Week 2, Chapter 2:
Chemistry, Matter and
Life
BIO 147
Summer 2022
Ms. Hill, MSN-Ed, RN
Week 2 Objectives
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Define a chemical element.
Describe the structure of an atom.
Differentiate between molecules and compounds.
Define mixture; list the three types of mixtures, and give an
example of each.
Describe roles of water in the body.
Compare acids and bases.
Explain how the numbers on the pH scale relate to acidity and
alkalinity.
Name the three main types of organic compounds and the building
blocks of each.
Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.
Describe the composition and functions of the plasma membrane.
Describe the cytoplasm of the cell, and cite the names and
functions of at least three main organelles.
Discuss the cellular changes that may lead to cancer, and list
several cancer risk factors.
Differentiate among congenital, genetic, and hereditary disorders,
and give two examples of each.
Describe the symptoms and inheritance patterns of some common
genetic diseases.
Describe four methods for diagnosing fetal disorders.
Chemistry-Why does it matter?
Human Body
• We are made up of only
26 elements
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Hydrogen-H
Oxygen-O
Carbon-C
Nitrogen-N
Trace elements
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Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Phosphorus (P)
Chlorine (Cl)
Magnesium (Mg)
Iron (Fe)
Atoms: electrons, protons, neutrons
(subatomic Particles)
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Smallest part of an element is an atom
Nucleus
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The dense central core of the atom
Protons
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Located inside the atom's nucleus
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positive charge
Neutrons
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Located in the nucleus
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no charge (neutral)
Electrons
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Electrons orbit the nucleus
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Negatively charged
Atomic Number
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= amount of protons that are in the
nucleus.
Ions
Ions
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An atom or group of atoms with a net positive or negative charge
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Body fluids contain many different ions
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The concentration of many different ions in body fluids must be kept within
narrow limits in order to maintain homeostasis
Two types of ions
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Cation has a net positive (+) electrical charge.
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Anion has a net negative (-) electrical charge.
Question #1
Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle found inside the
atom?
1.
Protons
2.
Neutrons
3.
Ions
4.
Electrons
Molecules Vs. Compounds
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Back to Atoms
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The smallest building blocks of
matter and make up everything
around us.
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms are
chemically bonded together
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Compound
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Two or more different types of
elements are chemically bonded
together
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Examples of Compounds
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NaCl (sodium Chloride)
H20 (water)
NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
Question #2
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
1.
A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together, while compounds
contain atoms of different types.
2.
A compound is two or more atoms bonded together, while molecules
contain atoms of different types.
3.
A molecule is two or more positively charged atoms bonded together, while
compounds contain negatively charged atoms.
4.
None of the answers are correct, the terms ''molecule'' and ''compound'' are
used interchangeably.
Mixtures
Mixtures
PH-Acids/Bases
• Acids
– Larger number of + charges
• Base
– Larger number of - charges
– alkaline
• Salt
• HUMANS
– 7.35-7.45
• pH
– Acidosis
– alkalosis
Humans and Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides
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Glucose
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides
Glycogen
• Lipids-3 types
– Triglycerides
– Phospholipids
– steroids
• Proteins
– Amino acids
– Enzymes
https://pin.it/6gHfCYA
Metabolism
• Catabolism
• Anabolism
Chapter 3
Cells
Plasma Membrane
• Encloses cell contents
• Regulates what enters and leaves cell
– Semi-permeable
• Participates in many cell activities
(e.g., growth, reproduction, cell-to-cell
interactions)
• Various plasma membrane walls have
different functions
– Cilia
– On the outer portion of lung cells
that help transport mucus
– Microvilli in the intestine
– Increase the cell’s surface
– Allows for more absorption
Key components of the Plasma Membrane
• Channels
• Transporters
• Receptors
• Enzymes
• Linkers
• Cell ID Markers
Cell Parts-Organelles
• Nucleus
– Chromosomes
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Cilia
• Flagellum
C
Shapes
Cell shape is r/t cell functions
– A neuron’s long fibers
transmit electric energy
from place to place in the
nervous system.
– Small round red blood cells
slide through tiny blood
vessels.
Cellular Division—how do cells replicate?
• Meiosis
• Mitosis
– Various stages
• Parent cell
• Daughter cell
• Cells are aged out
Diffusion Vs. Osmosis
• Diffusion
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Spreads freely
Doesn’t need a semi-permeable membrane
Doesn’t need pressure
Usually involves gases
• Osmosis (Water)
– Wants areas that are concentrated
to be less concentrated
– Requires “pressure”
– Osmotic pressure
• Semi-permeable membrane
Nursing Considerations
• Isotonic
– NS 0.9%
– LR
• Hypotonic
– ¼ NS
• Hypertonic
– 3%
*We will look more closely at this during
our lab.
Question #3 When hypernatremia (high sodium)
is caused by rapid fluid loss, which IV solution
should a nurse anticipate being ordered to
restore the client’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
1. 0.45% NaCl
2. 0.9 % NaCl
3. 3% NaCl
4. Sterile water
Chapter 25
Cells and Genetics
Cells and how they can affect genetics
• DNA
– Is the cell’s blueprint
– Given to us by our parents through
our genes
– Determines our body’s structure
and how it will function
• RNA
-forms protein
-collects the information from DNA
through transcription
-simplest translation-converts the
information stored in the DNA into
protein
Cancer and Cells-There is a Correlation
• Genetic mutations may cause
uncontrolled cell division.
• Cells may spread
(metastasize), producing
cancer.
• Cancer cells form tumors,
crowding out normal cells.
• These risk factors may
contribute to cancer
development:
• Heredity
• Chemicals
• Radiation
• Obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Poor nutrition
• Infectious agents
Congenital/Hereditary/Genetic
• Hereditary
• Congenital
• Dominant
– 1 parent needed
• Recessive
– 2 parents needed
https://images.app.goo.gl/UkjDKCJdW5rzgkfk6
https://images.app.goo.gl/6na5oh8VxBzBbiN
R7
Prevention and Detection
• Genetic counseling
– Family tree
• Amniocentesis
– Fluid from around the fetus is
pulled out via needle aspiration
• Labs
– Done in the first trimester
– Also done w newborn screening
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
– Via cervix
Lab: An Egg-Cellent Solution