BIO 147
STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST 2 POWERPOINT
Jenny Hill, MSN-Ed, RN
• Some neurons have
a covering
composed of a
whitish, fatty
material called
myelin
• Insulates fibers and
increases the rate
of transmission of
the nerve impulse
2
TEASPOONS TO MILLILITERS (ML)
3
SKELETAL SYSTEM
WHAT DOES IT DO?
▪
Framework:
▪
206 bones in an average adult
▪
300 bones roughly as an infant-have more
cartilage and as they grow up, some of the
bones fuse together to form one bone
▪
Supports the bodies weight
▪
Protects: organs from injury: i.e., the head; ribs
and pelvis
▪
Levers for movement: attached to muscles
▪
Stores Calcium salts that can be called upon if
needed for remodeling; blood clotting.
Growth and Development
• Bone Growth
• Starts in-utero through late
adolescence; however, bone repair is
continuous (slows down as we get
older)
• When bones are done growing via the
epiphyseal plate they calcify, and a solid
line forms the epiphyseal line
• Typically, girls stop growing
around 16
• Boys around 18-20’s
• So, if skeletal remains are
found and the plate is fused
together, they can determine
the skeleton is not an
adolescent or child
IMPORTANT CELLS IN INNATE IMMUNITY
Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis, or “cell eating”, is the
process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it
 Neutrophils: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell
that help heals damaged tissues and resolves
infections
 Macrophages: Important cells of the immune system
that are formed in response to an infection or
accumulating damaged or dead cells
 Natural killer cells: NK cells are found in the lymph
nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and blood. They destroy
abnormal cells by secreting a protein that breaks down
the plasma membrane
 Mast Cells: Mast cells are allergy cells responsible for
immediate allergic reactions
Muscles and Bones Assignment
What is the name of the highlighted bone? Humerus
The muscle in the highlighted area below is known as the
Sternocleidomastoid.
Here you have a greenstick fracture.
MUSCLE DAMAGE/INJURIES
Strains
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
Rhabdomyolysis
Tendinitis
Plantar fasciitis
Shin-splints
Where we give I.M. injections
SKIN DISORDERS, AGING, & CANCER
Aging
 What is lost
Lesions
 Surface





Erythema
Macule
Papule
Vesicle
pustule
A
https://www.cdc.gov
C
E
http://www.skinsight.com/skinconditions/adult/pressure-ulcer-decubitusulcer?Imiw9cApl
/
 Deep




Excoriation
Laceration
Ulcer
fissure
 Pressure ulcers
Infections
F
B
D
BURNS AND CANCER
• BURNS
• CANCER
 SUPERFICIAL
 BASAL CELL
 SUPERFICIAL-PARTIAL THICKNESS
 SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
 DEEP-PARTIAL THICKNESS
 MELANOMA
 ABCDE RULES
 FULL THICKNESS
https://medlineplus.gov/
CELLS OF ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY: B CELLS
 the B-cell sweeps up the leftover
viruses after the T-cell attack
Mature in the bone marrow
Make important molecules called
antibodies. These molecules trap
specific invading viruses and bacteria
Affect antimicrobial defenses and
tissue inflammation
React to foreign antigens and
differentiate into plasma cells once
activated
VACCINES AND IMMUNITY
• ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
 LIVE
 ATTENUATED
 INACTIVATED
 TOXOID
 GENETICALLY CREATED
 MRNA
 VIRAL VECTOR
 BOOSTERS
• WAYS TO GET A VACCINE
 INJECTION (IM)
 ORAL (PO)
 INTRANASAL
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Causes: infection, tissue damage, allergens
Indications: Heat, redness, swelling, pain
Stages
 Injured cells release histamine.
 Leukocytes enter tissue.
 Granulocytes, macrophages, mast cells
 Inflammatory exudate (leukocytes and tissue fluid) causes swelling, pain.
 Pus contains exudate, cells, pathogens, and destroyed tissue.
 Nearby lymph nodes enlarge.
INNATE IMMUNITY
Includes:
Skin and mucous membranes (keeps organisms out)
Coughing (forces organisms out)
Sneezing (also forces organisms out)
Vomiting and diarrhea (body functions to clear organisms out)
TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
THE HISTAMINE RESPONSE IN THE
INFLAMMATORY REACTION
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Know the CNS includes the brain
and spinal cord
Know that the CNS is sometimes
referred to as the “integration and
command center” of the body
MONOCYTES
The function of monocytes in immunity is that they capture
antigens by phagocytosis and present them to lymphocytes