in the root zone of plants,
preventing airborne drift and minimizing runoff.
5. The term transplanting is also used to refer to the practice of replanting an
already established plant in one location and moving it elsewhere.
11
What I Have Learned
Directions: Supply the blanks with appropriate word/s to complete the statement
below. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
I have learned that there are (1.)_______________ types of cropping system and
the most type that I have seen is (2.)_______________
There are 2 methods of planting crops (3.) _______________and
(4.)_______________Direct seeding is either by broadcast, hill or dibble or by drill
method. (5.)_______________ makes use of pre-grown plants, seedlings or vegetatively
propagated clones.
What I Can Do
Directions: Interpret the garden layout below. Write your answer on your activity
notebook.
10 m






























7m
 -plants
Figure 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What garden layout is shown in figure 1?
How many rows are there in the layout?
How many plants are there in a row? In all rows?
What is the length and width of the area?
What is the total land area of the garden?
(To compute for the total land area use this formula Total land area = Length x
Width) Congratulations for a job well done! You may now proceed to the next activity.
12
Assessment
Direction: Choose your answer by writing the letter of your answer in your answer
sheet.
1. NIA stands for?______________________.
A. National Input System
B. National Irrigation System
C. New Independent System
D. New Irrigation System
2. It is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the
direction of predominant slope.
A. Drainback Level Basins
C. Furrow irrigation
B. Drip Irrigation
D. Sprinkler irrigation
3. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to
______________________.
A. Bay irrigation
C. Rainfall
B. Border check
D. Waterfall
4. ______________________is a method of planting in which seeds are directly planted
on the ground in the farm or any growing surface.
A. Direct Seeding
C. Seed Testing
B. Seed Germination
D. Transplanting
5. The common practice of maximizing the use of vacant interrow spaces when the
main crop has not fully developed, thus, allowing sufficient light exposure.
A. Crop rotation
C. Monocrop
B. Intercropping
D. Relay cropping
13
14
What I Know
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What’s In
B
B
B
D
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What's More
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
C
A
B
D
E
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SI
DS
SP
DI
SI
answers may vary
3 rows
intercropping
answers may vary
answers may vary
What I Have Learned
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
T
T
T
T
T
4
answer may vary
direct seeding
transplanting
transplanting
What I Can Do
Assessment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. single row planting
2. 6 rows
3. 5 plants/35 plants
4. length-10m
width-7m
5. 70 sqm
B
C
C
A
B
Answer Key
References
Bass, L. 1999. Vegetable Gardening—Quick Reference Guide (AG-12). Horticultural
Information Leaflet 8103. Raleigh: NC State University.
Feng L, Raza MA, Chen Y, Khalid MHB, Meraj TA, Ahsan F, et al. (2019) Narrowwide row planting pattern improves the light environment and seed yields of
intercrop species in relay intercropping system. PLoS ONE 14(2): e0212885.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212885
Grimes, D.W., and K.M. El-Zik. 1990. Cotton. p. 741–748. In B.A. Stewart and
D.R. Nielsen (ed.) Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. Agron. Monogr. 30.
ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Harwood, R.R. 1975. Proceedings of the Cropping System Workshop. International
Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines. pp. 12-32.
Hutchinson, M.F., Nix, H.A. and McMahon, J.P. 1992. Climate constraints on
cropping systems. In: Field Crop Ecosystems. C.J. Pearson (ed.). pp. 37-58.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum TLE Agricultural Crops Production Exploratory
Course
Smith, E. 2009 The Vegetable Gardener's Bible and The Vegetable Gardener's
Container Bible. Storey Publishing, LLC; 2nd edition (December 2, 2009)
Undan, R., Nitural P., Roque A., and Liban D 2002.Urban Agriculture - A Step-ByStep Guide To Successful Container Gardening In The City
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